The document discusses different policies companies use to pay out cash to shareholders, including dividends and stock buybacks. It explains that boards of directors typically set dividend and repurchase amounts and dates. Companies may decide to pay out cash to shareholders to distribute unwanted funds, change their capital structure, or signal confidence in future earnings. While dividends are meant to be reliable signals of company performance, unexpected changes can impact stock prices. The document also discusses different perspectives in the debate around optimal payout policies, including arguments from Miller and Modigliani, rightists who favor large payouts, and radical leftists who note the impact of taxes.
The document discusses dividend policy and how firms determine whether to pay dividends or retain cash. It provides an overview of different views on dividends and examines factors like a firm's investment opportunities, earnings stability, and stockholder characteristics that influence dividend policy decisions. The key measures for evaluating dividend policy are the dividend payout ratio and dividend yield. Firms aim to maximize value by balancing paying dividends with retaining cash for profitable investment opportunities.
This document discusses dividend theory and policy. It begins by defining dividends as the return that shareholders receive from a company's profits. There are conflicting theories on whether dividend policy impacts shareholder wealth and company valuation. The first theory, called the irrelevance concept, argues that dividend policy does not affect share prices as investors value total return. The second theory, called the relevance concept, believes dividend policy does impact shareholder wealth and valuation. The document then discusses Modigliani and Miller's approach to dividend policy and the assumptions of their hypothesis that dividend policy does not matter under perfect market conditions. It concludes by outlining criticisms of the Modigliani-Miller hypothesis.
Performance Fees for Investment Managers: A comparison of widely used modelsSystemic
This document compares three methods for calculating performance fees for investment managers: the whole of fund method, series of shares method, and equalization share adjustment method.
The whole of fund method calculates fees at the fund level, which can generate biased results for new investors. The series of shares method issues a new series of shares for each subscription, addressing free riding but resulting in multiple share classes.
The equalization share adjustment method ensures all investors are treated fairly by providing credits or debits to reduce fees paid based on subscription prices, allowing a single net asset value to be reported. It is the most complex to implement but provides the fairest treatment of investors.
This document discusses distributions to shareholders, including dividends and stock repurchases. It covers theories of investor preferences for dividends, the residual model for setting dividend policy, and factors managers consider like signaling effects and maintaining a target capital structure. Stock repurchases, dividends, splits and dividend reinvestment plans are also summarized. The optimal use of these strategies depends on forecasted capital needs, target payout ratios and whether the company needs to raise new equity capital.
Dividends can be paid as regular cash dividends, special cash dividends, or liquidating dividends. The dividend declaration date is when the dividend is declared as a liability, the ex-dividend date is two business days before the date of record, and the date of payment is when checks are mailed. Dividend policy matters because the value of stock is based on expected future dividends, but retaining earnings can boost future growth. Firms must balance paying dividends now versus using retained earnings to reinvest and grow. Stock repurchases are an alternative to dividends that allow investors to choose whether to take the cash or remain invested and face capital gains taxes instead of ordinary income taxes.
This document discusses dividend policy and its impact on firm value. It covers 5 sections: 1) Models relating investment and dividend decisions, including the Walter and Gordon models. 2) The traditional view that the market values dividends more than retained earnings. 3) The Miller-Modigliani position that dividend policy does not impact value under certain assumptions. 4) The radical view that dividends should be minimized due to tax advantages of capital gains. 5) An overall picture of two broad schools of thought on the relationship between dividends and share value.
There are three main categories of dividend theories: dividend relevance theories, dividend irrelevance theories, and theories related to dividends and uncertainty. Dividend relevance theories argue that a firm's dividend policy affects its value, as proposed by Walter and Gordon in their respective models. Dividend irrelevance theories, proposed by Modigliani and Miller, state that dividend policy does not impact firm value under certain assumptions. Theories of dividends and uncertainty suggest that investors prefer dividends in the present over future dividends due to uncertainty.
The document discusses different policies companies use to pay out cash to shareholders, including dividends and stock buybacks. It explains that boards of directors typically set dividend and repurchase amounts and dates. Companies may decide to pay out cash to shareholders to distribute unwanted funds, change their capital structure, or signal confidence in future earnings. While dividends are meant to be reliable signals of company performance, unexpected changes can impact stock prices. The document also discusses different perspectives in the debate around optimal payout policies, including arguments from Miller and Modigliani, rightists who favor large payouts, and radical leftists who note the impact of taxes.
The document discusses dividend policy and how firms determine whether to pay dividends or retain cash. It provides an overview of different views on dividends and examines factors like a firm's investment opportunities, earnings stability, and stockholder characteristics that influence dividend policy decisions. The key measures for evaluating dividend policy are the dividend payout ratio and dividend yield. Firms aim to maximize value by balancing paying dividends with retaining cash for profitable investment opportunities.
