HLEG thematic workshop on Economic Insecurity, 4 March 2016, New York, United States. More information at: http://oecd/hleg-workshop-on-economic-insecurity-2016
Slides for video chapter11 a measuring the cost of living 2 19Sue Guzek
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the overall cost of goods and services purchased by a typical consumer. It is an important gauge for measuring inflation rates over time. The CPI basket includes categories like food, housing, transportation, medical care, recreation, and others. It is calculated by fixing the basket of goods, finding current prices, computing values, choosing a base year, and then computing price changes as a percentage from the base year. While the CPI is a key economic indicator, it has limitations like substitution bias and an inability to measure quality changes in goods.
The document summarizes the estimated costs of living in Minneapolis for two attorneys, Hasan Siddiqui and Wayne Lin, who will be sharing an apartment. It outlines their salaries, taxes, savings, housing costs, healthcare costs, transportation costs, utility costs, food budgets, and extracurricular spending. Their total estimated annual costs are between $30,000-$40,000 each.
Measuring the Cost of Living - computing for CPI and Inflation (SS 113)Arvin Maruya
SS 113 (Economic Planning and Strategy) report on measuring the cost of livingg.
Additional References:
N. Gregory Mankiw's Principles of Macroeconomics.
N. Gregory Mankiw's PPT slides for Principles of Macroeconomics.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by typical consumers. Statistics BD identifies a market basket of commonly purchased items and surveys prices to calculate the CPI, which tracks costs over time. The CPI is used to calculate inflation rates by comparing costs in the current period to a base year. While useful, the CPI has limitations as it does not account for substitutions, new products, or quality changes that affect consumers' actual cost of living. Economic data can be adjusted for inflation effects by using price indexes to convert nominal values into real terms.
The consumer price index (CPI) measures the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to the base year, and is used to calculate the inflation rate. The CPI imperfectly measures cost of living due to substitution bias, new products, and quality changes unaccounted for. It tends to overstate inflation by about 1% annually. The GDP deflator differs in including all goods and services produced rather than consumed, and automatically adjusting its basket over time. Price indexes are needed to correct dollar figures for inflation effects over different time periods.
The main gdp drivers of bangladesh & the impact of the covid 19 pandemic on t...LamisaFaria
The main GDP drivers of Bangladesh are agriculture, industry, and services. The Covid-19 pandemic is estimated to reduce Bangladesh's GDP growth rate in 2020 to 2% from the projected 8.2% due to lockdowns. Key sectors like ready-made garments, exports, and remittances have been negatively impacted. The pandemic has increased poverty and unemployment in Bangladesh as the economy struggles to recover.
The document discusses various measures of inflation and cost of living. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the cost of typical household purchases and is used to track inflation. However, the CPI has limitations and may overstate inflation by about 1% annually due to substitution effects, new products, and unmeasured quality changes. The GDP deflator similarly measures price changes but for all goods and services produced rather than consumed. Price indexes are necessary to correct dollar amounts for inflation when making comparisons over time or calculating real interest rates.
GDP is one of the key measures of a nation’s economic performance. This DataPost outlines the components of GDP and places these components within the context of recent values published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Slides for video chapter11 a measuring the cost of living 2 19Sue Guzek
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the overall cost of goods and services purchased by a typical consumer. It is an important gauge for measuring inflation rates over time. The CPI basket includes categories like food, housing, transportation, medical care, recreation, and others. It is calculated by fixing the basket of goods, finding current prices, computing values, choosing a base year, and then computing price changes as a percentage from the base year. While the CPI is a key economic indicator, it has limitations like substitution bias and an inability to measure quality changes in goods.
The document summarizes the estimated costs of living in Minneapolis for two attorneys, Hasan Siddiqui and Wayne Lin, who will be sharing an apartment. It outlines their salaries, taxes, savings, housing costs, healthcare costs, transportation costs, utility costs, food budgets, and extracurricular spending. Their total estimated annual costs are between $30,000-$40,000 each.
