The document describes a test of burning diesel fuel with and without HydroNano Gas (HNG) in Sweden. When burning diesel alone, tests found high levels of sulfur, carbon monoxide and soot with low oxygen. When HNG was added, sulfur and carbon monoxide were reduced to almost zero, oxygen increased, and emissions were transformed into a climate neutral state with improved energy efficiency. The results were witnessed by experts and showed HNG's ability to significantly reduce toxic emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
The document summarizes the results of a verification test of a clean burning diesel fuel made with HydroAtomic Nano Gas (HNG). When diesel was burned alone, it produced high emissions of sulfur, carbon monoxide, and soot. However, when a small amount of HNG was added, emissions were dramatically reduced - sulfur was eliminated, carbon monoxide levels fell to zero, and the flame burned cleaner with increased oxygen and higher efficiency. The accredited laboratory that performed the tests confirmed they had never seen such remarkable results before. The test demonstrated that adding HNG to fossil fuels can make them climate neutral by completely cleaning up emissions.
This document describes an experimental study on the effect of hydrogen blending on burning velocity for different fuels. The study involved:
- Designing a constant volume combustion chamber and instrumentation to measure laminar burning velocity and flame speed.
- Investigating the impact of equivalence ratio, initial pressure, and hydrogen blending ratio on burning velocity and other combustion parameters for LPG-air and hydrogen-LPG-air mixtures.
- Developing empirical correlations between studied variables using a FORTRAN program to calculate mixture properties.
Results showed that hydrogen blending increased adiabatic flame temperature and burning velocity. Burning velocity increased with higher equivalence ratios and hydrogen percentages, but decreased with initial pressure. Experimental data agreed well with previous
IRJET- Enhancement of Performance of Catalytic Converter using Phase Change M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing the performance of catalytic converters for internal combustion engines using phase change materials (PCMs). The researchers designed a catalytic converter with a separate chamber containing PCM surrounding the catalyst. During engine start-up when temperatures are low, the PCM in liquid form provides heat to the catalytic converter, improving the conversion of toxic gases into harmless emissions. As temperatures increase, the PCM changes from liquid to solid and back again, storing heat for up to 12-14 hours. Testing showed the PCM-enhanced catalytic converter reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions more than a conventional catalytic converter, especially at lower engine speeds.
Presentation given by Mischa Werner of ETH Zurich on "Research on the direct mineralization of flue gas CO2 at ETH Zurich" at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 27 June 2014
The document discusses using plasma torch technology to dispose of municipal and industrial waste in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Plasma torch technology uses an ionized gas heated to extreme temperatures to break down waste on a molecular level into gases like CO, H2, and CO2 while melting inorganic waste. It would reduce waste volume and produce a stable non-toxic glass material. However, plasma torch technology is more expensive than traditional disposal methods and would require a larger financial investment and environmental permits.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
Webinar: Assessing atmospheric emissions from amine-based CO2 post-combustion...Global CCS Institute
This webinar presented the major findings of a CSIRO-led investigation into the potential air quality impacts of amine-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) technology. The study was commissioned by the Global Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Institute to expand knowledge on environmental impacts of the capture process, the study measures actual emissions as well providing a case study into air quality at the AGL Loy Lang PCC Plant in Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to address uncertainty about the types/quantities of pollutants released during PCC plant operations and what their acceptable emissions levels were. Understanding this would allow industry and regulators to develop appropriate health and safety practices around PCC plants. The research was based on data collected at CSIRO’s PCC pilot plant at the AGL Loy Yang brown coal-fired power plant in Victoria, Australia and from atmospheric degradation experiments in CSIRO’s smog chamber in New South Wales, Australia.
Dr Merched Azzi, Chief Research Scientist from CSIRO Energy Technology presentied this webinar.
This document compares three fire suppression agents: FM200 (heptafluoropropane), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Argonite (a mixture of nitrogen and argon).
FM200 is odorless, electrically nonconductive, and safe enough to be used in medical inhalers. It is effective on class A, B, and C fires. CO2 reduces oxygen levels and is effective on class A, B, and C fires but can cause burns or injury to humans at high concentrations. Argonite also reduces oxygen levels, is effective on class A, B, and C fires, and poses less risk to humans than CO2.
The document summarizes the results of a verification test of a clean burning diesel fuel made with HydroAtomic Nano Gas (HNG). When diesel was burned alone, it produced high emissions of sulfur, carbon monoxide, and soot. However, when a small amount of HNG was added, emissions were dramatically reduced - sulfur was eliminated, carbon monoxide levels fell to zero, and the flame burned cleaner with increased oxygen and higher efficiency. The accredited laboratory that performed the tests confirmed they had never seen such remarkable results before. The test demonstrated that adding HNG to fossil fuels can make them climate neutral by completely cleaning up emissions.
This document describes an experimental study on the effect of hydrogen blending on burning velocity for different fuels. The study involved:
- Designing a constant volume combustion chamber and instrumentation to measure laminar burning velocity and flame speed.
- Investigating the impact of equivalence ratio, initial pressure, and hydrogen blending ratio on burning velocity and other combustion parameters for LPG-air and hydrogen-LPG-air mixtures.
- Developing empirical correlations between studied variables using a FORTRAN program to calculate mixture properties.
Results showed that hydrogen blending increased adiabatic flame temperature and burning velocity. Burning velocity increased with higher equivalence ratios and hydrogen percentages, but decreased with initial pressure. Experimental data agreed well with previous
IRJET- Enhancement of Performance of Catalytic Converter using Phase Change M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing the performance of catalytic converters for internal combustion engines using phase change materials (PCMs). The researchers designed a catalytic converter with a separate chamber containing PCM surrounding the catalyst. During engine start-up when temperatures are low, the PCM in liquid form provides heat to the catalytic converter, improving the conversion of toxic gases into harmless emissions. As temperatures increase, the PCM changes from liquid to solid and back again, storing heat for up to 12-14 hours. Testing showed the PCM-enhanced catalytic converter reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions more than a conventional catalytic converter, especially at lower engine speeds.
