The document discusses different sewerage systems including the conservancy system, water carriage system, combined system, and separate system.
The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
The combined system provides one sewer to carry both sewage and rainwater to a treatment plant. The separate system has two separate sewers - one for sewage and the other for rainwater and surface flow. The partially separate system uses one set of sewers that admit both sewage and early rainwater washings,
This document discusses various methods of excreta disposal and sewage treatment. It describes latrines suitable for unsewered areas like borehole, dug well, and water seal latrines. For temporary use, it recommends shallow and deep trench or pit latrines. Under sewered areas, it explains conservancy systems using bucket latrines and modern sewage treatment involving primary processes like screening and sedimentation, and secondary treatments such as trickling filters or activated sludge before effluent disposal.
The document discusses various on-site and off-site sanitation technologies. It describes simple pit latrines, pour-flush latrines, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, ecosan latrines, septic tanks, aqua-privies, and centralized and decentralized wastewater systems. The main technologies are compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages related to costs, water requirements, operation and maintenance needs, and suitability for rural versus urban contexts.
The document discusses sustainable development and education for sustainable development in the context of rural sanitation in India. It provides an overview of rural sanitation programs in India from the Central Rural Sanitation Program launched in 1986 to the Total Sanitation Campaign today. It describes the types of household and school toilets promoted under these programs and decentralized wastewater treatment systems now being used by NGOs, which use natural treatment techniques like baffled reactors and reed beds to treat wastewater.
01 Sewage Generation, Collection and Conveyanceakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document provides an overview of sanitation systems and wastewater treatment. It discusses the basics of sanitation including definitions, history of sanitation practices, and the importance of sanitation for public health. It also describes various sanitation technologies like sewers, septic systems, trickling filters used in wastewater treatment plants, and leach fields for dispersing effluent from septic tanks. The document outlines global access to improved sanitation facilities and the development of water supply and sanitation infrastructure over history.
This document provides an overview of subsurface sewage treatment systems (SSTS), also known as septic systems. It discusses the key components of septic systems including septic tanks, drainfields, and the soil beneath. It describes the physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes involved. Requirements for SSTS include proper site and soil conditions. Design considerations include sizing of tanks and drainfields. Proper operation and maintenance, such as periodic pumping, is also outlined. Advantages include low cost and returning nutrients to soil, while disadvantages can include odor and potential pollution.
This document discusses greywater, which is wastewater from sources like showers, sinks, and washing machines that can be reused for irrigation. It defines greywater and notes that it makes up 50-70% of household wastewater. Various sources of greywater are described. There is a need for greywater management to safely reuse it and guidelines for doing so. Primary and secondary greywater treatment systems are outlined that can further treat greywater before reuse through irrigation systems like drip irrigation. The components of a greywater system and its uses and benefits are summarized.
The document discusses different sewerage systems including the conservancy system, water carriage system, combined system, and separate system.
The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
The combined system provides one sewer to carry both sewage and rainwater to a treatment plant. The separate system has two separate sewers - one for sewage and the other for rainwater and surface flow. The partially separate system uses one set of sewers that admit both sewage and early rainwater washings,
This document discusses various methods of excreta disposal and sewage treatment. It describes latrines suitable for unsewered areas like borehole, dug well, and water seal latrines. For temporary use, it recommends shallow and deep trench or pit latrines. Under sewered areas, it explains conservancy systems using bucket latrines and modern sewage treatment involving primary processes like screening and sedimentation, and secondary treatments such as trickling filters or activated sludge before effluent disposal.
The document discusses various on-site and off-site sanitation technologies. It describes simple pit latrines, pour-flush latrines, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, ecosan latrines, septic tanks, aqua-privies, and centralized and decentralized wastewater systems. The main technologies are compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages related to costs, water requirements, operation and maintenance needs, and suitability for rural versus urban contexts.
The document discusses sustainable development and education for sustainable development in the context of rural sanitation in India. It provides an overview of rural sanitation programs in India from the Central Rural Sanitation Program launched in 1986 to the Total Sanitation Campaign today. It describes the types of household and school toilets promoted under these programs and decentralized wastewater treatment systems now being used by NGOs, which use natural treatment techniques like baffled reactors and reed beds to treat wastewater.
01 Sewage Generation, Collection and Conveyanceakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document provides an overview of sanitation systems and wastewater treatment. It discusses the basics of sanitation including definitions, history of sanitation practices, and the importance of sanitation for public health. It also describes various sanitation technologies like sewers, septic systems, trickling filters used in wastewater treatment plants, and leach fields for dispersing effluent from septic tanks. The document outlines global access to improved sanitation facilities and the development of water supply and sanitation infrastructure over history.
This document provides an overview of subsurface sewage treatment systems (SSTS), also known as septic systems. It discusses the key components of septic systems including septic tanks, drainfields, and the soil beneath. It describes the physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes involved. Requirements for SSTS include proper site and soil conditions. Design considerations include sizing of tanks and drainfields. Proper operation and maintenance, such as periodic pumping, is also outlined. Advantages include low cost and returning nutrients to soil, while disadvantages can include odor and potential pollution.
This document discusses greywater, which is wastewater from sources like showers, sinks, and washing machines that can be reused for irrigation. It defines greywater and notes that it makes up 50-70% of household wastewater. Various sources of greywater are described. There is a need for greywater management to safely reuse it and guidelines for doing so. Primary and secondary greywater treatment systems are outlined that can further treat greywater before reuse through irrigation systems like drip irrigation. The components of a greywater system and its uses and benefits are summarized.