This document discusses dividend theory and policy. It begins by defining dividends as the return that shareholders receive from a company's profits. There are conflicting theories on whether dividend policy impacts shareholder wealth and company valuation. The first theory, called the irrelevance concept, argues that dividend policy does not affect share prices as investors value total return. The second theory, called the relevance concept, believes dividend policy does impact shareholder wealth and valuation. The document then discusses Modigliani and Miller's approach to dividend policy and the assumptions of their hypothesis that dividend policy does not matter under perfect market conditions. It concludes by outlining criticisms of the Modigliani-Miller hypothesis.
Performance Fees for Investment Managers: A comparison of widely used modelsSystemic
This document compares three methods for calculating performance fees for investment managers: the whole of fund method, series of shares method, and equalization share adjustment method.
The whole of fund method calculates fees at the fund level, which can generate biased results for new investors. The series of shares method issues a new series of shares for each subscription, addressing free riding but resulting in multiple share classes.
The equalization share adjustment method ensures all investors are treated fairly by providing credits or debits to reduce fees paid based on subscription prices, allowing a single net asset value to be reported. It is the most complex to implement but provides the fairest treatment of investors.
This document discusses distributions to shareholders, including dividends and stock repurchases. It covers theories of investor preferences for dividends, the residual model for setting dividend policy, and factors managers consider like signaling effects and maintaining a target capital structure. Stock repurchases, dividends, splits and dividend reinvestment plans are also summarized. The optimal use of these strategies depends on forecasted capital needs, target payout ratios and whether the company needs to raise new equity capital.
Dividends can be paid as regular cash dividends, special cash dividends, or liquidating dividends. The dividend declaration date is when the dividend is declared as a liability, the ex-dividend date is two business days before the date of record, and the date of payment is when checks are mailed. Dividend policy matters because the value of stock is based on expected future dividends, but retaining earnings can boost future growth. Firms must balance paying dividends now versus using retained earnings to reinvest and grow. Stock repurchases are an alternative to dividends that allow investors to choose whether to take the cash or remain invested and face capital gains taxes instead of ordinary income taxes.
This document discusses dividend policy and its impact on firm value. It covers 5 sections: 1) Models relating investment and dividend decisions, including the Walter and Gordon models. 2) The traditional view that the market values dividends more than retained earnings. 3) The Miller-Modigliani position that dividend policy does not impact value under certain assumptions. 4) The radical view that dividends should be minimized due to tax advantages of capital gains. 5) An overall picture of two broad schools of thought on the relationship between dividends and share value.
There are three main categories of dividend theories: dividend relevance theories, dividend irrelevance theories, and theories related to dividends and uncertainty. Dividend relevance theories argue that a firm's dividend policy affects its value, as proposed by Walter and Gordon in their respective models. Dividend irrelevance theories, proposed by Modigliani and Miller, state that dividend policy does not impact firm value under certain assumptions. Theories of dividends and uncertainty suggest that investors prefer dividends in the present over future dividends due to uncertainty.
This document discusses dividend policy and models for determining dividend payout. It notes that retained earnings are an important internal source of financing firm growth. There are two components to shareholders' return: payout ratio and retention ratio. A low payout company will have a higher growth rate than a high payout company due to differences in their retention ratios. Two common models for dividends are the Walter model and the Gordon growth model, both of which make assumptions about constant returns, payouts, and earnings. The objective of a dividend policy is to balance the firm's need for funds with shareholders' need for income.
Dividend Policies involve the decisions, whether-
To retain earnings for capital investment and other purposes; or
To distribute earnings in the form of dividend among shareholders; or
To retain some earning and to distribute remaining earnings to shareholders.
The document discusses different types of payouts companies can use to distribute cash to shareholders, including regular cash dividends, stock dividends, dividends in kind, and stock buybacks. It also covers the standard procedure for paying cash dividends, including declaration date, ex-dividend date, record date, and payment date. Additionally, it discusses the theory that dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of the firm since investors can create their own income streams through stock transactions.
Investment advince from wayne lippman : lippman & Associates CPA'sWayne Lippman
1.Classification and reporting of Investments: trading securities, available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.
2.Investments recorded and reported using the equity method.
3. The fair value option reporting for investments.
Dividend policy refers to a company's decision to pay dividends to shareholders from current or retained earnings. While dividend policy may not matter according to theory, in practice it signals management's outlook and can attract different types of investors. Companies consider factors like growth opportunities, financial flexibility, and tax implications when determining their dividend policy.
This document discusses various topics related to equity valuation and stock markets, including the dividend discount model for valuing stocks, primary and secondary markets, common terminology such as market capitalization and P/E ratio, and different approaches to analyzing stocks like fundamental analysis and the efficient market hypothesis. Key valuation techniques introduced are the dividend discount model under different growth scenarios as well as valuing the present value of growth opportunities.
Walter's dividend model supports the relevance of dividends and their impact on share price. The model assumes retained earnings are the only source of financing and the cost of capital and return on investments are constant. It states that if return on investments is greater than cost of capital, the firm should have a zero dividend payout to retain more earnings for profitable investments. If return on investments is less than cost of capital, the firm should have a 100% dividend payout. The model provides a formula to calculate share price based on dividends and earnings. However, it makes unrealistic assumptions about constant costs and risks.