Presentation given by Mischa Werner of ETH Zurich on "Research on the direct mineralization of flue gas CO2 at ETH Zurich" at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 27 June 2014
The document discusses using plasma torch technology to dispose of municipal and industrial waste in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Plasma torch technology uses an ionized gas heated to extreme temperatures to break down waste on a molecular level into gases like CO, H2, and CO2 while melting inorganic waste. It would reduce waste volume and produce a stable non-toxic glass material. However, plasma torch technology is more expensive than traditional disposal methods and would require a larger financial investment and environmental permits.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
Webinar: Assessing atmospheric emissions from amine-based CO2 post-combustion...Global CCS Institute
This webinar presented the major findings of a CSIRO-led investigation into the potential air quality impacts of amine-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) technology. The study was commissioned by the Global Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Institute to expand knowledge on environmental impacts of the capture process, the study measures actual emissions as well providing a case study into air quality at the AGL Loy Lang PCC Plant in Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to address uncertainty about the types/quantities of pollutants released during PCC plant operations and what their acceptable emissions levels were. Understanding this would allow industry and regulators to develop appropriate health and safety practices around PCC plants. The research was based on data collected at CSIRO’s PCC pilot plant at the AGL Loy Yang brown coal-fired power plant in Victoria, Australia and from atmospheric degradation experiments in CSIRO’s smog chamber in New South Wales, Australia.
Dr Merched Azzi, Chief Research Scientist from CSIRO Energy Technology presentied this webinar.
This document compares three fire suppression agents: FM200 (heptafluoropropane), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Argonite (a mixture of nitrogen and argon).
FM200 is odorless, electrically nonconductive, and safe enough to be used in medical inhalers. It is effective on class A, B, and C fires. CO2 reduces oxygen levels and is effective on class A, B, and C fires but can cause burns or injury to humans at high concentrations. Argonite also reduces oxygen levels, is effective on class A, B, and C fires, and poses less risk to humans than CO2.
CO2 capture within refining: case studies - Rosa Maria Domenichini, Foster Wh...Global CCS Institute
This document summarizes a presentation on CO2 capture within oil refining processes. It discusses:
1) Refining contributes around 6% of global CO2 emissions, with large refineries emitting up to 5 million tons per year. Major emission sources include process heaters, hydrogen production, and FCC regenerators.
2) Case studies are presented on capturing CO2 from process heater flue gases and within hydrogen production. Capturing 91 tons/hour of CO2 from heaters could cost €72-103/ton while capturing over 99% of CO2 from a hydrogen plant could cost €47-65/ton.
3) Joint capture of CO2 from multiple refinery sources like heat
A review on electron beam flue gas treatment (ebfgt)duchlpr
This document provides an overview of electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT) technology. It discusses how EBFGT has been implemented at industrial scales in power plants in China and Poland to remove pollutants like SO2 and NOx from flue gases. EBFGT uses electron beam irradiation to initiate chemical reactions during a dry scrubbing process, allowing for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx without generating waste. Testing has shown removal efficiencies of 85-95% for SO2 and 50-70% for NOx. The document also discusses potential applications of EBFGT for treating flue gases from other industrial processes that emit high levels of pollutants like sulfur dioxide.
This document summarizes an expert webinar on analyzing total organic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in soils and soil eluates. The webinar covered CN(S) analysis of soils including sample preparation, combustion chemistry, gas separation and detection when using argon versus helium as a carrier gas. It also discussed analyzing total organic carbon in soils and soil eluates according to ISO 10694 standards. Experimental results were presented demonstrating the equivalence of argon and helium as carrier gases. The webinar provided information on optimizing elemental analysis of soils to better understand carbon-nitrogen ratios and microbiological activity for selective fertilization of agricultural land.
This document discusses mercury chemistry in cement kilns and mercury control technology. It provides background on mercury sources in cement production and oxidation processes. Typical mercury emissions from cement kilns are presented, as are internal mercury cycles within cement plants. Mass balances are used to understand mercury inputs and outputs. The conclusions emphasize that cement plants have complex, variable mercury inputs and multiple internal mercury cycles that must be understood to effectively control mercury emissions.
This document discusses key thermodynamic concepts related to combustion processes, including:
1) Heat of combustion, flame temperature, enthalpy of combustion systems, and equilibrium constants of combustion reactions are the major thermodynamic functions that influence fuel utilization.
2) Heat of combustion represents the potential heat of a fuel and can be used to calculate calorific value. Enthalpy is the heat content of a system at constant pressure.
3) Flame temperature depends on the fuel-oxidant mixture and ranges from theoretical to actual temperatures. The maximum adiabatic flame temperature occurs at slightly excess stoichiometry.
Study on a fixed bed gasification of polyurethane SRF from electronic wasteMd Tanvir Alam
This document summarizes a study on gasifying polyurethane solid recovered fuel (SRF) from electronic waste in a fixed bed reactor. The study characterized the physicochemical properties of the polyurethane waste, which was found to have suitable combustible qualities as fuel. Experiments were conducted with the polyurethane SRF in a lab-scale fixed bed gasification system, producing syngas with an average lower heating value of around 2,500 kcal/m3 and high hydrogen and carbon monoxide contents. However, the polyurethane SRF's high nitrogen content resulted in hazardous nitrogenous pollutants like hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in the syngas, requiring additional cleaning systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses combustion and combustion calculations. It defines combustion as a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen that produces heat and light. Complete combustion means all carbon is converted to CO2, hydrogen to H2O, and sulfur to SO2. Theoretical oxygen is the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion, calculated two ways. Theoretical air is the amount of air needed to supply the theoretical oxygen. Excess air above the theoretical amount is required for practical combustion to ensure completeness. Flue or stack gas refers to all gases from combustion, while Orsat analysis refers only to dry gases excluding water vapor.
Preparation and performance analysis of Ni/Dolomite CatalystAnant Arya
The document discusses the preparation and testing of a Ni/Dolomite catalyst for cracking tar produced during biomass gasification. The catalyst is prepared by adding nickel nitrate, dolomite, silicate cement, and graphite binders, then dried and calcined. Testing shows the catalyst can crack 94% of tar in the first hour but its activity decreases over time due to coking. Regenerating the catalyst at 700°C can restore its activity. The results suggest Ni/Dolomite is an effective and inexpensive catalyst that improves the hydrogen content of the produced gas during biomass gasification.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring vehicle emissions, including:
- Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzers which measure carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using Beer-Lambert's law.
- A flame ionization detector (FID) which measures total hydrocarbon emissions based on their ionization in a hydrogen flame.
- A chemiluminescence analyzer (CLA) which detects nitric oxide (NO) emissions based on light emitted during its reaction with ozone.
- These and other techniques like smokemeters and dilution tunnels are used to measure emissions to enforce vehicle standards.
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas AnalysisYokogawa1
Zirconium Oxide and Catalytic Bead sensor based analyzers have been the primary means of flue gas analysis for control and safety. The recently published API-556 has highlighted several considerations when using these technologies that were not commonly known throughout the industry. This webinar will explain the theory of operation of tunable diode laser spectrometers and the application thereof to gas fired reformers, boilers, & heaters as a layer of protection during startup and efficiency diagnostic during operation.
