How do scientists answer questions
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Scientists use various methods like experiments, models, surveys and observations to investigate questions in an organized way. Experiments are investigations done under controlled conditions to test hypotheses. Models are copies that help scientists understand things that are difficult to observe directly, and can be physical or computer based. Surveys involve collecting data through questionnaires to gather information from many people. These methods help scientists learn about the natural world through descriptive and experimental investigations.
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Assignment 1:
Background
When you look around at the world, you can see many examples that demonstrate how an object's or a system's structure relates to its function. The structure of a highway system, for example, can affect traffic flow. You can, no doubt, think of many other examples.
In this Discussion Board assignment, you will look at the structure of the most basic unit of life, the living cell. You will also investigate how the structures of cells are directly related to the functions that are important to life.
Part 1
Your text describes the difference between the organelles in a eukaryotic cell and the more simple structure of a prokaryotic cell as an analogy between the chief executive officer's (CEO's) corner office and a cubicle. Organelles are like appliances or pieces of furniture that perform specific functions. Choose 1 organelle, and use an analogy to explain its function. For example, explain how a chloroplast is like a solar panel, or how a mitochondrion is like a furnace. Try to think of original analogies for other organelles or cell structures such as golgi, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, and so on. Include how your analogy may be less than perfect. Compare your analogy with those of your classmates’.
Part 2
You will read that only plants, algae, and some bacteria are photosynthetic. There is an exception to this, though. One species of sea slug has found a way to steal chloroplasts, store them in cells lining its digestive tract, and live on the sugar that is produced (Milius, 2010). What benefit would there be for animal cells (including those of humans) to make their own food? Could cell, tissue, or genetic engineering allow humans to use chloroplasts this way? Describe 1 or 2 factors that would need to be considered for chloroplasts to function in an animal or a human.
Reference
Milius, S. (2010). Green sea slug is part animal, part plant. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/green-sea-slug/
Assignment 2:
Scientific inquiry in biology starts by observing the living species around you. What separates science from the other methods of seeking truth is that it is testable (e.g., one can devise experiments to test the validity of an idea); it is falsifiable (e.g., an experiment can reveal if an idea is false); and it involves natural causality (e.g., the method involves and depends upon the natural laws of the universe which cause things to happen in a predictable and repeatable manner).
Observation: Scientific inquiry begins when something interesting gets your attention.
Question: Following an observation, a question arises in your mind. It may be something like "I wonder what?" or, "I wonder how? or, "I wonder why?"
Assignment Details
In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation.
First, choose 1 of the following observations ...
01 Chapter Notes
1. The document discusses the process of science and how scientists investigate problems. It describes the steps scientists take to define problems, design research to study problems through observation or experimentation, analyze data, and communicate conclusions.
2. Descriptive research and experimental research design are two methods used to answer scientific questions. Descriptive research relies on observation while experimental research tests hypotheses through controlled experiments.
3. When investigating problems, scientists must clearly define the problem and research objective, use unbiased methods, carefully collect and record data, analyze results, and report conclusions. Models and standardized measurement systems help scientists communicate and compare findings.
Introduction to Science 3.2 : Scientific Methods
Scientific methods involve asking questions, making observations, forming hypotheses, testing predictions, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. An example is provided of engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou who studied boat propulsion efficiency. They observed penguins' swimming motion, hypothesized a penguin-inspired propulsion system would be more efficient than propellers, built and tested a model "Proteus", analyzed test data showing Proteus was more efficient, and concluded their hypothesis was supported. They communicated their results in academic papers and online.
The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docx
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
Science
Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Some careers in science include meteorologist, geochemist, ecologist, volcanologist, science illustrator, and oceanographer. The scientific method involves asking a question, making observations, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, collecting data, analyzing results, and communicating findings. Physical models represent systems visually, mathematical models use mathematical concepts and graphs, and conceptual models represent systems through interrelated concepts. Scientific theories are well-substantiated explanations based on repeated observations, while scientific laws describe what happens in nature without explaining why.
Introduction lesson link
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined, noting that none can be viewed as fully independent from the others.
Introduction lesson
The document provides an overview of several Earth science topics: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It then discusses the four main spheres that interact within the Earth system - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The key interactions between these spheres are also outlined.
intro to environmental science
The disappearance of the golden toad in Costa Rica's Monteverde cloud forest in 1999 was one of the earliest observed effects of climate change. Scientists believe rising temperatures caused the clouds to lift higher, drying out the frogs' environment. This event highlights the emerging field of environmental science, which studies human interactions with the environment using various disciplines like ecology, chemistry, geology, and social sciences. Sound scientific practice requires testing hypotheses through reproducible experiments and openly reporting results, even if they disprove initial hypotheses.