Measuring the Cost of Living - computing for CPI and Inflation (SS 113)Arvin Maruya
SS 113 (Economic Planning and Strategy) report on measuring the cost of livingg.
Additional References:
N. Gregory Mankiw's Principles of Macroeconomics.
N. Gregory Mankiw's PPT slides for Principles of Macroeconomics.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by typical consumers. Statistics BD identifies a market basket of commonly purchased items and surveys prices to calculate the CPI, which tracks costs over time. The CPI is used to calculate inflation rates by comparing costs in the current period to a base year. While useful, the CPI has limitations as it does not account for substitutions, new products, or quality changes that affect consumers' actual cost of living. Economic data can be adjusted for inflation effects by using price indexes to convert nominal values into real terms.
The consumer price index (CPI) measures the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to the base year, and is used to calculate the inflation rate. The CPI imperfectly measures cost of living due to substitution bias, new products, and quality changes unaccounted for. It tends to overstate inflation by about 1% annually. The GDP deflator differs in including all goods and services produced rather than consumed, and automatically adjusting its basket over time. Price indexes are needed to correct dollar figures for inflation effects over different time periods.
The main gdp drivers of bangladesh & the impact of the covid 19 pandemic on t...LamisaFaria
The main GDP drivers of Bangladesh are agriculture, industry, and services. The Covid-19 pandemic is estimated to reduce Bangladesh's GDP growth rate in 2020 to 2% from the projected 8.2% due to lockdowns. Key sectors like ready-made garments, exports, and remittances have been negatively impacted. The pandemic has increased poverty and unemployment in Bangladesh as the economy struggles to recover.
The document discusses various measures of inflation and cost of living. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the cost of typical household purchases and is used to track inflation. However, the CPI has limitations and may overstate inflation by about 1% annually due to substitution effects, new products, and unmeasured quality changes. The GDP deflator similarly measures price changes but for all goods and services produced rather than consumed. Price indexes are necessary to correct dollar amounts for inflation when making comparisons over time or calculating real interest rates.
GDP is one of the key measures of a nation’s economic performance. This DataPost outlines the components of GDP and places these components within the context of recent values published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Inflation in Pakistan has been high in recent years, peaking at over 13% in 2010 due to factors like declining economic growth, higher global commodity prices, and domestic instability. The government's inflation target is 5% and it aims to reduce inflation through monetary and fiscal policies. Measures taken from 2000-2008 successfully reduced inflation below 5%, but recent floods and global factors have increased inflation. Current challenges include stabilizing prices while addressing Pakistan's economic development needs over the long term.
What is inflation?
What is a Consumer Price Index?
What is the price mechanism?
What three roles do prices play?
Which two categories is left out of the core inflation rate?
Is any increase in prices inflationary?
Factors of permanent income and effects over consumption in pakistan (1973 2013)Alexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence permanent income and their effects on consumption in Pakistan from 1973 to 2013. It summarizes various theories of consumption, including Keynes' theory that consumption increases but at a lower rate than income. It also discusses Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, which argues that consumption is based on permanent rather than transitory income.
The study aims to determine the long-run and short-run effects of different income indicators on Pakistan's consumption function, using annual time series data from 1973 to 2013. These indicators include gross value added, gross national expenditure, total reserves, and natural resources. Preliminary tests show evidence of long-run relationships between consumption and the selected variables. Error correction modeling also indicates slow adjustment
This document defines key economic terms and concepts related to market failure, macroeconomics, unemployment, inflation, and the Phillips curve. It provides real world examples to illustrate positive and negative externalities, different types of GDP, aggregate demand and supply components, unemployment rates, and causes of inflation. Diagrams are included to explain the inflationary and deflationary gaps, multiplier effect, accelerator, and short-run versus long-run Phillips curve. In summary, the document outlines essential microeconomics and macroeconomics terminology.
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of this paper was to establish the economic determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. The results showed that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This paper recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors.