1) A soak pit is an underground chamber that allows pre-treated wastewater from a septic tank to slowly soak into the ground.
2) It is designed with a layer of sand and gravel at the bottom to disperse the flow and is typically 1.5-4m deep with a casing of coarse sand.
3) The wastewater percolates through the soil where small particles are filtered out and organics are digested, though eventual clogging of the pit is inevitable and requires cleaning.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Sem 2 bs1 drainage, sewerage disposal and treatmentEst
The document provides information about drainage, sewerage disposal, and sewage treatment systems. It discusses the components of drainage systems including pipes, sanitary appliances, traps, and main sewer pipes. It explains design considerations for drainage systems and the purpose of traps. The document also defines sewage and sewage sludge. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment methods and various treatment systems used including aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and trickling filters. Finally, it discusses the two main types of sewerage systems in Malaysia - individual septic tanks and connected sewage systems linked to treatment plants.
Introduction sanitary engineering by Prof. Dhaval. S. Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to sanitary engg. Conservancy Vs water carriage system. Types of sewerage systems with advantages & disadvantages. Considerations for types of systems. open drains. Elements of sewage management system. Requirements of sewage management system. Importance of environmental sanitation. Requirements of Sewage Management System • No health hazard resulting from various works of the system • High degree of destruction of pathogens • Harmfull chemicals are removed & Neutralised • system should be such that it may be operated with minimum cost • The system should have minimum possible capital & operational cost.
What is the difference between sewage and drainageNaresh Kuruba
Sewage and drainage systems both carry water, but sewage carries wastewater and solids to dispose of them properly, while drainage systems carry excess water runoff to reservoirs or seas. Sewers are designed to carry solid waste in addition to water and are usually managed systems, whereas drainage can include natural systems and carries only excess water runoff managed by governments.
Water conservation storage and appliancesManoj Dasi
The document discusses various water conservation methods and appliances that can be used in buildings, including dual flush toilets that use less water per flush than standard toilets, low-flow showerheads and faucets that reduce water usage without compromising function, and water storage tanks like demountable and bladder tanks that allow flexible water storage. It also covers other innovative systems like composting toilets, solar toilets, and waterless urinals that eliminate the need for water in sanitation applications.
Sewage disposal involves treating sewage to reduce its environmental impact and protect public health. Sewage contains solid and liquid waste from homes and communities. The main goals of sewage treatment are to stabilize organic matter and produce an effluent that can be safely disposed of in waterways or on land. Common methods include primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and final disposal through methods such as rivers, oceans, or land application. Proper sewage treatment and disposal is important for public health by reducing disease transmission.
The document discusses appropriate decentralized wastewater treatment technologies for rural areas, focusing on Earthizenz Ecofriendly Systems' approach. The system utilizes a baffled reactor for primary treatment, followed by an anaerobic filter and horizontal planted filter for secondary treatment. Vetiver grass is incorporated into treatment ponds and filters to further improve water quality. Case studies demonstrate applying the system across villages by locating primary treatment units near homes and using natural areas like streams for secondary treatment wetlands planted with Vetiver.
This document discusses various methods of human excreta disposal. It begins by explaining the importance of safe excreta disposal for public health and breaking disease transmission cycles. It then outlines the main health hazards of improper disposal and discusses sanitation as a barrier to disease. The document proceeds to describe different excreta disposal methods appropriate for unsewered and sewered areas, including pit latrines, septic tanks, aqua privies, and campaigns in India and Nepal promoting open defecation free communities.
Reed bed technology uses shallow beds planted with reeds to treat wastewater through natural processes. There are two main types of reed beds - horizontal flow beds where wastewater flows horizontally through the reed root zone, and vertical flow beds where wastewater is delivered to the top of the bed in batches and drains vertically. Reed beds rely on the reeds and microbial activity in the bed's gravel layers to break down pollutants in wastewater over a detention period of 5-7 days. Factors like temperature, pollutant concentration, and oxygen levels influence the purification process. Reed beds provide a low-cost, sustainable option for treating various types of wastewater with minimal maintenance requirements.
This document discusses sewage treatment and provides details on various stages of sewage treatment processes. It describes:
- The composition of sewage, including that it is 90% water and contains organic and inorganic solids. Untreated sewage can cause health and environmental issues.
- The goals of sewage treatment which are to purify sewage water so it can be safely disposed of in rivers, lands or seas without causing pollution or health problems.
- The primary treatment stages of screening, grit removal and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
- The secondary treatment methods of trickling filters and activated sludge processes which use aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
- Final treatment
This document discusses different sewage disposal methods and their advantages and disadvantages. It describes on-site sewage disposal systems that use septic tanks and leach drains or French drains to treat sewage in the surrounding soil. It also discusses effluent disposal systems that transport treated sewage from a community to a central lagoon via pipes. Full sewage systems transport all sewage directly to a lagoon, with some options for pretreatment. The septic tank is used to separate solids from liquids before further treatment or disposal.
This document discusses water carriage systems for waste disposal. In a water carriage system, water is used as a medium to convey waste from its point of production to treatment or disposal. Sewage in this system consists of 99.9% water and 0.1% solid matter. Human excreta and waste from bathrooms and kitchens are flushed into sewers which lead to a treatment site. The system has merits like being hygienic, preventing nuisance and epidemics, and allowing for compact building design. However, it also has demertis like high initial and maintenance costs, and variable sewage volumes throughout the year.