AstroLecture2
Astronomy is primarily an observational science where scientists cannot actively experiment on celestial objects. Scientists use large surveys to collect data on many objects to look for variations. Population studies examine limited groups that share properties to see how features relate. Coordinate systems like altitude-azimuth and right ascension-declination are used to precisely map the positions of stars and other objects in the sky.
Introduc on to Science 12 The Scientific Meth.docx
This document provides an overview of the scientific method and key steps involved, including making observations, developing testable questions and hypotheses, designing experiments with variables, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. It discusses important historical figures like Aristotle and their contributions to the development of the scientific method. The document also outlines the typical sections of a lab report used to communicate scientific experiments.
Nature of Science knowledge handouts and notes
Here are two short writing pieces for you to analyze critically:
Piece 1:
My friend told me that vaccines cause autism. I heard this from several other people too. I think I will not vaccinate my children because I don't want them to get autism.
Piece 2:
Many scientists have studied whether vaccines cause autism and they have found no link. Large studies with hundreds of thousands of children have all found that vaccines do not increase the risk of autism. While autism diagnosis has increased over the decades, this is likely because we have learned to recognize it better and the definition has expanded. Herd immunity is also important to protect those who cannot get vaccinated like newborns or people with
Chp. 1.1 1.2 notes
Scientific thinking begins with making observations of natural phenomena in a careful, systematic manner. These observations produce data that can be quantitative (expressed as numbers) or qualitative (descriptive characteristics). Scientists use data to make inferences and propose hypotheses, which are testable scientific explanations. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, researching it, proposing hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Experiments aim to test only one variable at a time and identify independent and dependent variables. Repeating experiments allows scientists to determine if results can be reproduced, establishing theories that unify broad evidence. Scientific theories and laws enable predictions but may be revised as new evidence emerges.
Doing Science
Chapter 1:2. Doing Science
2.1. Examine the steps used to solve a problem in a scientific way
2.2. Explain how a well designed investigation is developed
2.3. Differentiate between scientific theory and scientific law
2.4. Explain what scientific literacy is and why it is important.
Background How do we study primates Field primatologists.docx
Background: How do we study primates?
Field primatologists face a number of challenges. He or she must locate subjects, habituate them to the
presence of an observer without disrupting their natural behavior, and learn to recognize individual
animals from amongst a group. Only then can the primatologist begin "data collection" -- making behavioral
observations in a systematic way.
There are two problems: 1) you need to maintain objectivity as an
observer and not just watch the most "interesting" animal, and 2) it is impossible to see and record
everything, particularly if many primates are together in a group.
Therefore, all primatologists use
SAMPLING techniques to record their data. There are different types of sampling methods primatologists
employ.
For this assignment, we will use Scan Sampling. Based upon this technique, an animal's observed
behaviors are recorded at pre-selected moments in time (e.g., every 30 seconds). Instantaneous or scan
sampling is best achieved with a sample interval time as short as possible, and with behaviors that are very
easily identified. It is recommended that the observer create a list of possible behaviors, based upon
research, prior to beginning their fieldwork. When the observer is well prepared, this is an excellent
method for collecting a large amount of data on a group of animals.
It is only by collecting data systematically in this way that primatologists can describe and summarize the
complex behaviors of primates. Observation sampling lets primatologists measure natural behavior and
later address interesting comparative questions, such as:
How do primates spend their time? Do activity patterns vary with age or sex?
Are individuals equal in their social group, or is there a social ranking?
Do males and females compete for mates differently?
Do young animals learn anything while they are playing?
Are the young learning from adult males and females?
Assignment: Primatology Term Paper
The goal of this assignment is to study humans the way a primatologist works in the field and to help you
look at humans from a different perspective.
Pretend that you are a primatologist from another planet. You have just arrived on earth, and have taken
the physical form of a student. You are amazed by life among college students, and you are sure that it must
be different from the lives of other people. But most of your ideas about life off-campus come from either
watching TV, or from other strange settings, like the Starbucks or the mall. You begin to ask yourself, what
is human behavior really like?
Develop a comparative hypothesis about a simple behavioral question, and test it by collecting data on
samples of these earthlings. Note: YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND ENGLISH... you will have to interpret human
behavior on the basis of what you see people doing, not on what you hear them say. Of course, actions often
speak louder than words.