During this webinar recording, you will learn:
-What is the purpose of flue gas?
-The evolution of flue gas Analyzers
-Industry standards and recommended practices on the application of different types of instruments
Aspen Plus simulation of Three Reactor Chemical Looping using Gibbs model. Comparison of different support balls for same Oxygen Carrier conducted using mass loading capacity, Oxygen Carrying capacity
Callide oxyfuel research project, Part 2: CO2 quality control prior to compre...Global CCS Institute
The webinar summarized research from the Callide oxyfuel project in Australia. It discussed measurements taken during transitions between air and oxy-fuel firing in the plant's fabric filter. The measurements found the filter captured over 90% of mercury, with burner configuration most influencing mercury levels. Sulfur trioxide measurements were very low at 0.6-3.6 ppm. The webinar also reviewed a low-pressure caustic scrubber's role in removing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and mercury before compression. The scrubber was effective but may not be the most economic solution for a commercial plant.
This document summarizes a presentation on inert gas extinguishing systems. It discusses the requirements for clean agents used in fire protection of electronics areas. It describes inert gases and halocarbon agents as the two categories of clean agents according to NFPA standards. Inert gases are preferred over halocarbon agents for their safety for humans and lack of toxic byproducts. The document outlines the operating principle of inert gas systems, which extinguish fires by diluting oxygen concentration below the level needed for combustion. It also discusses factors to consider in the design of inert gas systems, such as achieving the minimum design concentration. Overall, the presentation concludes that inert gas systems are better than halocarbon systems for fire protection due to their availability, ease of ref
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, lists common types of fuels including solid, liquid, gaseous and nuclear fuels. It explains the concepts of complete and incomplete combustion and the oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur during combustion. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with both theoretical and excess air. It also covers combustion of solid fuels and their analysis, as well as heating values and properties of fuels and lubricants.
Future Refrigerant Options with Low Climate Impact for Stationary Air Conditi...UNEP OzonAction
1. The document evaluates future refrigerant options for air conditioners based on their global warming impact, energy efficiency, flammability, toxicity, and cost.
2. It finds that R32 has a much lower direct global warming effect than R22 or R410A, and its impact could be further lowered through design modifications. It also has equivalent or better energy efficiency than alternatives.
3. While R290 (propane) poses flammability risks, the document argues for early adoption of technologies available now to significantly reduce future greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants.
Measurement of Smoke Density using Bosch type smoke meterRohtash kumar
Smoke density measures the concentration of particles in diesel exhaust and is an important indicator of air quality and health impacts. The Bosch smoke meter is a common tool that uses a filter paper to capture exhaust particles from a sampling pump and then measures the darkness of the filter, assigning a Bosch number rating from 0-9.9. Maintaining engines and using cleaner fuels and filters can help reduce smoke emissions and density.
Presentation on stack monitoring for industriesSony Madaan
This document provides an overview of stack emission monitoring for various industries. It discusses the importance of stack monitoring for thermal power plants, fertilizer industries, oil refineries, and petrochemical industries. The key pollutants emitted from each industry are identified along with the parameters and frequency of monitoring at the stack level. The objectives of stack monitoring are to minimize air emissions, ensure high quality ambient air quality data, verify an emissions control strategy is in place, and monitor air emissions and ambient air quality.
emission measuring equipment for CO2,CO & HCvinod Sangode
The Orsat gas analyzer uses a series of absorption bulbs containing different solutions to measure the concentrations of CO2, O2, CO, and nitrogen in flue gas samples. The flue gas is first drawn into a water-filled burette and its initial volume is recorded. It is then passed through different absorption bulbs where specific gases are absorbed. The volume of gas remaining after each absorption step provides the volume of the gas absorbed, allowing calculation of its concentration in the original sample.
Costs for CO2 capture in cement manufacture - Duncan Barker, Mott MacDonaldGlobal CCS Institute
The document summarizes information from a presentation given by Duncan Barker on costs for CO2 capture in cement manufacture. It provides background on different CO2 capture technologies for cement plants, including post-combustion and oxy-combustion capture. It also shares cost data from previous studies on retrofitting and new-build cement plants with CO2 capture, which found total costs ranging from €46-107 per tonne of CO2 avoided. The challenges of accurately estimating CO2 capture costs for the cement industry are discussed.
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
CO2 capture within refining: case studies - Rosa Maria Domenichini, Foster Wh...Global CCS Institute
This document summarizes a presentation on CO2 capture within oil refining processes. It discusses:
1) Refining contributes around 6% of global CO2 emissions, with large refineries emitting up to 5 million tons per year. Major emission sources include process heaters, hydrogen production, and FCC regenerators.
2) Case studies are presented on capturing CO2 from process heater flue gases and within hydrogen production. Capturing 91 tons/hour of CO2 from heaters could cost €72-103/ton while capturing over 99% of CO2 from a hydrogen plant could cost €47-65/ton.
3) Joint capture of CO2 from multiple refinery sources like heat
A review on electron beam flue gas treatment (ebfgt)duchlpr
This document provides an overview of electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT) technology. It discusses how EBFGT has been implemented at industrial scales in power plants in China and Poland to remove pollutants like SO2 and NOx from flue gases. EBFGT uses electron beam irradiation to initiate chemical reactions during a dry scrubbing process, allowing for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx without generating waste. Testing has shown removal efficiencies of 85-95% for SO2 and 50-70% for NOx. The document also discusses potential applications of EBFGT for treating flue gases from other industrial processes that emit high levels of pollutants like sulfur dioxide.
This document summarizes an expert webinar on analyzing total organic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in soils and soil eluates. The webinar covered CN(S) analysis of soils including sample preparation, combustion chemistry, gas separation and detection when using argon versus helium as a carrier gas. It also discussed analyzing total organic carbon in soils and soil eluates according to ISO 10694 standards. Experimental results were presented demonstrating the equivalence of argon and helium as carrier gases. The webinar provided information on optimizing elemental analysis of soils to better understand carbon-nitrogen ratios and microbiological activity for selective fertilization of agricultural land.
This document discusses mercury chemistry in cement kilns and mercury control technology. It provides background on mercury sources in cement production and oxidation processes. Typical mercury emissions from cement kilns are presented, as are internal mercury cycles within cement plants. Mass balances are used to understand mercury inputs and outputs. The conclusions emphasize that cement plants have complex, variable mercury inputs and multiple internal mercury cycles that must be understood to effectively control mercury emissions.