This document provides information about an interior services course focused on plumbing. It includes 5 units: water supply in buildings, building drainage, plumbing, solid waste disposal, and a services studio. Unit 1 discusses water quality standards and methods for removing impurities from water, including chlorination. It also describes factors that affect water quality like turbidity, pH, and hardness. The document provides detailed information about an interior services course curriculum and content related to plumbing and water supply.
This document provides information on various methods for water conservation and wastewater treatment in green buildings, including rainwater harvesting, reuse of recycled water, and physical, chemical, and biological wastewater treatment techniques. It discusses components of roof top rainwater harvesting systems, such as catchments, transportation, first flush devices, and filters. Methods of rainwater harvesting include storage and direct use or recharging groundwater. The document outlines dos and don'ts for rainwater harvesting and different wastewater treatment methods like sedimentation, screening, aeration, filtration, chlorination, ozonation, and neutralization.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
bs en 1519 hdpe waste drainage systemsYANG Xianjie
PPR pipe fittings for hot and cold water(Fiber-Glass Reinforced PP-R Pipes,PPR-AL-PPR pipe, PPR-AL-PE pipe, PPR-AL-PERT pipe and stable state aluminum plastic composite pipe), pvc-u pipes and fittings and valves, PPR pipe cutters and welding machines, PVC-U BS threaded fittings for water supply, CPVC ASTM D2846 pipes and fittings, CPVC SCH80 pipes and fittings, UPVC SCH80 pipes and fittings, PVC-U SCH40 pipes and fittings, DIN NBR5648 pipe and fittings for water supply, IRS pipe fittings, PPH BS Threaded pipes and fittings, PVC pressure pipes and fittings, PVC pressure rubber ring joint pipes and fittings with gasket, PVC pressure pipes & fittings for drainage, DWV ASTM D2665 PVCU pipes and fittings, PP sound proof drainage pipe and fittings, PP sound proof drainage pipes & fittings, PVC gutter system for rain water, PP compression fittings for irrigation, over-lapped Aluminum plastic pipes and fittings, butt-welded Aluminum plastic pipes and fittings, pex-a pipes, pex-b pipes, PEX-EVOH pipes, PERT pipes and fittings, Multi-layer pipes and brass fittings, sliding pex brass fittings, pipe clamps, Galvanized iron pipe and fittings, brass and stainless steel pipe and fittings, zinc alloy and brass valves and fittings, shark-bite brass fittings, push-fit brass fittings, Taps/Faucets, shower heads, Shower fittings,Polyethylene(HDPE) pipes and fittings, Polyethylene spirally enwound structure wall pipes, HDPE 100 Water pipes, HDPE 80 Water pipes, HDPE 100 gas pipes, butt-fusion HDPE pipes and fittings, butt-weld HDPE pipes and fittings, socket fusion HDPE pipes and fittings, HDPE valves and fittings, HDPE quick connection fittings, HDPE clamp saddles, HDPE electro-fusion pipe fittings, electro-fusion tapping saddle, HDPE soil & waste system fittings, HDPE geothermal pipes and fittings. Solar panels, solar power inverters, solar controllers, solar batteries, solar electric cookers, solar pumps. All kinds of plastic molds and injection machines, plastic pipe and panel production lines.
This document discusses sanitary fittings and hygienic clamps that are designed for use in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. It provides background on how hygienic clamps were developed to address issues with joint cleanliness, misalignment, and gasket intrusion in those industries. It then describes the features of hygienic clamps produced by Advanced Couplings, including their unique internal design that provides consistent clamping action and controlled gasket compression. Finally, it discusses the benefits that L.J. Star provides as the exclusive distributor of Advanced Couplings clamps in North America, including their technical support, documentation, and involvement in industry organizations.
This presentation discusses sludge treatment methods. It will cover the final products in sludge digesters, which are digested sludge, supernatant liquor, and decomposition gases. It will also discuss the stages of sludge digestion including acid fermentation, acid regression, and alkaline fermentation. Finally, it will cover the key factors that affect sludge digestion, such as temperature, pH, seeding, and mixing, and how to control these factors.
Process, characteristics, Composition and decomposition of sewage treatment plant. Case study of bharwara sewage treatment plant, lucknow. Asia's largest wastewater treatment plant.
1) A soak pit is an underground chamber that allows pre-treated wastewater from a septic tank to slowly soak into the ground.
2) It is designed with a layer of sand and gravel at the bottom to disperse the flow and is typically 1.5-4m deep with a casing of coarse sand.
3) The wastewater percolates through the soil where small particles are filtered out and organics are digested, though eventual clogging of the pit is inevitable and requires cleaning.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Sem 2 bs1 drainage, sewerage disposal and treatmentEst
The document provides information about drainage, sewerage disposal, and sewage treatment systems. It discusses the components of drainage systems including pipes, sanitary appliances, traps, and main sewer pipes. It explains design considerations for drainage systems and the purpose of traps. The document also defines sewage and sewage sludge. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment methods and various treatment systems used including aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and trickling filters. Finally, it discusses the two main types of sewerage systems in Malaysia - individual septic tanks and connected sewage systems linked to treatment plants.
Introduction sanitary engineering by Prof. Dhaval. S. Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to sanitary engg. Conservancy Vs water carriage system. Types of sewerage systems with advantages & disadvantages. Considerations for types of systems. open drains. Elements of sewage management system. Requirements of sewage management system. Importance of environmental sanitation. Requirements of Sewage Management System • No health hazard resulting from various works of the system • High degree of destruction of pathogens • Harmfull chemicals are removed & Neutralised • system should be such that it may be operated with minimum cost • The system should have minimum possible capital & operational cost.