Here ...
8th Grade Chapter 1- nature of science
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in science:
1) Science is the process of understanding the natural world through experiments and developing theories based on evidence. Scientists conduct research to solve problems and create new technologies.
2) There are many branches of science, each studying different aspects of nature. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and developing theories.
3) Theories are explanations that are continually tested and can be modified, while scientific laws are fundamental principles that reliably describe natural phenomena. The limits of science are questions that cannot be empirically tested, involving ethics, morality, or other non-empirical domains.
Teaching the scientific method
Presentation for science teacher trainers in Cambodia on how to integrate the scientific method in their lessons
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More from Noura Ishnawer
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through various processes like plant growth, water, freezing and thawing. Erosion is the movement of weathered material from one location to another by forces like water, wind, glaciers and gravity. Deposition is the placement of eroded pieces of Earth's surface in a new location, like sand dunes formed by wind or new islands created from sediment deposited by rivers in the ocean. Over time, weathering, erosion and deposition break down bedrock into soil and shape the landforms on Earth's surface.
Weather and climate
This document discusses weather and climate. It defines weather as the current conditions of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, while climate is the pattern of weather conditions over many years. The document outlines several factors that affect climate, such as sunlight, oceans, mountains, and altitude. It also describes tools that scientists use to measure and study weather conditions like temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, air pressure, and rainfall.
Water cycle
The document discusses the water cycle, where water is constantly circulating around Earth in different forms. It explains that water evaporates from the surface into the air, condenses to form clouds, and falls back to Earth as precipitation like rain or snow. Most water is stored in oceans, but some is stored in groundwater, lakes, streams, and other bodies of water before starting to evaporate again.
The moon
The moon revolves around Earth once every 27 days, keeping the same side facing Earth. It reflects sunlight and its illuminated half changes shape in a cycle from new moon to first quarter to full moon to third quarter over 291⁄2 days. The moon is the closest celestial object to Earth at 384,000 km away. It has many impact craters and temperature extremes ranging from 127°C during the day to -173°C at night. Telescopes allow observation of details on the moon's surface.
States of matter
States of matter can exist in three forms - solid, liquid, or gas - depending on how close together or far apart the particles that make up all matter are from one another. All matter is composed of tiny particles too small to see. The arrangement and movement of these particles determine whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas.
Solar system
The document provides information about the solar system. It describes the 8 planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It explains that planets orbit the sun, with Earth being one of 8 planets in our solar system that revolve around the sun. The planets are divided into inner and outer planets, with the inner planets being rocky and closer to the sun, and the outer planets being gas giants farther from the sun.
The soil
Soil is the layer of loose material on Earth's land surface and is made up of particles of rock, air, water, and humus. Soil is organized into layers with topsoil at the surface containing the most humus and nutrients for plant growth, subsoil below it containing some humus and rock particles, and bedrock forming the bottom layer underneath. Soil types vary depending on the amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles in them, with loam being an ideal mixture supporting plant growth.
Plants use roots and stems
Roots take in water and nutrients from the soil to support the growth and survival of the plant. There are two main types of roots: taproots, such as carrots, that grow deep into the soil, and fibrous roots, such as grass, that spread out widely in many directions near the surface. Stems transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and food from the leaves to the roots and stems. They also hold up and support leaves, flowers, and fruits. Stems come in different shapes and sizes depending on the plant, such as thick cactus stems that store water.
Plants use leaves to make food
Plants use their leaves to photosynthesize and produce food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Leaves help plants by absorbing sunlight to fuel photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide from the air, and regulating the plant's water levels through tiny holes on their surface. Leaves also protect plants by deterring predators through poison, sharp edges, or tough textures, and some leaves have waxy coatings or fuzz that help retain water in dry environments.
Plants use flowers or cones to reproduce
Plants reproduce using flowers, which produce seeds through pollination, or cones, which produce seeds through pollen blown from small pollen cones to large seed cones. Seeds contain genetic information from the parent plant and food to grow into a new plant like the parent. New plants grow from seeds through germination, where seeds sprout leaves and roots when conditions are right, allowing the cycle to continue as the new plants also produce flowers or cones.
Offspring like their parents
Offspring often resemble their parents physically due to inherited traits. Young animals may look similar to parents but also differ in some ways, like antelope which have smaller horns than parents. Traits can help offspring survive in their environment. Small differences in traits between offspring of the same species can impact their ability to survive, like coat color variations in mice that make some more visible to predators than others.
