This document provides guidance on writing the discussion and abstract sections of a research paper. The discussion section should critically analyze the study findings in the context of existing literature, present implications and possible improvements. The abstract should concisely summarize the research objectives, methods, results and conclusions in 250 words or less, and may be structured or unstructured. Proper organization and structure are important for clearly communicating the purpose and key takeaways of the research.

1. Discussion and Abstract
Dr. Iman El Sayed
MSc, Ph.D. Lecturer Of Medical Statistics.
Medical Research Institute, Alexandria
University
Some contents are adapted from:
‘’Writing in the Sciences’’ Coursera.
By Stanford University

2. The most daunting section of a paper to write.

3. Why?
1. Critical thinking

4. 2. Present the underlying meaning of your
research,
• note possible implications in other areas of
study
• Explore possible improvements that can be
made in order to further develop the concerns
of your research.
Why?

5. 3. Highlight the importance of your study and
how it may be able to contribute to and/or fill
existing gaps in the field.
Why?

6. How to write?
1. Organize the
Discussion from
the specific to the
general: your
findings to the
literature, to
theory, to practice.

7. How to write?

9. How to write?

10. How to write?

11. How to write?

12. How to write?

13. How to write?

14. How to write?

15. How to write?

25. Scientific Writing Easy when you know how. BMJ books 2002

26. Abstract

27. Abstract

28. • Structured.
• Non-structured.
Abstract

29. Structured abstract

30. Structured abstract

31. Unstructured abstract

32. To sum-up:
Scientific Writing Easy when you know how. BMJ books 2002