What is the difference between sewage and drainageNaresh Kuruba
Sewage and drainage systems both carry water, but sewage carries wastewater and solids to dispose of them properly, while drainage systems carry excess water runoff to reservoirs or seas. Sewers are designed to carry solid waste in addition to water and are usually managed systems, whereas drainage can include natural systems and carries only excess water runoff managed by governments.
Water conservation storage and appliancesManoj Dasi
The document discusses various water conservation methods and appliances that can be used in buildings, including dual flush toilets that use less water per flush than standard toilets, low-flow showerheads and faucets that reduce water usage without compromising function, and water storage tanks like demountable and bladder tanks that allow flexible water storage. It also covers other innovative systems like composting toilets, solar toilets, and waterless urinals that eliminate the need for water in sanitation applications.
Sewage disposal involves treating sewage to reduce its environmental impact and protect public health. Sewage contains solid and liquid waste from homes and communities. The main goals of sewage treatment are to stabilize organic matter and produce an effluent that can be safely disposed of in waterways or on land. Common methods include primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and final disposal through methods such as rivers, oceans, or land application. Proper sewage treatment and disposal is important for public health by reducing disease transmission.
The document discusses appropriate decentralized wastewater treatment technologies for rural areas, focusing on Earthizenz Ecofriendly Systems' approach. The system utilizes a baffled reactor for primary treatment, followed by an anaerobic filter and horizontal planted filter for secondary treatment. Vetiver grass is incorporated into treatment ponds and filters to further improve water quality. Case studies demonstrate applying the system across villages by locating primary treatment units near homes and using natural areas like streams for secondary treatment wetlands planted with Vetiver.
This document discusses various methods of human excreta disposal. It begins by explaining the importance of safe excreta disposal for public health and breaking disease transmission cycles. It then outlines the main health hazards of improper disposal and discusses sanitation as a barrier to disease. The document proceeds to describe different excreta disposal methods appropriate for unsewered and sewered areas, including pit latrines, septic tanks, aqua privies, and campaigns in India and Nepal promoting open defecation free communities.
Reed bed technology uses shallow beds planted with reeds to treat wastewater through natural processes. There are two main types of reed beds - horizontal flow beds where wastewater flows horizontally through the reed root zone, and vertical flow beds where wastewater is delivered to the top of the bed in batches and drains vertically. Reed beds rely on the reeds and microbial activity in the bed's gravel layers to break down pollutants in wastewater over a detention period of 5-7 days. Factors like temperature, pollutant concentration, and oxygen levels influence the purification process. Reed beds provide a low-cost, sustainable option for treating various types of wastewater with minimal maintenance requirements.
This document discusses sewage treatment and provides details on various stages of sewage treatment processes. It describes:
- The composition of sewage, including that it is 90% water and contains organic and inorganic solids. Untreated sewage can cause health and environmental issues.
- The goals of sewage treatment which are to purify sewage water so it can be safely disposed of in rivers, lands or seas without causing pollution or health problems.
- The primary treatment stages of screening, grit removal and primary sedimentation to remove solids.
- The secondary treatment methods of trickling filters and activated sludge processes which use aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
- Final treatment
This document discusses different sewage disposal methods and their advantages and disadvantages. It describes on-site sewage disposal systems that use septic tanks and leach drains or French drains to treat sewage in the surrounding soil. It also discusses effluent disposal systems that transport treated sewage from a community to a central lagoon via pipes. Full sewage systems transport all sewage directly to a lagoon, with some options for pretreatment. The septic tank is used to separate solids from liquids before further treatment or disposal.
This document discusses water carriage systems for waste disposal. In a water carriage system, water is used as a medium to convey waste from its point of production to treatment or disposal. Sewage in this system consists of 99.9% water and 0.1% solid matter. Human excreta and waste from bathrooms and kitchens are flushed into sewers which lead to a treatment site. The system has merits like being hygienic, preventing nuisance and epidemics, and allowing for compact building design. However, it also has demertis like high initial and maintenance costs, and variable sewage volumes throughout the year.
This document provides information about an interior services course focused on plumbing. It includes 5 units: water supply in buildings, building drainage, plumbing, solid waste disposal, and a services studio. Unit 1 discusses water quality standards and methods for removing impurities from water, including chlorination. It also describes factors that affect water quality like turbidity, pH, and hardness. The document provides detailed information about an interior services course curriculum and content related to plumbing and water supply.