This document discusses key thermodynamic concepts related to combustion processes, including:
1) Heat of combustion, flame temperature, enthalpy of combustion systems, and equilibrium constants of combustion reactions are the major thermodynamic functions that influence fuel utilization.
2) Heat of combustion represents the potential heat of a fuel and can be used to calculate calorific value. Enthalpy is the heat content of a system at constant pressure.
3) Flame temperature depends on the fuel-oxidant mixture and ranges from theoretical to actual temperatures. The maximum adiabatic flame temperature occurs at slightly excess stoichiometry.
Study on a fixed bed gasification of polyurethane SRF from electronic wasteMd Tanvir Alam
This document summarizes a study on gasifying polyurethane solid recovered fuel (SRF) from electronic waste in a fixed bed reactor. The study characterized the physicochemical properties of the polyurethane waste, which was found to have suitable combustible qualities as fuel. Experiments were conducted with the polyurethane SRF in a lab-scale fixed bed gasification system, producing syngas with an average lower heating value of around 2,500 kcal/m3 and high hydrogen and carbon monoxide contents. However, the polyurethane SRF's high nitrogen content resulted in hazardous nitrogenous pollutants like hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in the syngas, requiring additional cleaning systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses combustion and combustion calculations. It defines combustion as a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen that produces heat and light. Complete combustion means all carbon is converted to CO2, hydrogen to H2O, and sulfur to SO2. Theoretical oxygen is the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion, calculated two ways. Theoretical air is the amount of air needed to supply the theoretical oxygen. Excess air above the theoretical amount is required for practical combustion to ensure completeness. Flue or stack gas refers to all gases from combustion, while Orsat analysis refers only to dry gases excluding water vapor.
Preparation and performance analysis of Ni/Dolomite CatalystAnant Arya
The document discusses the preparation and testing of a Ni/Dolomite catalyst for cracking tar produced during biomass gasification. The catalyst is prepared by adding nickel nitrate, dolomite, silicate cement, and graphite binders, then dried and calcined. Testing shows the catalyst can crack 94% of tar in the first hour but its activity decreases over time due to coking. Regenerating the catalyst at 700°C can restore its activity. The results suggest Ni/Dolomite is an effective and inexpensive catalyst that improves the hydrogen content of the produced gas during biomass gasification.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring vehicle emissions, including:
- Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzers which measure carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using Beer-Lambert's law.
- A flame ionization detector (FID) which measures total hydrocarbon emissions based on their ionization in a hydrogen flame.
- A chemiluminescence analyzer (CLA) which detects nitric oxide (NO) emissions based on light emitted during its reaction with ozone.
- These and other techniques like smokemeters and dilution tunnels are used to measure emissions to enforce vehicle standards.
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas AnalysisYokogawa1
Zirconium Oxide and Catalytic Bead sensor based analyzers have been the primary means of flue gas analysis for control and safety. The recently published API-556 has highlighted several considerations when using these technologies that were not commonly known throughout the industry. This webinar will explain the theory of operation of tunable diode laser spectrometers and the application thereof to gas fired reformers, boilers, & heaters as a layer of protection during startup and efficiency diagnostic during operation.
During this webinar recording, you will learn:
-What is the purpose of flue gas?
-The evolution of flue gas Analyzers
-Industry standards and recommended practices on the application of different types of instruments
Aspen Plus simulation of Three Reactor Chemical Looping using Gibbs model. Comparison of different support balls for same Oxygen Carrier conducted using mass loading capacity, Oxygen Carrying capacity
Callide oxyfuel research project, Part 2: CO2 quality control prior to compre...Global CCS Institute
The webinar summarized research from the Callide oxyfuel project in Australia. It discussed measurements taken during transitions between air and oxy-fuel firing in the plant's fabric filter. The measurements found the filter captured over 90% of mercury, with burner configuration most influencing mercury levels. Sulfur trioxide measurements were very low at 0.6-3.6 ppm. The webinar also reviewed a low-pressure caustic scrubber's role in removing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and mercury before compression. The scrubber was effective but may not be the most economic solution for a commercial plant.
This document summarizes a presentation on inert gas extinguishing systems. It discusses the requirements for clean agents used in fire protection of electronics areas. It describes inert gases and halocarbon agents as the two categories of clean agents according to NFPA standards. Inert gases are preferred over halocarbon agents for their safety for humans and lack of toxic byproducts. The document outlines the operating principle of inert gas systems, which extinguish fires by diluting oxygen concentration below the level needed for combustion. It also discusses factors to consider in the design of inert gas systems, such as achieving the minimum design concentration. Overall, the presentation concludes that inert gas systems are better than halocarbon systems for fire protection due to their availability, ease of ref
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, lists common types of fuels including solid, liquid, gaseous and nuclear fuels. It explains the concepts of complete and incomplete combustion and the oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur during combustion. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with both theoretical and excess air. It also covers combustion of solid fuels and their analysis, as well as heating values and properties of fuels and lubricants.
Future Refrigerant Options with Low Climate Impact for Stationary Air Conditi...UNEP OzonAction
1. The document evaluates future refrigerant options for air conditioners based on their global warming impact, energy efficiency, flammability, toxicity, and cost.
2. It finds that R32 has a much lower direct global warming effect than R22 or R410A, and its impact could be further lowered through design modifications. It also has equivalent or better energy efficiency than alternatives.
3. While R290 (propane) poses flammability risks, the document argues for early adoption of technologies available now to significantly reduce future greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants.
Measurement of Smoke Density using Bosch type smoke meterRohtash kumar
Smoke density measures the concentration of particles in diesel exhaust and is an important indicator of air quality and health impacts. The Bosch smoke meter is a common tool that uses a filter paper to capture exhaust particles from a sampling pump and then measures the darkness of the filter, assigning a Bosch number rating from 0-9.9. Maintaining engines and using cleaner fuels and filters can help reduce smoke emissions and density.
Presentation on stack monitoring for industriesSony Madaan
This document provides an overview of stack emission monitoring for various industries. It discusses the importance of stack monitoring for thermal power plants, fertilizer industries, oil refineries, and petrochemical industries. The key pollutants emitted from each industry are identified along with the parameters and frequency of monitoring at the stack level. The objectives of stack monitoring are to minimize air emissions, ensure high quality ambient air quality data, verify an emissions control strategy is in place, and monitor air emissions and ambient air quality.
emission measuring equipment for CO2,CO & HCvinod Sangode
The Orsat gas analyzer uses a series of absorption bulbs containing different solutions to measure the concentrations of CO2, O2, CO, and nitrogen in flue gas samples. The flue gas is first drawn into a water-filled burette and its initial volume is recorded. It is then passed through different absorption bulbs where specific gases are absorbed. The volume of gas remaining after each absorption step provides the volume of the gas absorbed, allowing calculation of its concentration in the original sample.