VCT’s look to collect money from individual investors/groups and re-invest the funds into smaller UK businesses in order to provide them with the necessary equity or ‘seed capital’ needed to fuel future investment and develop their business.
Quarterly report for our investors - Fourth quarter 2019BESTINVER
The international portfolio delivered returns of 23% in 2019. The portfolio is diversified across sectors with largest allocations to industrial (38%), financial (19%), and communication & technology (15%). Additions to the portfolio included Aperam, a stainless steel producer. Positions in ABB and Delivery Hero were increased as both companies improved their competitive positions. Cobham was exited following a takeover bid. The international portfolio trades at a PER of 9.5x and has 58% upside potential to its target value.
This document discusses dividend policy and its objectives and factors. It defines dividend policy as a company's decision regarding distributing residual earnings to shareholders. The primary objective is maximizing shareholder wealth. While dividends increase share prices, they also reduce retained earnings available for new projects.
The objectives of dividend policy include maximizing shareholder wealth, ensuring sufficient retained earnings to finance future prospects, and maintaining a stable dividend rate. Factors that affect dividend policy include legal requirements, the company's liquidity, expected returns on reinvestment, earnings stability, shareholders' tax situations, and access to capital markets. Both internal factors like earnings stability and external factors like taxation policy influence a company's dividend policy.
The document summarizes the Modigliani-Miller theory of dividend policy. Some key points:
1) According to the theory, the value of a firm is based solely on its earnings and investment policy, not its dividend policy. Whether a firm retains earnings or pays dividends, the total return to shareholders is the same.
2) The theory is based on assumptions of perfect capital markets, no taxes, fixed investment policy, and no uncertainty.
3) Through mathematical proofs, the theory shows that dividends do not appear in the final equation determining a firm's value, indicating dividend policy is irrelevant to shareholders.
4) However, the theory is criticized for being based on unrealistic
This document discusses a firm's payout policy and the two main ways firms pay cash to shareholders: cash dividends and share repurchases. It analyzes the options of paying dividends versus repurchasing shares and how each affects shareholder wealth. The document also discusses Modigliani and Miller's dividend irrelevance proposition that under perfect markets, dividend policy does not impact firm value.
Young firms often require venture capital to finance growth. Venture capital provides entrepreneurs with financing to grow their firms and obtain staged financing. Firms issue securities like stocks to further finance their growth. When firms need more capital than private investors can provide, they can conduct an initial public offering (IPO) to sell stocks to the public for the first time. The issuance of securities through public offerings or private placements is a complex process that involves underwriters, registration with regulatory agencies, and costs for the company.
This document provides an overview of the different sources of corporate financing, including internally generated funds, equity issues, and debt issues. It defines key terms related to equity such as common stock, preferred stock, treasury stock, authorized shares, issued shares, and outstanding shares. It also discusses the characteristics of different types of debt such as secured vs. unsecured debt, callable bonds, and convertible securities. The document uses examples to illustrate equity terminology and scenarios involving debt conversions.
This document provides an overview of corporate dividend policy. It discusses what dividends are, different types of dividends, factors that influence dividend policy decisions, and common dividend measurement approaches. Key points covered include that dividends are payments made to shareholders from corporate profits, factors like liquidity, growth opportunities, and legal requirements influence dividend policies, and policies generally aim for stable and regular dividend payouts.
The document discusses dividend policy and its various aspects. It defines dividend policy as involving decisions around retaining earnings for reinvestment or distributing earnings to shareholders. The key considerations around dividend policy are a firm's investment opportunities and financial needs, shareholders' expectations, and constraints around paying dividends such as legal restrictions and liquidity. Common dividend policies include paying a constant dividend per share, maintaining a constant payout ratio, or paying a minimum dividend with the option of extra dividends in good years. Stable dividends are generally preferred but come with risks if earnings fluctuate significantly.
The chapter discusses dividend policy and its importance as a financing decision for corporations. It defines dividend policy as the board of director's decision regarding how much of the company's residual earnings to distribute to shareholders. The mechanics of dividend payments are also outlined, including the declaration date, holder of record date, ex-dividend date, and payment date. Key assumptions and theories around dividend policy such as M&M's dividend irrelevance theorem and the "bird in the hand" argument are introduced.
Let's today to know something about Dividend...... A dividend is an extra income to dividend holder which totally tax-free in hands of Receiver which is considered the source of income.
The document provides answers to questions related to financial management. It includes calculations for market capitalization, weighted average cost of capital (WACC), analysis of share buybacks, dividend policies, and foreign exchange risk management. It also evaluates investment projects using techniques like accounting rate of return, net present value, payback period. The document contains detailed numerical calculations and explanations for the answers.
Litigation Finance Fund - Ashton GlobalKijana Mack
The document discusses litigation finance, which provides capital to plaintiffs involved in lawsuits. It notes that litigation finance has grown popular due to billions of dollars from institutional investors. Litigation finance investments have high returns that are uncorrelated with the broader market but carry high risks, as investors could lose their entire principal if a case is lost. The document describes the rigorous due diligence and case selection process used to identify high-quality cases and structures deals to reduce risks for investors.