This document provides information on various methods for water conservation and wastewater treatment in green buildings, including rainwater harvesting, reuse of recycled water, and physical, chemical, and biological wastewater treatment techniques. It discusses components of roof top rainwater harvesting systems, such as catchments, transportation, first flush devices, and filters. Methods of rainwater harvesting include storage and direct use or recharging groundwater. The document outlines dos and don'ts for rainwater harvesting and different wastewater treatment methods like sedimentation, screening, aeration, filtration, chlorination, ozonation, and neutralization.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
bs en 1519 hdpe waste drainage systemsYANG Xianjie
PPR pipe fittings for hot and cold water(Fiber-Glass Reinforced PP-R Pipes,PPR-AL-PPR pipe, PPR-AL-PE pipe, PPR-AL-PERT pipe and stable state aluminum plastic composite pipe), pvc-u pipes and fittings and valves, PPR pipe cutters and welding machines, PVC-U BS threaded fittings for water supply, CPVC ASTM D2846 pipes and fittings, CPVC SCH80 pipes and fittings, UPVC SCH80 pipes and fittings, PVC-U SCH40 pipes and fittings, DIN NBR5648 pipe and fittings for water supply, IRS pipe fittings, PPH BS Threaded pipes and fittings, PVC pressure pipes and fittings, PVC pressure rubber ring joint pipes and fittings with gasket, PVC pressure pipes & fittings for drainage, DWV ASTM D2665 PVCU pipes and fittings, PP sound proof drainage pipe and fittings, PP sound proof drainage pipes & fittings, PVC gutter system for rain water, PP compression fittings for irrigation, over-lapped Aluminum plastic pipes and fittings, butt-welded Aluminum plastic pipes and fittings, pex-a pipes, pex-b pipes, PEX-EVOH pipes, PERT pipes and fittings, Multi-layer pipes and brass fittings, sliding pex brass fittings, pipe clamps, Galvanized iron pipe and fittings, brass and stainless steel pipe and fittings, zinc alloy and brass valves and fittings, shark-bite brass fittings, push-fit brass fittings, Taps/Faucets, shower heads, Shower fittings,Polyethylene(HDPE) pipes and fittings, Polyethylene spirally enwound structure wall pipes, HDPE 100 Water pipes, HDPE 80 Water pipes, HDPE 100 gas pipes, butt-fusion HDPE pipes and fittings, butt-weld HDPE pipes and fittings, socket fusion HDPE pipes and fittings, HDPE valves and fittings, HDPE quick connection fittings, HDPE clamp saddles, HDPE electro-fusion pipe fittings, electro-fusion tapping saddle, HDPE soil & waste system fittings, HDPE geothermal pipes and fittings. Solar panels, solar power inverters, solar controllers, solar batteries, solar electric cookers, solar pumps. All kinds of plastic molds and injection machines, plastic pipe and panel production lines.
This document discusses sanitary fittings and hygienic clamps that are designed for use in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. It provides background on how hygienic clamps were developed to address issues with joint cleanliness, misalignment, and gasket intrusion in those industries. It then describes the features of hygienic clamps produced by Advanced Couplings, including their unique internal design that provides consistent clamping action and controlled gasket compression. Finally, it discusses the benefits that L.J. Star provides as the exclusive distributor of Advanced Couplings clamps in North America, including their technical support, documentation, and involvement in industry organizations.
This presentation discusses sludge treatment methods. It will cover the final products in sludge digesters, which are digested sludge, supernatant liquor, and decomposition gases. It will also discuss the stages of sludge digestion including acid fermentation, acid regression, and alkaline fermentation. Finally, it will cover the key factors that affect sludge digestion, such as temperature, pH, seeding, and mixing, and how to control these factors.
Process, characteristics, Composition and decomposition of sewage treatment plant. Case study of bharwara sewage treatment plant, lucknow. Asia's largest wastewater treatment plant.
Design of sewerage collection system and cost estimationVijay Kumar
Vijay Kumar from the Department of Civil Engineering at Jamia Millia Islamia submitted a report on the design of a sewerage system. The report reviewed the existing sewerage system criteria, designed a new sewerage system, and estimated the costs according to the Delhi Schedule of Rates from 2012. It described the purpose of a sewerage system, different sewer types, sewer appurtenances, design considerations and parameters, hydraulic design of sewer lines from manhole to manhole, and a cost estimate breakdown of the new sewerage system project.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
The document discusses various sources and types of solid waste including residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, industrial, agricultural, and biomedical waste. It also describes methods for solid waste disposal such as landfilling, incineration, composting, and disposal into the sea. Key factors for effective composting are also outlined, including temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, nutrients, oxygen, pH, moisture, and particle size.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
This document discusses the design considerations for sewer systems. It outlines the different types of sewers based on wastewater flow, and specifies design requirements like pipe sizing, slopes, depths, and velocities. Factors like population equivalent calculations, peak flows, hydraulic properties, and manhole levels are also summarized. The document provides guidance on planning and laying out sewer networks in accordance with relevant codes and standards.
The document presents an overview of drainage issues and potential solutions for the Sandersville plant. It describes six existing storm drainage basins and their processes water flows. The key problem areas are catch basins and sewer pipes that cause bottlenecks. Four potential solutions are outlined: installing a parallel gravity sewer, sending all water to a larger clarifier pond, installing an overflow at an upper catch basin to route excess water to an existing lower pond, or pumping the "blue" area water across the plant to the main sewer line. Pros and cons of each option are discussed, along with estimated costs.
The document summarizes the key components of a drainage system, including:
1. The drainage system conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste from fixtures through pipes to an external point of disposal, and includes house sewers, house drains, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, and traps.
2. Essential components are the house sewer, house drain, house trap, fresh air inlet, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, traps, and vents. Special devices include interceptors, sumps, ejectors, backwater valves, roof drains, and floor drains.
3. Pipes are sized based on the number and type of fixtures drained, with
Our Septic System Owner’s Manual explains how septic systems work, describes the benefits of an Infiltrator system, and provides valuable tips for proper system maintenance. This is part of our commitment to making sure that clean water is everyone’s business.
This document discusses different types of on-site sewage treatment systems. It describes 10 common system types including septic tank systems, aerobic treatment units, mound systems, drip distribution systems, conventional systems, chamber systems, recirculating sand filter systems, evapotranspiration systems, constructed wetland systems, and cluster/community systems. It provides details on how each system type works and the components involved in the wastewater treatment process. Primary components discussed include septic tanks, aerobic tanks, pump tanks, sand filters, and drainage fields.
The document describes how a trickling filter works as a component of on-site wastewater treatment systems, using microorganisms to break down contaminants as wastewater trickles through a bed of media. It explains the typical components of a trickling filter system including a septic tank, clarifier/dosing tank, trickling filter, and land application system. The document provides guidance on design, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of trickling filter systems.
