sexdetermination.ppt
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This document discusses mechanisms of sex determination and sex-linked characteristics. It describes several systems of chromosomal sex determination including XX-XO in grasshoppers, XX-XY in mammals, ZZ-ZW in birds and butterflies, and haplodiploidy in bees and ants. It also discusses genic and environmental sex determination systems. The document focuses on sex determination in humans, noting the SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness. It then discusses sex-linked characteristics determined by genes on the sex chromosomes, including examples in Drosophila and humans like color blindness.
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SEX DETERMINATION.pptx
Sex determination is controlled genetically and involves the sex chromosomes. In humans and most mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). At fertilization, if an X-bearing sperm fertilizes the egg, an XX zygote develops into a female, while a Y-bearing sperm results in an XY male zygote. Different organisms use different sex determination systems, such as XX/XY in humans and Drosophila, XO/XX in insects, and WZ/WW in birds.
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This document discusses sex determination in animals. It begins by defining sex and sex determination. It then describes the different mechanisms of sex determination, including environmental sex determination based on temperature, chromosomal sex determination involving sex chromosomes like XX/XY systems, and genic mechanisms involving single genes or balances of male and female determining genes. It provides examples for different sex determination systems in various animal groups like insects, birds, and mammals.
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14 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
When chromosomes are duplicated, each chromosome has two copies of the allele, one on each sister chromatid. However, Gregor Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were purely an abstract concept when he proposed their existence in 1860. Using improved techniques of microscopy, cytology and genetics were converged as biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel’s proposed hereditary factors during sexual life cycles and the behavior of chromosomes which later began to be developed into “the chromosome theory of inheritance”. According to this theory, Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
sex detemination.pdf
This document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination in organisms, including genetic, chromosomal, and environmental factors. In many animals including humans, sex is genetically determined by sex chromosomes - females are typically XX and males are XY. Exceptions like Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and Turner syndrome (X) are also covered. Chromosomal sex determination systems such as ZW/ZZ in birds and environmental influences on sex ratios are discussed. The role of hormones in sex differentiation and examples in animals are also summarized.
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Human biological sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with males typically having XY and females having XX. Genes on the X chromosome, called X-linked genes, show distinctive inheritance patterns between males and females because males only have one X chromosome compared to females' two. X-linked genetic disorders are more common in males because a disease-causing allele on the X chromosome from the mother has no corresponding "good" allele from the father's Y chromosome to mask it, while females typically receive a normal allele from their father to prevent expression of the disease.
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The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
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1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
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Sex determination is controlled genetically and involves the sex chromosomes. In humans and most mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). At fertilization, if an X-bearing sperm fertilizes the egg, an XX zygote develops into a female, while a Y-bearing sperm results in an XY male zygote. Different organisms use different sex determination systems, such as XX/XY in humans and Drosophila, XO/XX in insects, and WZ/WW in birds.
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This document discusses sex determination in animals. It begins by defining sex and sex determination. It then describes the different mechanisms of sex determination, including environmental sex determination based on temperature, chromosomal sex determination involving sex chromosomes like XX/XY systems, and genic mechanisms involving single genes or balances of male and female determining genes. It provides examples for different sex determination systems in various animal groups like insects, birds, and mammals.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. In humans and many other species, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness, while its absence results in femaleness. There are two main systems - heterogametic males which include humans and heterogametic females found in some insects and fish. The ratio between X chromosomes and autosomes also influences sex determination in some species through a genic balance mechanism.
human genetics.pptx
this presentation about human genetics, history of development, related diseases. Who contributed to the development of the subject.
Sex determination in animals
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Chromosomalinheritance 100807040928-phpapp02
Chromosomes contain genes and determine inheritance patterns. During meiosis, chromosome pairs segregate and assort independently. Sex chromosomes determine biological sex - females are XX and males are XY. X-linked traits affect males more due to hemizygosity. Nondisjunction can result in chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. Structural changes like inversions, translocations, deletions and duplications also impact inheritance. Linkage maps gene position and crossover frequency. Different modes of inheritance exist like autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked traits.
Sex determination in insects
Sex determination refers to the developmental programme that commits the embryo to either the male or the female pathway. The animal kingdom possesses a wealth of mechanisms via which gender is decided, all of which are represented among the insects.