Costs for CO2 capture in cement manufacture - Duncan Barker, Mott MacDonaldGlobal CCS Institute
The document summarizes information from a presentation given by Duncan Barker on costs for CO2 capture in cement manufacture. It provides background on different CO2 capture technologies for cement plants, including post-combustion and oxy-combustion capture. It also shares cost data from previous studies on retrofitting and new-build cement plants with CO2 capture, which found total costs ranging from €46-107 per tonne of CO2 avoided. The challenges of accurately estimating CO2 capture costs for the cement industry are discussed.
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2013 CCS Roadmap report:
- CCS could contribute 14% of emissions reductions between 2015-2050 compared to business as usual and is critical for low-carbon energy.
- Individual CCS technologies are well understood but large-scale demonstration projects integrating them remain a challenge.
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- 45% of captured CO2 from CCS could come from industrial applications between 2015-2050.
Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced through gasification processes. It can be used directly as fuel or to synthesize other fuels and chemicals. The main industrial processes for syngas production are steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation involves reacting hydrocarbons with oxygen without steam, producing syngas at lower costs but higher temperatures than steam reforming. Catalytic partial oxidation uses catalysts to control the reaction and reduce heat generation. Research continues to improve catalyst heat resistance and prevent coking while reducing costs of syngas production.
Low-grade fuel to high-quality energy by gasificationIlkka Hannula
Talk held at the International Conference on Thermochemical Conversion Science in 2013. It covers past and current development activities in the field of biomass and waste gasification
Simulation of Combustion Process with Delayed Entry Technique Using Discrete ...AM Publications
This document describes a simulation of the combustion process in a hydrogen-fueled engine using a delayed entry technique with a discrete approach. The simulation models the suction and compression processes. Key findings include that the simulation calculates pressure and temperature at the end of combustion and estimates the engine efficiency to be 47.6% compared to an ideal cycle efficiency of 64.32%. The delayed entry technique allows for safe and backfire-free operation of the hydrogen engine.
This document describes the design, development, and analysis of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system for a compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled spark ignition engine. The EGR system was tested on a 3-cylinder gasoline engine at different EGR percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). EGR reduced oxides of nitrogen emissions by 45-90% but increased carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon emissions. CNG with EGR produced lower emissions than gasoline with EGR. The EGR system improved engine performance and reduced fuel consumption, making it an efficient and eco-friendly technology for controlling emissions.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
The document discusses coal gasification and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. Key points:
- IGCC power plants use coal gasification followed by a gas turbine and steam turbine process to achieve net efficiencies over 55% and allow for easier CO2 separation than conventional coal plants.
- Germany has invested over 400 million euros in over 100 projects on gasification technology over the past 30 years to further develop IGCC technology and make it more cost-effective.
- IGCC power plants have significantly higher efficiencies and lower emissions than conventional coal plants. Research aims to further increase efficiencies and reduce costs to make IGCC competitive with other low-CO2 power generation options.
Fuel conversion hot mix Plant FO to LPG SoorajThakur3
Lisa Engineering converted their existing oil-burning hot mix system to LPG to reduce pollution and increase efficiency. Their 60-ton system previously used furnace oil at a cost of Rs. 1,050,000 per month. After converting to LPG, their fuel consumption decreased to 3.5 kg/hr and their monthly fuel costs reduced to Rs. 2,625,000, saving Rs. 525,000 per month. The conversion included installing an LPG pipeline and tank system along with associated safety and pressure regulation equipment.
Anup.Shepati_1B.pdf green hydrogen storage and productionmoazrezk507
This document discusses green hydrogen storage and transportation. It begins with an introduction to green hydrogen and the history of hydrogen usage. It then discusses the different colors of hydrogen production methods and outlines the ecosystem required to maintain green hydrogen's status. The document identifies challenges around hydrogen storage, transportation, and safety. It provides examples of INOX's liquid hydrogen equipment offerings and applications. In closing, it outlines the status of INOX's development of a liquid hydrogen fueling station.
The Uhde STAR process produces propylene and butylenes from liquefied petroleum gas feedstocks through dehydrogenation reactions. It uses a tubular fixed-bed reactor connected in series with an adiabatic oxyreactor to selectively convert hydrogen and further dehydrogenate the feed over noble metal catalysts. The process operates at 500-600°C and 4-6 bar to yield high-purity olefin products and hydrogen byproduct. It has been commercialized for isobutylene production and over 60 Uhde reformers and 25 secondary reformers have been built worldwide.
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integrationIlkka Hannula
This document discusses integrating biomass gasification with methanol and olefin production. It examines heat and equipment integration between the steps. Gasification of biomass via fluidized bed yields syngas for methanol synthesis. Integrating heat recovery and sharing equipment reduces total capital investment by 7.5-8.2% and decreases the cost of methanol production. Converting methanol to olefins via MTO is also analyzed. Equipment sharing between MTO and olefin separation further decreases capital costs by 53% and the cost of light olefin production by 21%. Overall, integration enables a 20% reduction in total capital investment and lowers production costs across the two conversion steps.
Digital Simulation of Suction Process with Delayed Entry Technique and Compre...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing world wide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to
an intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy
will almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean
burning and easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically
disappear with Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction
and Compression Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry
Technique. A four stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to
carrying out of investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry
Valve. This work discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to
cylinder, which after combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and
conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and
the possibilities of performing numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger
interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-todistant
future. A computer Programme is developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter
considered in computation includes engine speed, compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The
results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
Biomass Gasification Overview - Ilkka HannulaEBAconference
The document discusses biomass gasification technology. It provides an overview of biomass and waste gasification applications for boilers, kilns, and fuels/chemicals production. Examples are given of existing biomass gasification plants in Europe and research and development needs to improve process efficiency and syngas cleaning. Cost estimates are provided for potential large-scale production of methanol, DME, and other fuels via fluidized-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Linde Jubail – Polygeneration of Ammonia & Industrial Gases.The Linde Group
Case study Advanced Plant Control. The production of syngas and ammonia (NH3) in the same plant offers operators certain synergy effects. Polygeneration creates not only economies of scale but also increases operational flexibility.