The document discusses the sewage treatment process, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages to remove contaminants from wastewater. Primary treatment removes large solid materials, secondary treatment uses microorganisms to remove dissolved and suspended biological matter, and tertiary treatment provides additional treatment to further improve water quality before discharge. The sewage treatment process is important for protecting public health and the environment by producing effluent that is safe to release.
The document provides a homeowner's guide to septic systems. It discusses the key components of a septic system including the pipe from the home, septic tank, drainfield and soil. It emphasizes the importance of proper maintenance, including inspecting and pumping the septic tank every 3-5 years, using water efficiently, and protecting the drainfield from compaction or damage. Failure to maintain the system can result in costly repairs, groundwater contamination, and risks to human health.
The document discusses various components of sewerage systems and methods of sewage collection and treatment. It describes the key parts of sewerage systems including pipes, pumps, manholes, as well as different systems for collecting domestic and industrial wastewater. It also summarizes common methods for primary and secondary sewage treatment such as screening, sedimentation, and biological processes like trickling filters and activated sludge. Stormwater management techniques are also outlined including ways to store, convey, and infiltrate or detain runoff.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, drop manholes, gully pits, intercepting traps, septic tanks, soak pits, and holding tanks. Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning of sewers. Drop manholes are used when a branch sewer enters a manhole at a higher level to prevent splashing. Gully pits trap solid waste before it enters drainage systems. Intercepting traps disconnect house drains from sewers to prevent gas/bacteria entry. Septic tanks facilitate anaerobic digestion of sewage. Soak pits allow septic tank effluent to seep into soil. Holding tanks temporarily store effluent before pumping to treatment.
The document discusses sanitary engineering and its importance. It defines sanitation and environmental sanitation as relating to public health through clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. Sanitary engineering deals with collecting, conveying, and disposing of wastewater and garbage to maintain a healthy environment. Improper sanitation can lead to odor and water contamination. The importance of sanitary engineering is to understand wastewater constituents and impacts, applicable treatment methods, and sludge reuse options. It also discusses sewage, sewer systems, and the three main types: combined, separate, and partially separate systems.
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Sewage is comprised of about 99.9% water and 0.1% solid or dissolved wastes from households, industries, and stormwater runoff. Sewage undergoes physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater safe for release. Pretreatment screens and filters remove large solid objects, while primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove about half the total solids. Secondary treatment further breaks down organic matter using trickling filters, activated sludge systems, filter beds, or rotating biological contactors. Membrane bioreactors can also be used for secondary treatment and achieve higher removal rates than conventional activated sludge. The byproduct of sewage treatment is sewage sludge
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Septic tank, soak tank, biotanks, Package Type Anaerobic Filter System
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This document provides definitions and information related to sewage and sewerage systems. It defines key terms like sewage, sewerage, stormwater, and night soil. It describes the evolution from manual waste disposal to modern water carriage systems. It also covers various sewer system types (combined, separate, partially separate) and layout patterns (perpendicular, radial, fan, interceptor, zone). Additionally, it discusses sewer materials like concrete, vitrified clay, asbestos cement, plastic, and their advantages and limitations.
California; Drip, Drip, Drip Water Conservation & Drip Irrigation in Your Ga...D2Z
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A Homeowners Guide To On-Site Sewage Management Systems
1. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION
A HOMEOWNERS GUIDE
TO
ON-SITE SEWAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
March 12, 2002
2. WHAT IS AN ON-SITE SEWAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
An on-site sewage management system is a wastewater treatment system designed to use the soil to treat
the wastewater generated by a home, business or other building intended for human occupancy or
congregation. These types of systems are utilized in areas where central public sewage treatment is not
available. The system is “on-site” because the sewage treatment and disposal is accomplished entirely on
your property. One of the major differences between owning an on site system and a public sewer system
is that the on site system must be maintained by the homeowner.
The most common on-site sewage management system is the septic tank system. The system typically
consists of two major components: a primary treatment tank and an absorption field. The most common
type of primary treatment tank is a septic tank. The septic tank may be made of concrete, fiberglass, or
plastic. All septic tanks have inlet and outlet tees. Septic tanks installed prior to February 20, 2000 consist
of a single compartment. Septic tanks installed after February 20, 2000 are required to have two
compartments and an effluent filter. All septic tanks approved for use with on site sewage management
systems are reviewed and approved by the Georgia Department of Human Resources.
The number of bedrooms determines the size of the septic tank serving a single family residence. The
minimum size septic tank approved for use in the State of Georgia is a 1000 gallon tank, which will serve a
3 or 4 bedroom house. Homes with garbage disposals are required to increase the size of the septic tank by
50%. The primary purpose of the septic tank is to separate the solids from the liquid in order to facilitate
the breakdown of the solids by microorganisms naturally present in the wastewater. The solids, known as
sludge, collect in the bottom of the tank. This sludge must be pumped out periodically in order for the
system to operate properly.
Keeping the solids out of the soil absorption field prevents soil clogging and helps insure the ability of the
soil to effectively treat the wastewater. An effluent filter on the outlet of the septic tank is used to protect
the absorption field from solids exiting the septic tank. As solids accumulate in the septic tank, the effluent
filter may become clogged. This is an indication that it is time to have the solids pumped out of the septic
tank and clean the filter.
