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chapter_12_review_sheet A form of theoretic probability determined by a ratio...
chapter_12_review_sheet
Gravity The importance of Gravity What if gravity is too strong
Directly proportional to the product of the masses of the objects being attracted
Inversely proportional to the distance between the objects squared
𝐹=𝐺 𝑚1𝑚2/𝑑^2
Proving Lines Parallel Lesson Presentation.ppt
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the conver
hssb0704t_powerpresDNA as the transforming principle..ppt
Avery performed three tests on the transforming principle.
Qualitative tests showed DNA was present.
Chemical tests showed the chemical makeup matched that of DNA.
Enzyme tests showed only DNA-degrading enzymes stopped transformation.
Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material.
• Hershey and Chase studied viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages.
• Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not.
They tagged viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus.
They tagged viral proteins with radioactive sulfur.
• Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not.
DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
• DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.
• DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide has three parts:
₋ a phosphate group.
₋ a deoxyribose sugar.
₋ a nitrogen-containing base
The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides.
Scientists Chargaff found:
The amount of adenine in an organism approximately equals the amount of thymine.
The amount of cytosine roughly equals the amount of guanine.
A=T C=G Chargaff’s rules
Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models.
They realized that DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside
with bases on the inside.
Watson and Crick’s discovery was built on the work of Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff.
₋ Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a double helix of even width.
₋ Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G.
Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA.
Because a pyrimidine (single ring) pairs with a purine (double ring), the helix has a uniform width.
A pairs with T
C pairs with G
The backbone is connected by covalent bonds.
The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds.
• Proteins carry out the process of replication.
• DNA serves only as a template.
• Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication.
₋ Enzymes unzip the double helix.
₋ Free-floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the template strand.
₋ DNA polymerase enzymes bond the nucleotides together to form the double helix.
₋ Polymerase enzymes form covalent bonds between nucleotides in the new strand.
₋ Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
• Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
• DNA replication is semiconservative.
Replication is fast and accurate.
DNA replication starts at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes.
There are many origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes.
DNA polymerases can find and correct err
Recommended
chapter_12_review_sheet A form of theoretic probability determined by a ratio...
chapter_12_review_sheet
Gravity The importance of Gravity What if gravity is too strong
Directly proportional to the product of the masses of the objects being attracted
Inversely proportional to the distance between the objects squared
𝐹=𝐺 𝑚1𝑚2/𝑑^2
Proving Lines Parallel Lesson Presentation.ppt
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the converse of a theorem is found by exchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. The converse of a theorem is not automatically true. If it is true, it must be stated as a postulate or proved as a separate theorem.
Refer to the diagram. Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
What if…? Suppose the corresponding angles on the opposite side of the boat measure (4y – 2)° and (3y + 6)°, where
y = 8. Show that the oars are parallel
A line through the center of the horizontal piece forms a transversal to pieces A and B.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
Use the given information and the theorems you have learned to show that r || s.
A carpenter is creating a woodwork pattern and wants two long pieces to be parallel. m1= (8x + 20)° and m2 = (2x + 10)°. If x = 15, show that pieces A and B are parallel.
Recall that the conver
hssb0704t_powerpresDNA as the transforming principle..ppt
Avery performed three tests on the transforming principle.
Qualitative tests showed DNA was present.
Chemical tests showed the chemical makeup matched that of DNA.
Enzyme tests showed only DNA-degrading enzymes stopped transformation.
Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material.
• Hershey and Chase studied viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages.
• Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not.
They tagged viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus.
They tagged viral proteins with radioactive sulfur.
• Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not.
DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
• DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.
• DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide has three parts:
₋ a phosphate group.
₋ a deoxyribose sugar.
₋ a nitrogen-containing base
The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides.
Scientists Chargaff found:
The amount of adenine in an organism approximately equals the amount of thymine.
The amount of cytosine roughly equals the amount of guanine.
A=T C=G Chargaff’s rules
Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models.
They realized that DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside
with bases on the inside.
Watson and Crick’s discovery was built on the work of Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff.
₋ Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a double helix of even width.
₋ Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G.
Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA.
Because a pyrimidine (single ring) pairs with a purine (double ring), the helix has a uniform width.
A pairs with T
C pairs with G
The backbone is connected by covalent bonds.
The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds.
• Proteins carry out the process of replication.
• DNA serves only as a template.
• Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication.
₋ Enzymes unzip the double helix.
₋ Free-floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the template strand.
₋ DNA polymerase enzymes bond the nucleotides together to form the double helix.
₋ Polymerase enzymes form covalent bonds between nucleotides in the new strand.
₋ Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
• Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand.
• DNA replication is semiconservative.
Replication is fast and accurate.
DNA replication starts at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes.
There are many origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes.
DNA polymerases can find and correct err
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderland
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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It is useful for the Under Graduating students for easy understanding and it's useful for the exam preparations.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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extra-chromosomal-inheritance[1].pptx.pdfpdf
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Normal Cell Metabolism:
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Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
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