The document provides an overview of an upcoming class on human perspective in artificial intelligence. It references a 1968 paper on pattern recognition and discusses homework on artificial and human memory due on March 18th. Required reading includes two papers from 1962 and 1991 on analog memory devices and neural networks. Upcoming class topics are listed as artificial vs human memory, including discussions of digital, analog, and human memory. The document also previews content on neurons, glia, and properties of human memory.

1. CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
(HPAI)
Professor José Meléndez, PhD
“We have accompanied the reader into the labyrinth of pattern recognition, pointed
out some of the salient landmarks, and offered battle on [their] behalf to the Minotaur
of semantic difficulties. We hope that we have given [them] enough strength to
encourage [them] to return.” (Adapted) - George Nagy (1937- )
Minotaur Skullcleaver, MTG
“State of the Art in Pattern Recognition”, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 56, No. 5, May 1968

2. Next Up
• Homework #4:
• Due as scheduled on Wednesday March 18 by 11:59PM
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Brief Introduction to Memory and the Brain
• Artificial Memory
• Digital Memory
• Analog Memory
• Human Memory
• Mine and Yours – Round Desk Discussion
• Functional Descriptions
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More

3. In what year was this written?

4. A Survey of Analog Memory Devices (on Moodle)
• George Nagy, Cornell University, 1962.
• https://www.ecse.rpi.edu/~nagy/PDF_chrono/1963_Nagy_Anal
og_Memory_IEEE_EC1963.pdf

5. In what year was this written?

6. Neural Networks – Then and Now (on Moodle)
• Letters, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, V.2, N.2, pp.316-
318, 1991.
• Special-Purpose Parallel Analog Neural Networks
• https://www.ecse.rpi.edu/~nagy/PDF_chrono/1991_Nagy_NN1
991-ThenAndNow.pdf

7. Modern Time

8. Required “Reading”
• A Survey of Analog Memory Devices (on Moodle)
• George Nagy, Cornell University, 1962.
• https://www.ecse.rpi.edu/~nagy/PDF_chrono/1963_Nagy_Analog_Memor
y_IEEE_EC1963.pdf
• Neural Networks – Then and Now (on Moodle)
• Letters, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, V.2, N.2, pp.316-318, 1991.
• Special-Purpose Parallel Analog Neural Networks
• https://www.ecse.rpi.edu/~nagy/PDF_chrono/1991_Nagy_NN1991-
ThenAndNow.pdf
• How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain
• Chapter 4: The Origin of Feeling

9. Memory
means
diving
into the
BRAIN!

10. Allen Institute for Brain Science
• As fascinating and inspirational as it is discouraging
• 80B+ neurons and 80B+ glia – All Dead
• 23 Chromosomes from a handful of human brains
• 25,000 genes and other DNA – selectively sampled
• Static and partial picture of a few humans.
Conclusion:
The brain is sufficiently complex to make us human!

11. Properties of Human Memory
• Despite progress scientists don’t know:
• how human memory really works.
• how memories are encoded.
• how memories are stored using clusters of neurons.
• the role of non-neural brain cells in memory.
• the partitioning or co-existence of processing and data.

12. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Artificial Memory
• Digital Memory
• Analog Memory
• Human Memory
• Mine and Yours – Round Desk Discussion
• Functional Descriptions
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More

13. Digital Computer Memory
• Storing:
• Data or Instructions are “Encoded” into “1”s and “0”s for storage.
• Cells or “Areas” are written to store “1”s and “0”s.
• Retrieving
• Cells or “Areas” are accessed to read the stored “1”s and “0”s.
• Data or Instructions are “Decoded” for “Use”.
• Duration: Short or Long Term
• “Use” Includes:
• Display (Analog)
• Speaker Output (Analog)
• Transmission (Digital – previously Analog)
• Computation (Digital)
• Restorage (Digital)

14. Digital Computer Memory – Compression
Does the image file have to store all of the image pixel data?

15. Digital Computer Memory
Advanced Compression
Do both compressed files need to be saved separately?

16. Typical Computing Memory Types
• Memories for Instructions and Data
• Non-Volatile – Long Term Storage
• Volatile – Short Term Memory
• “Immediate” at CPU
• ROM
• Cache
Source Unknown

17. CPU Cache – “Immediate”
https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/cache-memory

18. CPU Cache – “Immediate”
• L1
• I for Instructions
• D for Data
• L2
• Mixed Instructions and Data
• Shared by Multiple CPU Cores
• L3
• Interface to DRAM
https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1200/1*nT3RAGnOAWmKmvOBnizNtw.png

19. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Artificial Memory
• Analog Memory
• Human Memory
• Mine and Yours – Round Desk Discussion
• Functional Descriptions
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More

20. Analog Electronics
• The world is analog.
• Analog is characterized by continuously variable signals
• Electrical signals include:
• Voltage
• Current
• Charge
• Frequency
• Phase
• Significantly more “variable” than the digital world.

21. The Heart
https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/P6E8tnBs_Mp_JSKDlaRbbGNNvQA=/768x0/filters:no_ups
cale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/heart_inner_section-577d5c673df78cb62c939314.jpg
• Right Atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from body xfers to Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs xfers to Left Ventricle
• Right Ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to lungs
• Left Ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body

22. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Selvakumar_Gopalasamy/publication/228668
313/figure/fig1/AS:302084206415872@1449033895418/Normal-ECG-waveform.png
• Measures electrical activity of heart through it’s contractions
• Electrodes are attached in the chest area in a variety of positions relative to the heart
• ECG signals have characteristic shape
Example of Normal ECG CycleO is the origin or datum point preceding the
cycle
P is the atrial systole contraction pulse
Q is a downward deflection immediately
preceding the ventricular contraction
R is the peak of the ventricular contraction
S is the downward deflection immediately after
the ventricular contraction
T is the recovery of the ventricles
U is the successor of the T wave but it is small
and not always observed

23. Electrocardiogram – Normal or Abnormal?
http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/2018/10/a-normal-ecg-on-busy-night.html
Normal or Abnormal ECG?

24. Analog Functional Memories (ca. 1967)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.00485
• Physician Electrocardiogram Classification (ECG Only) – Normal (95%) v Abnormal (53%)
• Using Trainable Hardware Nonlinear Matched Filters:
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) Classification – Normal (97%) v Abnormal (90%)
• Specht, “Generalization of polynomial discriminant functions for pattern
recognition,” IEEE Pattern Recognition Workshop, Puerto Rico, October 1966.
Example of an Analog Nonlinear Filter

25. ECG Frequency Spectrum
https://i.stack.imgur.com/A7QJT.jpg
Normal or Abnormal ECG?

26. Electrocardiogram – Normal or Abnormal?
http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/2018/10/a-normal-ecg-on-busy-night.html
Normal or Abnormal ECG?
Analog EEG Signals Analog Matched Filter
• High? – Normal
• Low? – Abnormal
Output

27. Analog Computer
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Bifnordennomenclature.jpg /a-normal-ecg-on-busy-night.html
• 1945 Norden Bombsight
• Opto-Mechanical Analog Computer
• Designed to drop bombs accurately
• Calculated bomb impact location
based upon flying parameters