The wastewater effluent coming out of the septic tank may contain disease causing microorganisms and
pollutants. The soil acts as a natural filter and treats the wastewater effluent through physical, biological
and chemical processes. Harmful bacteria, viruses, and pollutants are treated as the wastewater effluent
moves down through the soil before it reaches the groundwater table. The absorption field must be located
in an area of unsaturated soil in order to facilitate this process. For this reason, a soil analysis is required on
all property served by an on site sewage management system.
The typical septic tank system is a gravity flow system where the wastewater flows down into the system.
The wastewater effluent is passed on to the absorption field through a connecting solid pipe. There are
three primary absorption field design methods: level field, distribution box and serial distribution. On level
topography, the level field method may be utilized. Absorption lines are installed level and interconnected
to form a continuous absorption field. The distribution box method may be used on level or sloping
topography. The wastewater enters a distribution box where the flow is equally distributed to two or more
absorption lines of equal length. On sloping topography, the serial distribution method may be used.
When this method is used, level absorption lines shall run parallel with the ground contours. The solid line
from the septic tank enters the uppermost absorption line. Adjacent absorption lines are successively
connected by means of overflow sewers to form an absorption field.
In some instances, the wastewater effluent may need to be pumped up hill to an absorption field. The
wastewater effluent from the septic tank will enter a separate dosing tank. A pump approved for
wastewater effluent is placed in the dosing tank in order to transport the wastewater effluent to the
absorption field. The dosing tank should have a reserve capacity equal to the peak daily water usage from
the home. Peak daily water usage is based on 150 gallons per bedroom. For a three bedroom house this
would be a reserve capacity of 450 gallons, and 600 gallons for a four bedroom house. In the event of a
2
3. power outage or pump failure the storage capacity of the dosing tank will allow temporary use of home’s
on site sewage management system. An audible high water alarm is required in the dosing tank to notify
the homeowner in the event of a pump failure.
The absorption field may be constructed of gravel or other approved aggregate, chamber, gravelless pipe,
drip irrigation or other approved alternative product. The type of absorption field is usually determined by
the soil conditions present on the site. For single family residences, the number of bedrooms and the soil
percolation rate determines the size of the absorption field. A list of approved alternative absorption field
products may be obtained from the Department. All on site sewage management systems are permitted and
inspected by the local county health department for compliance with the Georgia Department of Human
Resources Rules and Regulations for On Site Sewage Management Systems, Chapter 290-5-26.
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4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
With proper use and maintenance your on site sewage management system will serve your family for many
years. All homeowners should obtain a copy of the on site sewage management system inspection report
from the local county health department. The inspection report will show the type and location of the on
site sewage management system. Any maintenance or repair to an on site sewage management system
must be performed by a septage removal and disposal company or septic tank contractor certified by the
Department of Human Resources.
Proper Use:
Direct all wastewater from the home into the septic tank. This includes all sink, bath, shower, washing
machine, toilet and dishwasher wastewater. Any of these wastewaters can contain disease causing
organisms and pollutants. The department does allow separate black water and gray water systems for
water reuse. All gray water must be disposed of in an on site sewage management system.
• Practice water conservation to avoid overloading the on site sewage system. Repair dripping faucets
and leaking toilets. Run dishwashers when full. Do not do all your laundry in one day. Space out the
washing machine use over the week. Replace old fixtures with water saving fixtures.
• Do not direct water from gutter downspouts, sump pumps or subsurface drains into the septic tank.
The on site sewage management system is designed based on an estimated daily water use. Excess
water directed into the septic tank will cause a hydraulic failure.
• Use commercial bathroom cleaners and anti-bacterial soaps in moderation. Treatment in the septic
tank depends on natural bacteria. The Department does not recommend the use of septic tank
additives. These products are not necessary for proper system operation.
• Do not plant trees or bushes on top of the absorption line. Root intrusion may damage and block the
absorption line.
• Landscape the site to allow surface water to drain off of the absorption field area. Divert roof drains
from the absorption field area. Standing water over the absorption field will cause soil saturation and
potential system failure.
• Do not park or drive over the septic tank or absorption field. This can damage the septic tank and
absorption field. Soil compaction can occur reducing the ability of the soil to absorb the wastewater
from the system.
• Do not pour grease, oil, paint or other chemical products down the drain. Do not put non-
biodegradable items such as cigarette butts, feminine hygiene products, condoms, disposable diapers or
other similar solid waste into the septic tank.
When to Pump the Septic Tank
A properly designed septic tank system will have a septic tank with sufficient volume to accumulate solids
for several years. Over time the solids accumulate and begin to fill up the septic tank. If these solids are
not periodically pumped out, suspended solid particles may begin to flow into the absorption field. These
solids will eventually clog the absorption field and may require the installation of a new absorption field.
Newer septic tank systems are required to have an effluent filter located on the outlet of the septic tank.
The purpose of this filter is to protect the absorption field by trapping suspended solids. If the septic tank is
not pumped out periodically, the effluent filter may become clogged causing wastewater to back up into the
house.
4
5. A specific determination of when it’s time to pump a septic tank can be made by having the depth of the
solids and level of scum buildup checked periodically. New septic tanks have an access port over the inlet
and outlet tees to facilitate the cleaning of the effluent filter and pumping of the tank. Two factors
primarily affect the pumping frequency required. The first factor is the holding capacity of the septic tank.
The more people using a system, the faster the solids build up, and the more frequently the tank will have
to be pumped. A larger capacity system provides better treatment and requires less pumping. The standard
three or four bedroom house has a 1000 gallon septic tank.