Klemens Wawrzinek, Fernando Rivera
Nitrogen + Syngas 2018
February 28, 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden
Short version
LIQUID AIR LIQUID NITROGEN AS ENERGY VECTORS Cold economy laes server centers...Steve Wittrig
1. The document proposes recycling waste cold from LNG re-gasification terminals to produce liquid air or nitrogen as an energy vector. This would decouple cold production from consumption and allow the waste cold to be transported and used on demand for cooling applications like refrigerated vehicles.
2. Producing liquid air from LNG waste cold could support over half a million refrigerated vehicles in the EU by 2020, reducing their emissions and costs. A Dearman engine powered by liquid air could provide zero-emission cooling and power.
3. Recycling the waste cold in this way could generate €2.7 billion in economic value annually by 2020 in Europe alone, by raising the value of imported LNG by
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2. Sulfur
1384 ppm
Carbon
Monoxide
5000 ppm
Oxygen
1%
Sooty
burn
Sulfur
-0- ppm
CO
-0- ppm
Oxygen
6%
HNG clean
burn
Sulfur
lowered to
0.02ppm
Carbon
monoxide
0.0 ppm
Burning diesel with HNGBurning diesel only - no HNG
Confidential, Patent & Copyright All Rights Reserved and protected to full legal extent.
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- Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo, Sweden - 2013-06-18 – Page 2 of 24
GRAPHICAL SUMMARY OF THE TEST RESULTS
“According to our professional experience we have never seen results
like this before” – joint comment by Lars Månsson and Olof Sten
Test and results are witnessed and verified by Lars Månsson, CEO at
the accredited laboratory Metlab AB and Olof Sten, CEO Palgo AB.
The company Metlab AB-
One of Sweden’s leading air consultant laboratories with
accreditation for the most frequently measured parameters.
The company Palgo AB-
Specializes in smoke gas air analysis and combustion monitoring
Lars Månsson
CEO-MetLab AB
www.metlab.se
Olof Sten
CEO-Palgo AB
www.palgo.se
ppm = parts per million
Scale
1384
Scale
5000
Scale
100%
3. SO2 – Sulfur
Burning only with Diesel…...........................1384.0 ppm
Burning with HNG and Diesel............................0.2 ppm
Difference (close to eliminated) -1383.8 ppm
CO – Carbon monoxide
Burning only with Diesel - over measure limit 5000.0 ppm
Burning with HNG and Diesel..............................0,0 ppm
Difference (eliminated) -5000.0 ppm
Oxygen – O2
Burning only with Diesel......................................0.6 %
Burning with HNG and Diesel...............................6.0 %
Difference (oxygen regained) +5.4 %
ppm = parts per million
The test values shown in the column below, are
reduced in the dry and wet phase of the HNG
scrubber system. These reduced values are
measured with an electronic water instrument.
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
Burning only with Diesel........................................6,0 %
Burning with HNG and Diesel............................... .8,0 %
Difference (reduced in dry and wet phases) 2,0 %
Nitric Oxide NO
Burning only with Diesel.....................................61,0 ppm
Burning with HNG and Diesel..............................80,0 ppm
Difference (reduced in dry and wet phases) 19,0 ppm
Energy efficiency
The measuring of the temperature for energy efficiency
shows an increase by nearly 100%
Cost of HNG production
The fuel used to generate the needed HNG gas is within
10% of totally used fuel in the burner.
The HNG - scrubber system consist of three phases: 1) Hot scrubber = HNG injected in the burner. 2) Dry
scrubber = HNG injected in the chimney. 3) Wet scrubber = HNG injected in a water chamber
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SUMMARY OF THE HNG TEST RESULTS:
4. 4
NEUTRALIZATION OF SULFUR (SO2)
The result of this report shows such remarkable data that it creates a first line of questions
Question: According to the measurement the sulfur (SO2) disappears. Where does it go?
Answer: The initial report by the Stockholm University infrared spectrometer shows no sulfur, but presence of
ethylene which can be used as a fuel component. The conclusion is that sulfur breaks up and binds to a
molecular structure related to ethylene. No harmful acid appears. No significant decrease of Ph-value.
POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE
Question: Is the energy needed to produce HNG gas reasonable in relation to its emission and energy performance?
Answer: The HNG gas is a reactive gas, not intended to be used as an energy carrier. When the HNG gas is injected
in the diesel fuel (hydro carbon), it quickly frees the hydrogen bond in the fuel. Only a very small amount of
the HNG gas is needed to gain a very efficient burning process. This results in a net gain in energy efficiency
between 10-30%. This means a positive energy balance between the cost of HNG gas production and the
total energy efficiency gain.
CONCLUSION
The answer to the questions above gives the reader of this report the possibility to imagine the great consequences for
the global climate, when the HNG technology will be implemented. A rapid transformation to a clean energy use for a
sustainable future that can start now.
An upcoming report on science and research will in more detail explain the future of this technology.
Answers to two highly important questions
that will arise when reading this Verification Report
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5. The diesel oil
flame with no
gas:
Result:
Sooty toxic
emissions
Picture from the HNG hot scrubber burner verification process
The results
from the
insertion of
a thin 1 cm
HNG gas
flame
Result:
Bright
clean hot
flame
The verification of the HNG hot scrubber process
1 cm
Conclusion: these pictures show that the hot scrubber function cleans up the burnings and creates a hot, bright
flame with no visible emissions. It also shows that the use of fossil fuel can be climate neutral.
HNG gasDiesel HNG with Diesel
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6. Maximum temperature from
diesel flame on a metal plate
139 C
The temperature increases by
100% from burning a mixture
of diesel and HNG flame. 272 C
Diesel flame
only
Heating plate
Laser Temperature
Reader139 C
HNG with diesel
flame
Heating plate
Laser Temperature
Reader 272 C
The HNG gas is a reactive gas, not intended to be used as an energy carrier. When the HNG gas is
injected in the diesel fuel (hydro carbon), it quickly frees the hydrogen bond in the fuel. Only a very small
amount of the HNG gas is needed to gain a very efficient burning process. This results in a net gain in
energy efficiency between 10-30%. This means a positive energy balance between the cost of HNG gas
production and the total energy efficiency gain.