This document discusses dividend policy and models for determining dividend payout. It notes that retained earnings are an important internal source of financing firm growth. There are two components to shareholders' return: payout ratio and retention ratio. A low payout company will have a higher growth rate than a high payout company due to differences in their retention ratios. Two common models for dividends are the Walter model and the Gordon growth model, both of which make assumptions about constant returns, payouts, and earnings. The objective of a dividend policy is to balance the firm's need for funds with shareholders' need for income.
Dividend Policies involve the decisions, whether-
To retain earnings for capital investment and other purposes; or
To distribute earnings in the form of dividend among shareholders; or
To retain some earning and to distribute remaining earnings to shareholders.
The document discusses different types of payouts companies can use to distribute cash to shareholders, including regular cash dividends, stock dividends, dividends in kind, and stock buybacks. It also covers the standard procedure for paying cash dividends, including declaration date, ex-dividend date, record date, and payment date. Additionally, it discusses the theory that dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of the firm since investors can create their own income streams through stock transactions.
Investment advince from wayne lippman : lippman & Associates CPA'sWayne Lippman
1.Classification and reporting of Investments: trading securities, available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities.
2.Investments recorded and reported using the equity method.
3. The fair value option reporting for investments.
Dividend policy refers to a company's decision to pay dividends to shareholders from current or retained earnings. While dividend policy may not matter according to theory, in practice it signals management's outlook and can attract different types of investors. Companies consider factors like growth opportunities, financial flexibility, and tax implications when determining their dividend policy.
This document discusses various topics related to equity valuation and stock markets, including the dividend discount model for valuing stocks, primary and secondary markets, common terminology such as market capitalization and P/E ratio, and different approaches to analyzing stocks like fundamental analysis and the efficient market hypothesis. Key valuation techniques introduced are the dividend discount model under different growth scenarios as well as valuing the present value of growth opportunities.
Walter's dividend model supports the relevance of dividends and their impact on share price. The model assumes retained earnings are the only source of financing and the cost of capital and return on investments are constant. It states that if return on investments is greater than cost of capital, the firm should have a zero dividend payout to retain more earnings for profitable investments. If return on investments is less than cost of capital, the firm should have a 100% dividend payout. The model provides a formula to calculate share price based on dividends and earnings. However, it makes unrealistic assumptions about constant costs and risks.
VCT’s look to collect money from individual investors/groups and re-invest the funds into smaller UK businesses in order to provide them with the necessary equity or ‘seed capital’ needed to fuel future investment and develop their business.
Quarterly report for our investors - Fourth quarter 2019BESTINVER
The international portfolio delivered returns of 23% in 2019. The portfolio is diversified across sectors with largest allocations to industrial (38%), financial (19%), and communication & technology (15%). Additions to the portfolio included Aperam, a stainless steel producer. Positions in ABB and Delivery Hero were increased as both companies improved their competitive positions. Cobham was exited following a takeover bid. The international portfolio trades at a PER of 9.5x and has 58% upside potential to its target value.
This document discusses dividend policy and its objectives and factors. It defines dividend policy as a company's decision regarding distributing residual earnings to shareholders. The primary objective is maximizing shareholder wealth. While dividends increase share prices, they also reduce retained earnings available for new projects.
The objectives of dividend policy include maximizing shareholder wealth, ensuring sufficient retained earnings to finance future prospects, and maintaining a stable dividend rate. Factors that affect dividend policy include legal requirements, the company's liquidity, expected returns on reinvestment, earnings stability, shareholders' tax situations, and access to capital markets. Both internal factors like earnings stability and external factors like taxation policy influence a company's dividend policy.
The document summarizes the Modigliani-Miller theory of dividend policy. Some key points:
1) According to the theory, the value of a firm is based solely on its earnings and investment policy, not its dividend policy. Whether a firm retains earnings or pays dividends, the total return to shareholders is the same.
2) The theory is based on assumptions of perfect capital markets, no taxes, fixed investment policy, and no uncertainty.
3) Through mathematical proofs, the theory shows that dividends do not appear in the final equation determining a firm's value, indicating dividend policy is irrelevant to shareholders.
4) However, the theory is criticized for being based on unrealistic
This document discusses a firm's payout policy and the two main ways firms pay cash to shareholders: cash dividends and share repurchases. It analyzes the options of paying dividends versus repurchasing shares and how each affects shareholder wealth. The document also discusses Modigliani and Miller's dividend irrelevance proposition that under perfect markets, dividend policy does not impact firm value.
Young firms often require venture capital to finance growth. Venture capital provides entrepreneurs with financing to grow their firms and obtain staged financing. Firms issue securities like stocks to further finance their growth. When firms need more capital than private investors can provide, they can conduct an initial public offering (IPO) to sell stocks to the public for the first time. The issuance of securities through public offerings or private placements is a complex process that involves underwriters, registration with regulatory agencies, and costs for the company.