Minerals and rocks
Minerals and rocks are natural, non-living materials. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and give rocks their properties. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma underground or at the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed and cemented sediments over millions of years. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks that were changed by heat and pressure within the Earth.
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. In solids, particles are tightly packed; in liquids they are less tightly packed; and in gases particles move freely. Matter can change states through heating and cooling - for example, water exists as a solid (ice) when cold, a liquid at room temperature, and a gas (water vapor) when boiled. Changes between these states are called melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, and condensation.
Matter
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Everything you can see, smell or touch is made of matter, including invisible things like air. Matter can have properties like size, shape, color, texture and hardness that can be observed through the senses. Properties depend on what materials something is made of.
Life cycles of some animals
The document describes the life cycles of several animals including eagles, butterflies, frogs, and mammals. Eagles lay eggs which hatch into eaglets. Butterflies go through stages of an egg, larva/caterpillar, pupa, and finally an adult butterfly. Frogs undergo metamorphosis from eggs to tadpoles to adult frogs. Young mammals like bobcats develop from eggs inside their mother's body and are born as kittens, growing into adults.
How is matter measured
This document discusses different ways to measure and compare matter, including length, volume, mass, and temperature. Length is measured using a ruler or meterstick in units like meters, centimeters, and millimeters. Volume is measured using a graduated cylinder in units like liters and milliliters. Mass is measured using a balance in units like grams and kilograms. Temperature can be measured on the Celsius or Fahrenheit scales using degrees.
Features of earth`s surface
The document describes different types of landforms and features found on Earth's surface, as well as processes that shape them. It explains that landforms include mountains, hills, valleys, and plateaus. Bodies of water and glaciers also shape landforms by eroding and depositing material. Volcanoes and earthquakes cause rapid changes through erupting lava and shifting crustal plates, which further alter the landscape over time.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is defined as the interaction between living and nonliving parts of an environment. Living things like plants and animals depend on nonliving elements like sunlight, air, water and soil to survive. Changes to one part of an ecosystem can impact other parts, such as a hurricane damaging fruit trees and reducing the food source for monkey populations.
Earth and weather
A tree's roots can slowly break apart rock by growing in cracks and pushing the rock pieces further apart as the roots expand. A tornado formed on a humid, dark greenish sky day. After tornado sirens sounded, hail started falling and high winds began knocking over trees and poles. Finally, a loud tornado arrived and tore off roofs, uprooted trees, and flipped over cars.
Earth`s patterns
1) Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. The side of Earth facing the sun experiences day, while the opposite side experiences night.
2) Earth also revolves around the sun once every year. As it revolves, its tilted axis remains pointed in the same direction, causing seasons.
3) The tilt of Earth's axis and its revolution around the sun cause the four seasons - spring, summer, fall, and winter - in the northern and southern hemispheres.
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- 1. September 20013 Ch 1 lesson 3 How scientists answer questions
- 3. Scientists are like detectives. They investigate, or look for answers, using organized steps. *Some investigations involve 1- observing 2- describing things or events. *Other investigations may involve 1- collecting samples 2- building models
- 5. Experiment : is an investigation carried out under carefully controlled conditions. Scientist might do an experiment to find out if a new medicine works better than an old .medicine
- 7. Suppose you want to classify animals by how they keep warm. You might do an experiment to test fur ’s ability to keep heat in water. When scientists do an experiment, they . use scientific methods
- 8. Scientific methods include the steps shown below
- 11. Models
- 12. Scientists use models to investigate. Model : is a copy of something. Models help scientists understand how things work. Models help scientists study things that are very small,large, or . difficult to understand
- 13. 1 Some models are built out of materials such as paper and plastic. Other models are made using 2 .a program on a computer
- 14. This computer model shows how the skeleton moves . as the human body walks
- 15. Scientists have used computers to build models of the human . body
- 16. These computer models help scientists better understand how difficult parts of the body, such as the heart and skeletal system, .work
- 17. The models can be used to train .doctors
- 19. This model is a copy of the solar system, a large group of objects in space
- 22. Models are useful, but they are not the same as the real thing. For example, a computer model might show how a person’s body fits together. But it might not show how well . the body will function
- 23. Survey s
- 25. Scientists use surveys to investigate. Survey : is a list of questions or choices. Scientists can give the list to many people and learn from their .answers
- 26. Scientists give surveys to patients to learn about their symptoms. Then scientists can interpret the data and draw inferences. The surveys and data can help . scientists make new medicines
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