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7. O2
Oxygen
CO
Carbon
monoxide
NOx
Nitric
Oxide
CO2
Carbon
dioxide
The graph below shows which gases we are measuring and the results
SO2
Sulfur
Dioxide
(Click on each gas for a definition)
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HNG HOT SCRUBBER
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Time
8. No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
O2
Oxygen
%
CO
Carbon
Monoxide
ppm
NOx
Nitric
Oxide
ppm
CO2
Carbon
dioxide
%
HNG HOT SCRUBBER –
SO2
Sulfur
Dioxide
ppm
(click each gas to go directly to the analysis page specific to that gas)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Phases
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ppm = parts per million
These graphs give an overview of all gases measured
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Time
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
9. No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
CO
Carbon
Monoxide
ppm
HNG HOT SCRUBBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Phases
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- Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo, Sweden - 2013-06-18 – Page 9 of 24
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Time
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
This graph shows the maximum value that the instrument can measure is 5000 ppm. When the values of
carbon monoxide (CO) exceeds 5000 ppm, this graph can only show 5000 ppm, even though the measured
values exceeds this level. With the insertion of the HNG gas in phase three this harmful carbon monoxide gas
(CO) is totally eliminated.
BackArrows indicate the ppm were over the 5000 ppm
capacity of the measurement equipment to measure
10. No fire
The sulfur dioxide (SO2) is totally eliminated. This is achieved in the hot phase of the HNG scrubber process.
The result also, thanks to the highly reactive properties of HNG, produces greater energy efficiency of the fuel.
Back
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HNG HOT SCRUBBER
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Time
SO2
Sulfur
Dioxide
ppm
No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
11. No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
O2
Oxygen
%
HNG HOT SCRUBBER –
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Phases
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Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
Time
This graph shows oxygen values actually increased at phase 3 of the test. It shows that HNG gas
has its own oxygen and therefore requires less oxygen from external air, while at the same time
increasing the heat of the flame.
Back
12. No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
NOx
Nitric
Oxide
ppm
HNG HOT SCRUBBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Phases
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Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
This graph shows nitric oxide (NOx) at the point of stabilization in phase 3 an increase of between 20 and 30
ppm. The NOx will be neutralized in the 2nd and 3rd phases in the dry and wet scrubber process.
Time
Back
13. No
fire
HNG
inserted
HNG
inserted
CO2
Carbon
dioxide
%
HNG HOT SCRUBBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Phases
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Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
Diesel
only
HNG
inserted
Diesel
only
No
fire
Time
Carbon dioxide (CO2) shows a slight increase of 3 % once the HNG gas is introduced and the burning is
stabilized in phase 3. These HNG scrubber dry and wet processes makes it possible for an easy and
harmless assimilation of the catalyzed CO2 in nature.
Back
14. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
The testing
facilities
Horiba analyzers are state of the art
standard equipment used by accredited
inspectors to check that the emissions
are within legal standard value from
power plants and other emission
outlets.
An overview of the HydroAtomic laboratory
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15. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
The testing
facilities
These series of instruments measure
the pressure of the gas as it flows
from the generator to the various
burners on the laboratory table.
An overview of the HydroAtomic laboratory
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- HydroAtomic-Institute - HydroInfra Technologies AB Sweden
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16. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
The gas is sucked through this tube
from the chimney into the analyzer.
This is a real chimney scaled model.
The smoke is running through the
chimney in a similar way that the
full scale chimney operates.
The diesel is burned with smoke
directly fed into the chimney.
The diesel flame is burning around
the HNG gas injector.
Test 1) The diesel is burned with the gas off.
Test 2) The diesel is burned with the gas on.
The testing
procedures
An overview of the HydroAtomic
laboratory
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17. THE VERIFICATION PROCEDURE
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
18. The verification procedure took place in the
HydroInfra/HydroAtomic Institute laboratory on May
30, 2013 in the presence of:
•Olof Sten, CEO of Palgo AB, specialized in smoke gas
air analysis and combusting monitoring.
•Lars Månsson, CEO of Metlab AB, one of Sweden’s
leading air consultant laboratories with accreditation for
most frequent measurement parameters.
PICTURE FROM THE VERIFICATION PROCESS
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19. Picture of the accredited Horiba measurement instrument with Olof Sten CEO of Palgo AB
This particular equipment was used during the verification process.
The accredited test instruments
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20. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
HydroInfra Technologies AB Sweden - Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo,
Sweden - 2013-06-18 - Page 1 of 22 1
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PALGO AB – Company Profile
PALGO is an engineering and marketing company specialised in Stack Gas Analysis and Occupational
Health and Environmental Monitoring. The company was formed in 1983 and is operating from it’s
headquarter in
Arlöv (4 km north of Malmö) in south Sweden. Today the company has 5 employees including technically
highly educated and skilled sales, service, engineering/production staff and administrative personnel.
PALGO represent several world leading companies with outstanding products for Advanced Analysing
Technique. We are one of the leading Scandinavian suppliers of Monitoring Systems including
measurement of HCl, NH3, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, N2O, SO2, Hg, VOC, O2, H2O , sampling pumps, gas
detectors, airborne particulate monitoring, heat stress monitors, automatic weather stations, etc. PALGO
has application knowledge and knowledge of local legislation and procedures with reference to emission
and we have long and deep experience in System Integration, Sample Handling and conditioning. PALGO
handles commissioning, installation, training and service of all equipment. Maintenance and supply of
spare parts to a lot of advanced analysers supplied by PALGO during many years, is included in our daily
routine.
(Continued…)
The measurement company presentations
Palgo AB
21. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
HydroInfra Technologies AB Sweden - Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo,
Sweden - 2013-06-18 - Page 1 of 22 1
Among the suppliers we represent are:
Environnement SA , DURAG Group, HORIBA , CASELLA Limited, Detector OY, M&C Products, Enotec GmbH, Rbr
Messtechnik GmbH, Fresenius Umwelttechnik GmbH
PALGO has customers in a large part of the Swedish and Danish Power Industry. These are some of the larger
customers:
- Power Plant builders (Alstom Power AB, Babcock and Wilcox Völund, KMV Energi etc)
- Power Plant operators (Fortum, Sydkraft, Vattenfall, Elsam etc)
- Chemical Waste Incinerators (SAKAB, Kommunekemi, EKOKEM etc)
- Waste Incinerators (SYSAV, Hässleholm, Ljungby, Sundsvall, Linköping, I/S Vestforbrandning, Fynsverket etc)
- Industry (Volvo, SSAB, AstraZeneca etc)
The relationship with all our suppliers and customers is excellent and based
upon:
Long-lasting mutual trust, respect and understanding
.
Intensive and continuous exchange of knowledge and information
.
Joint Product promotion and Marketing Development
The deep and specialised knowledge of instrumentation and advanced
analysers makes PALGO a reliable and qualified partner also in the future.