This document provides an overview of the different sources of corporate financing, including internally generated funds, equity issues, and debt issues. It defines key terms related to equity such as common stock, preferred stock, treasury stock, authorized shares, issued shares, and outstanding shares. It also discusses the characteristics of different types of debt such as secured vs. unsecured debt, callable bonds, and convertible securities. The document uses examples to illustrate equity terminology and scenarios involving debt conversions.
This document provides an overview of corporate dividend policy. It discusses what dividends are, different types of dividends, factors that influence dividend policy decisions, and common dividend measurement approaches. Key points covered include that dividends are payments made to shareholders from corporate profits, factors like liquidity, growth opportunities, and legal requirements influence dividend policies, and policies generally aim for stable and regular dividend payouts.
The document discusses dividend policy and its various aspects. It defines dividend policy as involving decisions around retaining earnings for reinvestment or distributing earnings to shareholders. The key considerations around dividend policy are a firm's investment opportunities and financial needs, shareholders' expectations, and constraints around paying dividends such as legal restrictions and liquidity. Common dividend policies include paying a constant dividend per share, maintaining a constant payout ratio, or paying a minimum dividend with the option of extra dividends in good years. Stable dividends are generally preferred but come with risks if earnings fluctuate significantly.
The chapter discusses dividend policy and its importance as a financing decision for corporations. It defines dividend policy as the board of director's decision regarding how much of the company's residual earnings to distribute to shareholders. The mechanics of dividend payments are also outlined, including the declaration date, holder of record date, ex-dividend date, and payment date. Key assumptions and theories around dividend policy such as M&M's dividend irrelevance theorem and the "bird in the hand" argument are introduced.
Let's today to know something about Dividend...... A dividend is an extra income to dividend holder which totally tax-free in hands of Receiver which is considered the source of income.
The document provides answers to questions related to financial management. It includes calculations for market capitalization, weighted average cost of capital (WACC), analysis of share buybacks, dividend policies, and foreign exchange risk management. It also evaluates investment projects using techniques like accounting rate of return, net present value, payback period. The document contains detailed numerical calculations and explanations for the answers.
Litigation Finance Fund - Ashton GlobalKijana Mack
The document discusses litigation finance, which provides capital to plaintiffs involved in lawsuits. It notes that litigation finance has grown popular due to billions of dollars from institutional investors. Litigation finance investments have high returns that are uncorrelated with the broader market but carry high risks, as investors could lose their entire principal if a case is lost. The document describes the rigorous due diligence and case selection process used to identify high-quality cases and structures deals to reduce risks for investors.
Solution Manual for Principles of Corporate Finance 14th Edition by Richard B...ssifa0344
Solution Manual for Principles of Corporate Finance 14th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers, Verified Chapters 1 - 34, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Solution Manual for Principles of Corporate Finance 14th Edition by Richard Brealey, Stewart Myers, Verified Chapters 1 - 34, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The document discusses several topics related to finance and investing, including:
1) It provides an overview of recent developments in the Indian stock market and new financial products approved by SEBI.
2) It discusses securitization and how it allows the conversion of existing or future cash flows into marketable securities.
3) It defines what a hedge fund is and how they charge various fees including management and incentive fees.
The document discusses several topics related to finance and banking including:
1) SEBI approved new derivatives products in India to attract more domestic investors. BSE and NSE indices rose and the dollar and gold prices were stable.
2) Securitization is the process of converting existing assets or future cash flows into marketable securities like bonds. This allows companies to raise funds.
3) Hedge funds charge management and incentive fees and seek returns with low correlation to stocks and bonds. They have more flexible regulations than mutual funds.
New Uses and Benefits of Captive Insurance-Mrotek Tortorich May 20 2015Kyle Mrotek
This document provides an overview of captive insurance companies, including what they are, why businesses form them, the types of policies they can issue, and their tax benefits. A captive insurance company is formed by a business to provide insurance coverage for related entities. It allows businesses to improve risk management, access customized coverage, and potentially minimize taxes. Captives can issue various property and casualty policies, as well as "softer" policies where the insured is the business itself. Forming a captive can provide tax deductions for premiums paid and reducing taxable income through reserves. Captive ownership can also be held by a trust to facilitate wealth transfers with little to no gift tax.
Stuck with Payout Policy and cash dividend assignment help?. Get 24/7 help from tutors with Phd in the subject. Email us at support@helpwithassignment.com
Reach us at http://www.HelpWithAssignment.com
The document discusses theories around a company's optimal capital structure, including Modigliani-Miller's propositions that in a world without taxes or bankruptcy risk, a company's value and cost of capital do not depend on its debt-to-equity ratio. It also examines how the introduction of taxes can increase firm value through interest tax deductions, but higher debt also increases bankruptcy risk which reduces value. The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress from taking on too much debt.