This document discusses the relationship between GDP and consumption in Nepal. It finds that consumption is the single most important component of calculating GDP, making up more than 50% of GDP calculations in most countries. GDP and consumption are positively correlated, as a rise in consumption leads to a corresponding rise in GDP. The study analyzes data from Nepal from 1975 to 2011, finding a highly significant relationship between GDP and consumption, with consumption explaining 99.6% of the variation in GDP. It concludes that consumption fully depends on and increases with the level of GDP in Nepal.
Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When inflation occurs, each unit of currency can purchase fewer goods and services as prices rise. This represents a decline in the real value of money. Inflation indicators like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI) are used to measure inflation by tracking the price changes of fixed baskets of consumer and wholesale goods. Main causes of inflation in Pakistan include loose monetary policies, depreciation of the Pakistani rupee, demand for non-development expenditures, and frequent price adjustments in administered goods like fuel and electricity. The State Bank of Pakistan uses monetary policy tools
Market growth has come despite trade wars between the United States and other trade partners, particularly China. Stocks propelled forward in July due to favorable economic indicators and encouraging corporate earnings reports.
Consumer prices in the US rose 1.4% in January compared to a year ago, showing signs of accelerating inflation. While rising costs for housing and healthcare were offset by lower oil prices, core inflation excluding food and energy rose 0.3% for the month and 2.2% over the last year. The Federal Reserve is monitoring inflation closely as it aims for a target of 2% annual inflation. While lower gas prices and a strong dollar have kept inflation down, housing costs continue to rise steadily. The report suggests inflation may be picking up gradually in line with the Fed's goals.
Mary Daly
President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
National Bureau of Economic Research Wage Dynamics in the 21st Century Conference Spring 2021
This document discusses different types of inflation. It defines inflation as a general rise in prices over time. Inflation can be categorized based on its degree of control, rate of employment, or causes. The main types discussed are demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and markup inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand increases faster than supply, leading sellers to raise prices. Cost-push inflation happens when costs of production rise, forcing companies to pass those costs to consumers through higher prices. Markup inflation involves companies and workers increasing prices to maintain profit margins.
Keith W. Maxwell of Spark Energy, joins McCombs Finance Professor Jay Hartzell, Craig Cordola, CEO of Memorial Hermann Hospital -Texas Medical Center in Houston, and Greg Peters, CEO of Zillant, to take a look ahead at not just the national economy as a whole, but also at the state of Texas.
The U.S. is now the world's largest producer of hydrocarbons, because technology has enabled us to produce “tight” oil, or shale oil, Maxwell said.
The government has decided to stop releasing weekly food inflation data and instead release monthly headline inflation data. The weekly data previously contained information on primary food articles, fuel and power. The monthly data is now in line with global standards, using 2004-05 as the base year. The new monthly report includes 676 items, compared to 435 previously. It was found that weekly reports were prone to statistical noise and sometimes provided a misleading picture of inflation.
The document provides economic indicators and data for the Eurozone, US, and UK:
1. For the Eurozone, German retail sales grew 0.2% month-over-month in February, rebounding from a 0.4% decline previously. Eurozone core inflation held steady at 0.8% year-over-year in February. GDP grew 0.3% quarter-over-quarter and 1.6% year-over-year in the fourth quarter.
2. In the US, core PCE inflation was up 0.1% month-over-month and 1.7% year-over-year in February. Personal spending increased 0.5% in February after being flat
The document discusses macroeconomic policies used by governments to influence aggregate demand and supply. It explains that fiscal policy involves varying public expenditure and taxation to manage demand, while monetary policy changes interest rates and the money supply. Expansionary policies boost demand during recessions by cutting taxes or lowering interest rates. Contractionary policies reduce demand to curb inflation by raising taxes or interest rates. The document also discusses supply-side policies aimed at boosting productivity through incentives, education, deregulation, and other measures.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
This document discusses inflation in India, including defining different types of inflation rates and causes of inflation. It outlines how inflation is measured in India using the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index. The document then analyzes current factors contributing to low inflation rates in India, such as falling international crude oil prices and lower food price increases. It also discusses potential consequences and sustainability issues regarding India's recent achievement of near-zero inflation rates.