PALGO AB
Hammarvägen 1
SE232 37 Arlöv, Sweden
Phone +46 40 664 2850
Fax +46 40 611 0222
E-mail info@palgo.se
Web-site www.palgo.se
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22. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
HydroInfra Technologies AB Sweden - Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo,
Sweden - 2013-06-18 - Page 1 of 22 1
The measurement company presentations
Metlab AB
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METLAB was founded by Bo Månsson in 1965 as the very first consultant company specialised in the field of emission
measurements and is today one of Sweden´s leading air consultant laboratories with accreditation for most frequent
measurement parameters, such as stack sampling of dust, micro-organic pollutants (dioxins etc), metals (mercury
etc), vapour of HCl, HF, SO2, SO3, NH3 etc, gas analysis (O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, VOC), gas flow and temperature.
Besides emission measurements METLAB offers a number of other consultant services in the environmental field.
METLAB is also the leading manufacturer of Stack Sampling Equipment in Scandinavia including pitot tubes and
suction pyrometers. (continued…)
Head Office
Enköping
METLAB miljö AB
Box 2
SE-745 21 Enköping
Tel: +46 (0)171 85860
info@metlab.se
Branch Office
Falun
METLAB miljö AB
Box 1487
SE-791 14 Falun
Tel: +46 (0)23 790173
falun@metlab.se
Branch Office
Skelleftehamn
METLAB miljö AB
Box 24
SE-932 21 Skelleftehamn
Tel: +46 (0)910 739 025
skelleftehamn@metlab.se
23. Confidential & Copyright All Rights Reserved - HydroAtomic-Institute -
HydroInfra Technologies AB Sweden - Position 1146, 18123 Lidingo,
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METLAB offers enviromental consultant services from three locations in Sweden: Enköping, Falun and
Skelleftehamn. The main business is emission measurements by the accredited test laboratories. A variety
of other environmental consultant services is also offered (see examples below)
Emission Measurements
•Emission measurements with reference methods (CEN/TC 264)
•Emission limit value compliance assessment
•Acceptance tests measurements (proof of guarantee) on energy plants and gas cleaning equipment
•Process optimization measurements
•Permit measurements
•QAL2 calibration measurements of CEMS
•AST calibration control measurements
•Measurements for checking CEMS
•Comparable measurements according to Swedish NFS 2004:6 (NOx)
•O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, N2O, TOC
•HCl, HF, SO2, NH3
•Hg, Cd+Tl and Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V
•Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF), PAH, PCB-WHO
•Dust/Particulate matter
•Particle size distribution PM1/PM2,5/PM10
•Gas velocity, gas flow, water content, temperature
•Fire room temperature, residence time determination
•Continuous Hg flue gas analysis (Semtech gas analyzer)
•List of accredited measurement methods
•Residence time measurements on waste incineration plants
The measurement company presentations
Metlab AB
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24. Oxygen (O2))
Back
.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of
the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust,
two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large
amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as
fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by
heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).
Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements.
It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of combustion. Impurities in
molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high pressure oxygen to produce steel.
Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene (C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used
for welding. Liquid oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket
fuel. Ozone (O3) forms a thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from
the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of
organic compounds.
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 4.61×105 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 8.57×105 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 3 (ccView all isotope data)
Ionization Energy: 13.618 eV
Oxidation States: -2
Electron Shell Configuration:
1s2
2s2 2p4
Reference :
The definition of the various gases analyzed.
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http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html
25. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Back
Carbon Monoxide (also known as CO) is a colourless, odourless poisonous gas and is a
common yet preventable cause of death from poisoning worldwide. Approximately half of
the deaths from unintentional CO poisonings result from the inhalation of smoke from fires.
Other significant causes are vehicle exhausts and deaths in industrial / commercial settings.
On average between 1 and 2 people die each year in Ireland from unintentional CO
poisoning in the home in incidents related to domestic heating or other fossil fuel
installations in the home (i.e. excluding the inhalation of smoke from fires).
The incomplete combustion of organic fossil fuels such as oil, gas or coal is a common
environmental source of CO and is responsible for many cases of non-fatal unintentional CO
poisoning.
In normal conditions the combustion process (the addition of oxygen) will result in carbon in
the fossil fuel, combining with oxygen, in the air, to produce Carbon Dioxide (CO2), the
same substance we exhale when we breathe.
However, if there is a lack of air for the combustion process or the heating appliance is
faulty, Carbon Monoxide can be produced.
When CO is inhaled into the body it combines with the blood, preventing it from absorbing
oxygen. If a person is exposed to CO over a period, it can cause illness and even death.
Carbon Monoxide has no smell, taste or colour. This is why it is sometimes called the "Silent
Killer".
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http://www.carbonmonoxide.ie/htm/whatis.htmReference:
26. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Back
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gasses known as “oxides of
sulfur.” The largest sources of SO2 emissions are from fossil fuel combustion at power
plants (73%) and other industrial facilities (20%). Smaller sources of SO2emissions
include industrial processes such as extracting metal from ore, and the burning of high
sulfur containing fuels by locomotives, large ships, and non-road equipment. SO2 is
linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system.
Sulfur dioxide can cause acid rain that seriously affects ecosystems. Acid rain is a major
problem in the northern hemisphere, where trees and whole forests have been affected.
Sulfur dioxide deposition can affect vegetation around industrial discharges and in cities.
Lichens are good bio-indicators of pollution and do not like to grow where there is
sulphur dioxide in the air.
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http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/air/breathe/sulphur-dioxide.htmlReference:
27. Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
Back
Carbon dioxide, (CO2), a colourless gas having a faint, sharp odour and a sour taste; it is a minor component
of Earth’s atmosphere (about 3 volumes in 10,000), formed in combustion of carbon-containing materials, in
fermentation, and in respiration of animals and employed by plants in the photosynthesis of carbohydrates.
The presence of the gas in the atmosphere keeps some of the radiant energy received by Earth from being
returned to space, thus producing the so-called greenhouse effect. Industrially, it is recovered for numerous
diverse applications from flue gases, as a by-product of the preparation of hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia,
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http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/94900/carbon-dioxideReference:
28. NOx
Back
NOx is a generic term for mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 (nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide). They are produced from the reaction
of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air during combustion, especially
at high temperatures. In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in
large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere
as air pollution can be significant.
Nox gases are formed everywhere where there is combustion – like in
an engine. In atmospheric chemistry, the term means the total
concentration of NO and NO2. NOx react to form smog and acid rain.
NOx are also central to the formation of tropospheric ozone.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOxReference:
29. END OF PRESENTATION
HydroInfra Technologies stc AB
HydroAtomic Institute
Position 1146
Stockholmsvägen 33
181 33 Lidingö
Sweden
www.HydroInfra.com
29
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