Reinsurance involves insurance companies insuring each other's risks. There are two main types of reinsurance - facultative, which applies to individual risks, and treaty, which applies to a company's entire book of business. Reinsurance can be proportional, where the reinsurer takes a share of each policy, or non-proportional, where the reinsurer covers losses over a certain amount. The reinsurance market in India is dominated by GIC, the sole domestic reinsurer, which reinsures a portion of policies with international reinsurers. Some challenges for reinsurers in the Indian market include higher premium rates and a lack of desirable quotes from Indian reinsurers for small deals.
The document discusses key aspects of business interruption insurance policies, including:
1) It outlines common underwriting considerations like occupation, physical hazards, sum insured, and indemnity period.
2) It explains rating factors such as basis rate, profits rate, and rating slabs based on process type and indemnity period.
3) It provides examples of definitions for gross profit, standing charges, and uninsured working expenses to ensure policies are accurately rated.
This document provides an overview of micro captives and the 831(b) election for small insurance companies. It discusses how micro captives allow profitable businesses to deduct insurance premium payments of up to $1.2 million annually. The presenters then explain the key aspects of micro captive structures, including risk distribution requirements, premium funding, financial requirements, and policy types that can be written. The tax benefits of micro captives are outlined, such as deferring tax on underwriting profits and accessing funds for retirement or estate planning purposes.
ECO315 Introduction to Money and BankingWEEK6 Homework (Financia.docxjack60216
ECO315 Introduction to Money and Banking
WEEK6 Homework (Financial Crisis)
Throughout the 2008 financial crisis, there are many examples related with the asymmetric information, the adverse problem, the moral hazard by the principal agent problem, and the conflicts of interest.
Find them related with following companies and financial programs:
· Investment Bank such as Lehman Brothers and Goldman Sachs
· Credit Rating Agency
· Subprime loans to collateral debt obligations (CDO)
· Credit default swaps (CDS)
· Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (GSE)
· House prices and foreclosures
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
1. If a firm substitutes fixed for variable costs, which of the following will occur? A. The use of financial leverage will be increased.
B. The degree of operating leverage will be increased.
C. The break-even level of output will be reduced.
D. The profits will always be higher.
2. If investors want to limit financial risk and maximize their control of the business, which of the following
forms of business should they prefer?
A. Limited partnership
B. S corporation
C. Sole proprietorship
D. Corporation
3. A firm does not obtain financial leverage by
A. issuing preferred stock.
B. issuing common stock.
C. issuing bonds.
D. borrowing from the bank.
4. Unsuccessful use of financial leverage
A. increases earnings per share.
B. increases investors' rate of return.
C. decreases earnings per share.
D. decreases interest expense.
5. Which of these situations offers the best rationale for organizing a business as a limited partnership?
A. Management rejects the idea of personally assuming liability for the business.
B. You're an entrepreneur and you want two others' expertise, former business partners, to help execute your business plan.
C. Management needs to raise money through a stock offering, but does not want to relinquish control of the business to stockholders.
D. You want your small new business, which is operating out of your garage, to pay you and your partner (your spouse) dividends for which income tax will only be paid by you or your business, not both.
6. Which of the following is a correct statement about corporate losses?
A. They are carried forward three years and then carried back.
B. They are carried back three years and then carried forward.
C. They offset other sources of income in prior years.
D. They are carried forward to future years.
7. Break-even analysis requires knowing the relationship between
A. sales and total costs.
B. sales and earnings.
C. sales and assets.
D. total revenues and fixed costs.
8. If a firm produces 50,000 widgets and sells each unit for $20.50, what is the total revenue generated by
this production?
A. $1,025,000
B. $100,250
C. $10,250
D. $10,250,000
9. If Sam's Diner has an EBIT of $350,000, what are the diner's net earnings after paying $50,000 in
taxes and $34,000 in interest?
A. $266,000
B. $334,000
C. $311,000
D. $434,000
10. An increase of cost of capital will
A. decrease an invest ...
1. The document discusses transaction exposure, which measures changes in the value of financial obligations due to exchange rate changes. It provides examples of transaction exposure from purchasing or selling on open account, borrowing or lending funds, and being party to a forward contract.
2. The document analyzes options for hedging transaction exposure, including using the forward market, money market, or options market. It provides a detailed example comparing the financial outcomes of hedging a transaction using each of these methods versus remaining unhedged.
3. The best hedging strategy depends on the firm's risk tolerance and views on expected exchange rate movements. The example analyzes the financial outcomes of each hedging strategy if the expected
Residential property can be a lucrative business, but profits or gains will be subject to tax. In this post we discuss some of the property tax planning options, including using limited companies or LLPs, trading vs investment property, capital gains tax and entrepreneurs relief.
This presentation was used to inform and educate hedge funds on TPLF a few years ago. The bottom fell out of most of the hedge funds that were in my pipeline so I decided not to quit my day job.
This document discusses insider trading plans that allow company insiders to sell their shares in a way that maximizes value and minimizes litigation risks. It describes SEC Rule 10b5-1, which expanded potential insider trading liability but also provides an affirmative defense if insiders establish a binding contract or written plan for trades. The document outlines four methods for insiders to trade, ranging from self-directed trades to blind trusts that yield full control to an asset manager. It aims to help insiders and companies evaluate the best option based on factors like insider control and litigation risks.