This document discusses research on the relationship between poverty, inequality, and economic growth in India. It provides a literature review on studies of poverty in India and the relationship between income levels and welfare indicators like health and education. The document then examines the evolution of poverty reduction policies in India since independence, including a shift from trickle-down to direct anti-poverty programs. It aims to reconcile high economic growth rates in India with persistent poverty and inequality by analyzing panel data on growth, poverty, and inequality across Indian states.
Budget Deficit and Economic Growth in Liberia: An Empirical InvestigationAJHSSR Journal
: This paper investigates the relationship between budget deficits and economic growth in Liberia.
The study employed: the Classical Ordinary Least Squares Technique (OLS); The Augmented Dickey Fuller
(ADF) and Phillip Perron unit root tests for stationarity; the Co-integration test using Engle-Granger Two-Step
procedure (EGTS); and a parsimonious Error Correction Model of the relationship between Budget deficit and
economic growth in Liberia. It is evident from the analysis that there exists a long run relationship between Budget
deficit and economic growth in Liberia. There also exists a positive and significant relationship between Budget
deficit and economic growth in Liberia. Therefore, a 1.0 percent increase in deficits will result in an increase of
approximately 0.42 percent in economic growth in Liberia. The study recommends that government, policy makers
and the monetary authorities should ensure an appropriate mix of monetary and fiscal policies such that would
deliberately and strategically maximize the growth potentials of deficits in Liberia.
JEL Classification : C2, E1, E2, O4, O5
KEYWORDS: Budget Deficit, Economic
Determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This study examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using survey data from 140 households. The Tobit regression model identified several significant determinants of food insecurity. Household size, income, age and education level of the household head, income from remittances/gifts, and ownership of a bank account were found to increase or decrease the likelihood of food insecurity. Policy recommendations include addressing the challenges faced by larger households and improving income generation opportunities to reduce food insecurity.
Inflation in Pakistan has been high in recent years, peaking at over 13% in 2010 due to factors like declining economic growth, higher global commodity prices, and domestic instability. The government's inflation target is 5% and it aims to reduce inflation through monetary and fiscal policies. Measures taken from 2000-2008 successfully reduced inflation below 5%, but recent floods and global factors have increased inflation. Current challenges include stabilizing prices while addressing Pakistan's economic development needs over the long term.
What is inflation?
What is a Consumer Price Index?
What is the price mechanism?
What three roles do prices play?
Which two categories is left out of the core inflation rate?
Is any increase in prices inflationary?
Factors of permanent income and effects over consumption in pakistan (1973 2013)Alexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence permanent income and their effects on consumption in Pakistan from 1973 to 2013. It summarizes various theories of consumption, including Keynes' theory that consumption increases but at a lower rate than income. It also discusses Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, which argues that consumption is based on permanent rather than transitory income.
The study aims to determine the long-run and short-run effects of different income indicators on Pakistan's consumption function, using annual time series data from 1973 to 2013. These indicators include gross value added, gross national expenditure, total reserves, and natural resources. Preliminary tests show evidence of long-run relationships between consumption and the selected variables. Error correction modeling also indicates slow adjustment
This document defines key economic terms and concepts related to market failure, macroeconomics, unemployment, inflation, and the Phillips curve. It provides real world examples to illustrate positive and negative externalities, different types of GDP, aggregate demand and supply components, unemployment rates, and causes of inflation. Diagrams are included to explain the inflationary and deflationary gaps, multiplier effect, accelerator, and short-run versus long-run Phillips curve. In summary, the document outlines essential microeconomics and macroeconomics terminology.
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of this paper was to establish the economic determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. The results showed that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This paper recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors.
This document discusses the relationship between GDP and consumption in Nepal. It finds that consumption is the single most important component of calculating GDP, making up more than 50% of GDP calculations in most countries. GDP and consumption are positively correlated, as a rise in consumption leads to a corresponding rise in GDP. The study analyzes data from Nepal from 1975 to 2011, finding a highly significant relationship between GDP and consumption, with consumption explaining 99.6% of the variation in GDP. It concludes that consumption fully depends on and increases with the level of GDP in Nepal.
Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When inflation occurs, each unit of currency can purchase fewer goods and services as prices rise. This represents a decline in the real value of money. Inflation indicators like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI) are used to measure inflation by tracking the price changes of fixed baskets of consumer and wholesale goods. Main causes of inflation in Pakistan include loose monetary policies, depreciation of the Pakistani rupee, demand for non-development expenditures, and frequent price adjustments in administered goods like fuel and electricity. The State Bank of Pakistan uses monetary policy tools
Market growth has come despite trade wars between the United States and other trade partners, particularly China. Stocks propelled forward in July due to favorable economic indicators and encouraging corporate earnings reports.
Consumer prices in the US rose 1.4% in January compared to a year ago, showing signs of accelerating inflation. While rising costs for housing and healthcare were offset by lower oil prices, core inflation excluding food and energy rose 0.3% for the month and 2.2% over the last year. The Federal Reserve is monitoring inflation closely as it aims for a target of 2% annual inflation. While lower gas prices and a strong dollar have kept inflation down, housing costs continue to rise steadily. The report suggests inflation may be picking up gradually in line with the Fed's goals.
Mary Daly
President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
National Bureau of Economic Research Wage Dynamics in the 21st Century Conference Spring 2021
This document discusses different types of inflation. It defines inflation as a general rise in prices over time. Inflation can be categorized based on its degree of control, rate of employment, or causes. The main types discussed are demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and markup inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand increases faster than supply, leading sellers to raise prices. Cost-push inflation happens when costs of production rise, forcing companies to pass those costs to consumers through higher prices. Markup inflation involves companies and workers increasing prices to maintain profit margins.
Keith W. Maxwell of Spark Energy, joins McCombs Finance Professor Jay Hartzell, Craig Cordola, CEO of Memorial Hermann Hospital -Texas Medical Center in Houston, and Greg Peters, CEO of Zillant, to take a look ahead at not just the national economy as a whole, but also at the state of Texas.
The U.S. is now the world's largest producer of hydrocarbons, because technology has enabled us to produce “tight” oil, or shale oil, Maxwell said.
The government has decided to stop releasing weekly food inflation data and instead release monthly headline inflation data. The weekly data previously contained information on primary food articles, fuel and power. The monthly data is now in line with global standards, using 2004-05 as the base year. The new monthly report includes 676 items, compared to 435 previously. It was found that weekly reports were prone to statistical noise and sometimes provided a misleading picture of inflation.
The document provides economic indicators and data for the Eurozone, US, and UK:
1. For the Eurozone, German retail sales grew 0.2% month-over-month in February, rebounding from a 0.4% decline previously. Eurozone core inflation held steady at 0.8% year-over-year in February. GDP grew 0.3% quarter-over-quarter and 1.6% year-over-year in the fourth quarter.
2. In the US, core PCE inflation was up 0.1% month-over-month and 1.7% year-over-year in February. Personal spending increased 0.5% in February after being flat
The document discusses macroeconomic policies used by governments to influence aggregate demand and supply. It explains that fiscal policy involves varying public expenditure and taxation to manage demand, while monetary policy changes interest rates and the money supply. Expansionary policies boost demand during recessions by cutting taxes or lowering interest rates. Contractionary policies reduce demand to curb inflation by raising taxes or interest rates. The document also discusses supply-side policies aimed at boosting productivity through incentives, education, deregulation, and other measures.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
This document discusses inflation in India, including defining different types of inflation rates and causes of inflation. It outlines how inflation is measured in India using the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index. The document then analyzes current factors contributing to low inflation rates in India, such as falling international crude oil prices and lower food price increases. It also discusses potential consequences and sustainability issues regarding India's recent achievement of near-zero inflation rates.