The second factor is the amount of solids in the wastewater. If you have a garbage disposal, you will have
to pump out your septic tank more frequently. The use of a garbage disposal may increase the amount of
solids in a septic tank by as much as 50%. Pouring grease or other non-biodegradable types of solid waste
drown the drain will add to the accumulation of solids. Homes with garbage disposals are required to
increase the size of their septic tank by 50%. A three or four bedroom house with a garbage disposal is
required to have a 1500 gallon septic tank.
The recommended pumping frequency for pumping out septic tanks can be estimated based on assuming a
wastewater retention time of 24 hours and assuming that 50% of the solids are digested by bacterial action
in the tank. The following table can be used as a guide for average home water usage without a garbage
disposal.
Estimated Septic Tank Pumping Frequency
(year round residences)
Household Size (Number of People)
Tank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Size
(gal)
1000 12 5.9 3.7 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.7
years years years years years years years years years years
1500 19 9.1 5.9 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3
years years years years years years years years years years
2000 25 12 8.0 5.9 4.5 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.3
years years years years years years years years years years
2500 32 16 10 7.5 5.9 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.6
years years years years years years years years years years
5
6. A certified septage removal and disposal contractor must pump the septic tank out. Access to the septic
tank shall be through the access ports in the tank or by removal of the tank lids. Holes should not be made
into the septic tank. The contractor is required to completely remove the contents of the septic tank. The
contractor should check the inlet and outlet tees for damage. Damaged inlet and outlet tees should be
replaced. The inlet and outlet tees direct the wastewater to the bottom of the tank and prevent solids from
exiting the tank to the absorption field. If an effluent filter is present, the filter shall be cleaned and
reinstalled. The excavated soil removed to expose the access ports of the septic tank shall be replaced. The
contractor is required to give the homeowner written documentation of the condition of the septic tank and
the work performed. Homeowners should keep all maintenance records. Many lending institutions require
an existing system evaluation for loan closings, which includes documentation of maintenance performed.
The State Office of Environmental Health does not recommend the use of septic tank additives.
Commercial septic tank additives do not eliminate the need for periodic pumping and may be harmful to
the absorption field. You should not need biological or chemical additives for successful restart or
continuous operation of your septic tank system. You should not wash or disinfect the septic tank after
pumping.
Signs of a Malfunctioning Septic Tank System
1. Slow drains or sewage backing up into the house: The cause could be a blockage in the plumbing line
to the septic tank, blockage to inlet and outlet tees within the septic tank or a clogged filter if present.
If the problem only occurs during rainy weather, the problem could be related to surface water
drainage or water standing on top of the absorption field area. If the septic tank system is old, the
absorption line may be clogged. If the system has a pump, pump failure could be the cause.
2. Surfacing of septic tank effluent on the ground surface: The cause may be related to a poor soil
absorption rate, soil clogging in the absorption line, or water usage. If the problem is noticeable only
after rainy weather, the problem could be related to surface water drainage or a high seasonal
groundwater table.
3. Smell of sewage odor: The cause of sewage odors may be natural gases that occur in the septic tank
that are vented from the plumbing system through the roof of the house. Odors may be noticeable in
the area of the vent pipe. Odors near the septic tank could indicate a cracked inlet or outlet plumbing
pipe. Odors in the absorption field area could indicate a surfacing of wastewater effluent.
Any repair work performed on an on site sewage management system requires a repair permit from the
county health department. The county environmental health specialist can assist homeowners with an
evaluation of the system to determine repair options. A certified septic tank contractor should perform any
repair work. A list of approved contractors can be obtained from the local county health department or the
Environmental Health Section, Georgia Department of Human Resources at 404-657-6534.
ADVANCED SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Not all property in the State of Georgia is suitable for a typical septic tank system. In areas where the soil
is not capable of treating domestic wastewater, an advanced sewage treatment system may be utilized as
part of an on site sewage management system. Advanced treatment systems facilitate treatment of the
wastewater before application to the soil absorption field. Information on advanced treatment systems
approved for use may be obtained from the local county health department or the Georgia Department of
Human Resources, Environmental Health Section.
Aerobic Treatment Units: Aerobic treatment units are stand alone advanced sewage treatment systems,
providing wastewater treatment prior to disposal in the subsurface absorption field. Aerobic treatment units
(ATUs) provide aerobic biodegradation or decomposition of wastewater constituents by bringing the
wastewater into contact with air mechanically. ATUs come in different configurations and sizes, and
6
7. incorporate a variety of approaches, including air pumps, air injectors, lift pumps and biological-contact
surfaces.
Bio-Peat Systems: The typical bio-peat system consists of a septic tank, a dosing tank with effluent pump,
pretreatment modules containing specialized biofibrous peat, and a soil absorption field. The septic tank
wastewater effluent is pumped to and equally distributed through the biofilter modules. As the wastewater
effluent passes through the peat a combination of physical, chemical and biological treatment occurs. The
wastewater effluent exits the bottom of the modules into the absorption field.
Information on maintaining advanced treatment systems should be obtained from the manufacturer. In
some instances a service contract is required.
References
Georgia Department of Human Resources. 2001. “Manual for On Site Sewage Management
Systems.”Environmental Health Section, Atlanta, Georgia.
National Small Flows Clearinghouse, “The care and feeding of your septic tank system.” West Virginia
University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
National Small Flows Clearinghouse, “So now you own a septic system.” West Virginia University,
Morgantown, West Virginia.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999. “Septic Tank – Soil Absorption Systems.” Office of Water
Operations, Washington, District of Columbia.
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8. ON SITE SEWAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE RECORD
Location Address:______________________________________________________________________
Subdivision Name and Lot/Block: _________________________________________________________
Date Contractor and Work Performed
Observations/Notes:_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
8