The document discusses various types of financial instruments and markets. It begins by explaining how companies raise money through financial markets and the packaging of future cash flows. It then defines different financial markets and instruments such as money markets, capital markets, bonds, stocks, and preferred shares. It also discusses how private companies obtain financing and the process for companies going public.
The document describes key topics related to thrift operations and savings institutions, including sources and uses of funds, types of risk exposure, valuation methods, and the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. It discusses the sources of funds for savings institutions including deposits, borrowed funds, capital, and mortgage-backed securities. It also outlines the uses of funds such as cash, mortgages, securities, loans, and other investments. The document then evaluates the exposure of savings institutions to liquidity, credit, and interest rate risk and describes methods to manage interest rate risk. It concludes with an overview of the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s and the regulatory response and resolution through the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement
If you are searching a best Real Estate agent then you should contact leolist vancouver Canada For their services, he is given a commission from their client (buyer, seller or both). When doing work on behalf of the seller, the real estate agent is accountable for putting the property’s details in the different listing services of the specific area and undertaking some other important efforts like home staging to promote the property.
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How to achieve capital protection & guaranteed returns
1. How To Profit From
LITIGATION FUNDING
Litigation Led Investments
Alternative Investment -Extraordinary Returns !
2. What is Litigation Funding?
Third-Party Litigation Funding is based on an individual (or
commercial entity) entering into an agreement to fund a
lawsuit or legal claim, in which they have no prior interest, in
return for an agreed share of any proceeds that result from the
successful outcome of that case.
This agreement may take the form of;
o a fixed percentage of any amount awarded
o a multiple of the actual funding provided
o a combination of the two.
3. Why is it needed?
The real benefit of Litigation Funding is that it can provide an
option for a party that either does not have the resources to
fund a claim or wants to limit the resources that it has to
commit to fund a claim.
A company, for example, may have to put aside funds for
litigation that could have been used for more strategic
purposes, i.e. Research and Development, Marketing, etc.
Many legitimate lawsuits never see the inside of a court room
due to the enormous costs involved and many more cases fail
to go the distance simply because the plaintiff runs out of
money when fighting deep pocketed defendants.
The advent of litigation funding has somewhat removed this
cost barrier and enables everyone to have access to
justice.
4. The Litigation Funding Market
o Commercial Litigation Funding has existed for over 30 years but until recently was
only available to hedge funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions.
o Global Litigation costs are predicted to exceed 300 billion US Dollars by the end of
2012
o Large commercial institutions are now heavily involved in Litigation Funding,
showing enormous profit margins to their shareholders from successfully settled
cases.
o Recent examples of capital raised in the UK for investments into Litigation Funding
are:
Allianz GBP160 million
Juridica GBP100 million
Burford Capital GBP 80 million
5. In a recent
survey of
leading UK
companies,
the cost of
litigation was
the #1
reason they
abandoned
their case
6. Reasons why? - Transferring the risk
A very basic example of why someone may require Litigation Funding
Without Funder WIN LOSE
Costs (300,000) (300,000)
Damages 2,000,000 0
Costs recovered 200,000 0
Other sides Costs 0 (200,000)
1,900,000 (500,000)
With Funder
Costs 0 0
Damages 1,200,000 0
Costs recovered 0 0
Other sides Costs 0 0
1,200,000 0
8. How does it compare as an investment?
Traditional investments, such as shares or property, suffer from constant volatility and are
invariably ‘correlated’ (i.e.. linked in some way to global or national influences).
Litigation Funding offers a totally ‘non-correlated’ investment opportunity, providing
realistically achievable returns between 12-25% per annum.
These returns are possible because all cases accepted for funding have passed extensive
Due Diligence by legal experts and been judged to have at least an 65%+ chance of being
settled successfully.
Capital Protection is through a combination of up to 4 separate tiers of protection - in the
unlikely event that a case is lost.
The Litigation Funding industry is one of the most scrutinized investment areas, with the
legal fraternity ensuring complete transparency.
And most importantly – 95% cases are settled out of court within a reasonable time-
frame, which will offer a clear EXIT STRATEGY to investors.
9. In 1998 the UK
government were
concerned about
the legal system
and in particular
the rapid rise in
costs to pursue
litigation and
conducted a major
review of the UK
legal system
10. History of Litigation Funding
The reason for this review revolved around 3 problem areas
1. Spending on Legal Aid was doubling every 5 years
2. The rise of costs pursuing a legal case (solicitor fees and court costs)
3. The appeal system was being congested with large companies dragging cases out
(David vs Goliath)
The result of the review brought about the ACCESS to JUSTICE ACT in 1999 which changed
the law to allow privatisation of 3rd Party Litigation Funding which essentially allowed
companies/individuals to provide funding to people /companies that needed it
Today it is COMPULSORY for solicitors/barristers to inform their clients about all of the
options available to them for funding a potential case.