This document discusses research on the relationship between poverty, inequality, and economic growth in India. It provides a literature review on studies of poverty in India and the relationship between income levels and welfare indicators like health and education. The document then examines the evolution of poverty reduction policies in India since independence, including a shift from trickle-down to direct anti-poverty programs. It aims to reconcile high economic growth rates in India with persistent poverty and inequality by analyzing panel data on growth, poverty, and inequality across Indian states.
Budget Deficit and Economic Growth in Liberia: An Empirical InvestigationAJHSSR Journal
: This paper investigates the relationship between budget deficits and economic growth in Liberia.
The study employed: the Classical Ordinary Least Squares Technique (OLS); The Augmented Dickey Fuller
(ADF) and Phillip Perron unit root tests for stationarity; the Co-integration test using Engle-Granger Two-Step
procedure (EGTS); and a parsimonious Error Correction Model of the relationship between Budget deficit and
economic growth in Liberia. It is evident from the analysis that there exists a long run relationship between Budget
deficit and economic growth in Liberia. There also exists a positive and significant relationship between Budget
deficit and economic growth in Liberia. Therefore, a 1.0 percent increase in deficits will result in an increase of
approximately 0.42 percent in economic growth in Liberia. The study recommends that government, policy makers
and the monetary authorities should ensure an appropriate mix of monetary and fiscal policies such that would
deliberately and strategically maximize the growth potentials of deficits in Liberia.
JEL Classification : C2, E1, E2, O4, O5
KEYWORDS: Budget Deficit, Economic
Determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This study examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using survey data from 140 households. The Tobit regression model identified several significant determinants of food insecurity. Household size, income, age and education level of the household head, income from remittances/gifts, and ownership of a bank account were found to increase or decrease the likelihood of food insecurity. Policy recommendations include addressing the challenges faced by larger households and improving income generation opportunities to reduce food insecurity.
11.determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 140 households and a Tobit regression model to analyze the data. The regression found that 6 of the 11 independent variables had a significant impact on household food insecurity. Larger household size, lower household income, older household head age, lower education level of the head, not having a bank account, and less income from remittances/gifts were associated with greater food insecurity. The study aimed to identify the key factors influencing food insecurity in urban areas to help policymakers address the problem.
An Empirical Study to Investigate the Reasons for the Increase in the Househo...Ehsan Dehghanizadeh
This paper investigates factors that affect household debt levels in Canada using a multiple linear regression model. Previous studies found GDP growth, housing prices, and unemployment and interest rates significantly impact debt levels. The study uses quarterly Canadian data from 2005 to 2014 to examine how GDP, housing prices, inflation, unemployment, and interest rates influence household debt as a percentage of GDP. It aims to determine the main drivers of rising Canadian household indebtedness and inform policy responses.
This document examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. It finds that despite Nigeria experiencing increased economic growth in recent times, poverty levels remain high. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data and finds a significant and direct relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria, indicating that economic growth has not reduced poverty. It suggests policymakers need to ensure more equitable distribution of national income and improve access to education to help reduce poverty.
The document analyzes how uncertainty affects household saving rates in Eastern European countries compared to developed European economies. Regression analysis of data from 1995-2012 shows that in emerging European countries, higher inflation and decreased economic sentiment are correlated with increased saving rates, indicating uncertainty is a main motivation for saving. However, the analysis found uncertainty did not significantly influence saving rates in developed countries, where other factors like retirement and education are primary motivations. The findings suggest policymakers in emerging economies could consider uncertainty an important determinant of saving behavior.
Does economic growth reduce poverty in nigeria (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data from 1980 to 2008 to determine if there is a significant relationship between GDP growth rates and poverty levels in Nigeria. The empirical findings show a direct relationship, meaning that economic growth has not reduced poverty in Nigeria. This contradicts the theory that economic growth will trickle down to reduce poverty. The study suggests that policymakers need to ensure a more equitable distribution of national income and improve public services that support poverty reduction, such as education.