Manis 2017 ch 2 no vid
This document summarizes key concepts about DNA, genes, heredity, and genetic disorders. It discusses how DNA contains genetic instructions, genes are segments of DNA that determine traits, and heredity involves the transmission of alleles from parents to offspring. Different patterns of heredity, like dominant/recessive traits and sex-linked traits, are examined. The document also explores chromosomal abnormalities that can cause disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome, as well as multi-gene traits and environmental interactions with genes.
14 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
When chromosomes are duplicated, each chromosome has two copies of the allele, one on each sister chromatid. However, Gregor Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were purely an abstract concept when he proposed their existence in 1860. Using improved techniques of microscopy, cytology and genetics were converged as biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel’s proposed hereditary factors during sexual life cycles and the behavior of chromosomes which later began to be developed into “the chromosome theory of inheritance”. According to this theory, Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
sex detemination.pdf
This document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination in organisms, including genetic, chromosomal, and environmental factors. In many animals including humans, sex is genetically determined by sex chromosomes - females are typically XX and males are XY. Exceptions like Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and Turner syndrome (X) are also covered. Chromosomal sex determination systems such as ZW/ZZ in birds and environmental influences on sex ratios are discussed. The role of hormones in sex differentiation and examples in animals are also summarized.
Similar to sexdetermination.ppt (20)
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号BYZS866】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号BYZS866】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
A parabolic antenna alignment system typically includes the following components:
Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
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Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024Hector Del Castillo, CPM, CPMM
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.一比一原版坎特伯雷大学毕业证(UC毕业证书)学历如何办理
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
Community Skills Building Workshop | PMI Silver Spring Chapter | June 12, 2024
sexdetermination.ppt
- 1. LECTURE CONNECTIONS 4 | Sex Determination and Sex-Linked © 2009 W. H. Freeman and Company Characteristics
- 2. Chapter 4 Outline • 4.1 Sex Is Determined by a Number of Different Mechanisms, 74 • 4.2 Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes, 81
- 3. Sex Determination Mechanisms • Hermaphroditism: both sexes in the same organism • Monoecious: both male and female reproductive structures in the same organism • Dioecious: either male or female reproductive structures in one organism
- 4. Chromosomal Sex-Determination Systems: Sex chromosomes and non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) • XX-XO system: • XX – female • XO – male • grasshoppers • XX-XY system: • XX – female • XY – male • mammals
- 7. Chromosomal Sex-Determination Systems • ZZ-ZW system: • ZZ – male • ZW – female • Birds, snakes, butterflies, some amphibians, and fishes • Haplodiploidy system: • Haploid set – male • Diploid set – female • Bees, wasps, and ants
- 9. Genic Sex-Determining System • No sex chromosomes, only the sex-determining genes
- 10. Environmental Sex Determination • Environmental factors • Limpet’s position in the stack • Temperature in turtles
- 12. Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster • genic balance system • X : A ratio (X, number of X chromosomes; A, number of haploid sets of autosomes)
- 14. Sex Determination in Humans XX-XY • SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness • Turner syndrome: XO; 1/3000 female births • Klinefelter syndrome: XXY, or XXXY, or XXXXY, or XXYY; 1/1000 male births • Poly-X females: 1/1000 female births
- 15. The Role of Sex Chromosomes • The X chromosome contains genetic information essential for both sexes; at least one copy of an X is required. • The male-determining gene is located on the Y chromosome. A single Y, even in the presence of several X, still produces a male phenotype. • The absence of Y results in a female phenotype.
- 16. The male-determining gene in humans • Sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene
- 18. The male-determining gene in humans • Androgen-insensitivity syndrome • Caused by the defective androgen receptor
- 19. 4.2 Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes • X-Linked White Eyes in Drosophila • Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance • X-Linked Color Blindness in Humans • Symbols for X-Linked Genes • Dosage Compensation • Z-Linked Characteristics • Y-Linked Characteristics
- 20. X-Linked Characteristics • X-linked white eyes in Drosophila
- 22. X-Linked Characteristics • X-linked color blindness in humans
- 24. X-Linked Characteristics • Dosage compensation: the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes and randomly inactivated in two sexes
- 28. 4.2 Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes • Z-linked characteristics • Y-linked characteristics • Hairy ears • Characteristics of the Y and Y-linked genetic markers