11. What Type of cases are funded?
Commercial disputes
Trademark infringement
Breach of contract
Shareholder action
Wrongful trading
Class Action cases
International Arbitration
12. What are the case selection criteria?
All cases considered for Litigation Funding go through a strict
Case Selection process.
Criteria include;
o Cases must be approved and passed by an expert legal
selection panel
o Cases must have a predicted settlement figure in excess
of $2,000,000
o The case must be judged to have an 65%+ chance of
success
o The defendant must have the ability to pay any
settlement amount/judgment
o The legal costs of pursuing the case must be
proportionate to the size of the claim
o The case must be insurable
13. The Risks and Rewards
o Up to a 3 Year investment period
o Investment spread over a portfolio of cases
(typically 3-5 cases)
o Capital is 100% principally protected using a
combination of 4 separate tiers of protection.
14. “After The Event ” (ATE) Insurance
o Covers all of opponents costs
o Covers all of our costs including
insurance premiums & dividend costs
o Ensures return of investors’ capital
15. PRINCIPAL PROTECTED UNITS
1. Each case is reviewed by SIX legal experts and commercial
practitioners and then an Independent Legal Review panel
prior to being accepted for funding
2. All cases are insured with an ATE insurance policy by
(minimum) ‘A’ rated insurers
3. Contingent Loss Insurance that covers any costs not covered
by the ATE insurance policy
4. Redemption Account- which provides absolute priority for
payment of principal amounts to all Centaur Unit holders
16. Why would insurance companies take
the risk?
o High Premiums –typically 20-30% total
costs
o High percentage of wins
o Pick and choose the cases they insure
o Odds heavily stacked in their favour
17. WHY DO SO MANY CASES
SETTLE OUT OF COURT?
o Can NEVER afford a judgment to go against
them
o Sets a precedent
o Open up the flood gates for similar claims
o Bad publicity can drastically affect share price
19. What are the likely returns?
The Notes guarantee a ‘Fixed Return’ of 9%* per annum,
paid 6 monthly (4.5%), for a term of 36 months. In
addition, a loyalty bonus of 9%* is paid upon maturity.
(Total equivalent to 36%* if held to full term)
In addition, monies are invested in the entire portfolio of
cases and a ‘Win Bonus’ of 20% is paid prorated upon the
portion of monies invested in each successful case.
For example, if your £10,000 was used to fund 5 cases of
£2,000 each, you would receive an additional £400 for
each of those successfully concluded cases.
If cases settle early, the Principal could be re-invested into
another case so that you have the potential of achieving
multiple win bonuses. Capital is 100% principally
protected using a combination of 4 separate tiers of
protection.
* Conditional on being held to full maturity – otherwise pro-rated for term of investment period
20. PRINCIPAL PROTECTED NOTES
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
Investment 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Year 1 - 9% 180 180 180 180 180
Year 2 - 9% 180 180 180 180 180
Year 3 - 9%* 180 180 180 180 180
Maturity - 9%* 180 180 180 180 180
Known return 2720 2720 2720 2720 2720
Result WIN WIN X WIN WIN
Win Bonus -20% 400 400 - 400 400
Total Return 3120 3120 2720 3120 3120
Total Returned Over 3 Years GBP 15,200* or 52%*
* Conditional on being held to full maturity – otherwise pro-rated for term of investment period
21. Note: Below are examples only
TIME LINE OF INVESTMENT
Investment Time Line
Start--------------------1Y---------------------2Y---------------------- 3Y
Case 1 --------------------------------------- WIN
Case 2 ---------------WIN ------------------------- LOSE
Case 3 --------------------LOSE -------------------------- WIN
Case 4 ---------------------------------------WIN
Case 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cases 1 & 4 Win - so a 20% WIN bonus is paid out, payable when the next dividend period is due. Original Capital
invested in these cases is returned at 2 year period along with 6% maturity bonus
Case 2 Win - so a 20% WIN bonus is paid out, however money is reclaimed by ATE and this is reinvested into another
case. Second Case Loses so no extra WIN bonus is paid. Capital is repaid, dividends are paid for 28 months and
maturity bonus of 7% (prorated on 28 months)
Case 3 Loses so no WIN bonus is paid, ATE is claimed & this is reinvested into 2nd case. 2nd Case Win - so a 20% WIN
bonus is paid out, Capital invested in this case is returned at 2.5 year period, dividends are paid for 30 months
and a 7.5% maturity bonus is paid (prorated on 30 months)
Case 5 is not completed before the three year time frame, investors are given the option to pull out and get their
Capital back, keeping their interest payments, but forfeiting a WIN bonus OR continue to participate in the case
for which they will receive an equivalent dividend payment for as long as the case continues and if it was
successful receive the WIN bonus
22. Track your investment
Clients can monitor cases and their investment information along with updated
progress reports through a personalised, secure online Portfolio Tracker.
23. What is the next step?
If you would like to learn more about this exciting non-
correlated investment product, please contact