The document discusses various economic measurements and factors that are used to evaluate the strength of a nation's economy, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), standard of living, inflation rate, unemployment rate, productivity, and others. It provides examples and charts to illustrate trends in these measurements in the United States over recent decades, finding generally stable inflation, low unemployment, and increasing productivity and GDP.
1. The document analyzes self-reported data on food insecurity from the Gallup World Poll during the 2007-2008 global food crisis, finding that contrary to simulations, food insecurity may have actually decreased rather than increased.
2. Regressing changes in food insecurity on economic growth and food inflation shows that both had expected impacts on insecurity, suggesting self-reported trends are plausible.
3. Analysis of trends in 70 low-income countries from 2005-2009 also finds decreases in reported food insecurity, likely driven by strong growth in large countries like China and India offsetting limited food price rises.
This document provides an introduction to a dissertation that examines the relationship between trade liberalization, government debt, human capital, and income inequality using panel data econometrics. It aims to understand the determinants of global income inequality and account for rising inequality in developed countries. The analysis uses the consistent EHII index to measure household income inequality across 136 countries from 1968-2008. Static and dynamic panel techniques are employed to explore how macroeconomic variables like human capital, trade openness, government debt, inflation, and growth impact inequality. It also considers whether effects differ between developed and developing countries. The results seek to inform policy to reduce inequality and its associated social and economic issues.
The document discusses various methods used to measure living standards, including GDP per capita and the Human Development Index (HDI). It notes that while GDP per capita can provide insights into economic well-being, it has limitations as a measure of living standards since it does not account for income distribution or non-market activities. The HDI is presented as a more comprehensive alternative that considers factors beyond income like health and education. Overall the document examines different indicators and their advantages/disadvantages in assessing and comparing living standards within and between countries.
Effects of fiscal policy on private investment and economic growth in kenyaAlexander Decker
Fiscal policy impacts private investment and economic growth in Kenya through several channels. A study using time series data from 1973 to 2009 found that fiscal policy affects investment, and investment plays a major role in determining economic growth. Specifically, budget deficits, government consumption, taxes, interest rates, foreign capital inflows, and public debt influence the level of private investment. The study recommends reexamining government spending to complement private investment, increasing credit to the private sector, and designing policies to address high public debt and budget deficits.
The document summarizes a presentation about food subsidies in Egypt given the current challenges of high food prices, currency devaluation, and inflation. It discusses:
1) Current food price trends in Egypt and globally, with domestic food inflation over 50% recently.
2) The crucial role subsidies play during food crises in stabilizing prices, protecting vulnerable populations, reducing poverty, and improving health when targeted effectively.
3) Egypt's Takaful and Karama social protection program which provides assistance to over 5 million households, with recent benefit increases, as well as food ration cards and other measures in response to the economic situation.
The document discusses inflation in India, including its types, causes, measurement, and current trends. It provides details on key inflation indices like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Recent inflation in India has fallen towards zero inflation due to several factors: a large drop in international crude oil prices, stagnant food prices, compressed demand from lower rural wages and spending, and tight monetary policy from the RBI. However, the document notes this decline may not be sustainable as the key drivers of falling prices are volatile and outside monetary policy control.
The document discusses various indicators used to measure development, including economic indicators like GDP and social indicators like life expectancy. It explains that composite indicators which combine multiple factors, like the Human Development Index, provide a more comprehensive picture of a country's development level than any single indicator. Reasons for differences in development levels between countries include natural resources, industrialization, political stability, location, and access to trade. Within countries, there are also often disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of access to services.
This study examines wealth inequality across countries by analyzing the relationship between a country's Gini index value and various macroeconomic and socioeconomic factors. The Gini index measures the unequal distribution of wealth within a country on a scale of 0 to 100. The study finds that inflation, GDP growth, GDP per capita, trade as a percentage of GDP, tax payments, and internet usage are significantly correlated with Gini index values. A log-transformed regression model using these explanatory variables has high statistical significance and explains Gini index values well based on an R-squared value near 1.
FDA Website AssignmentGo to FDA website www.fda.gov1. Unde.docxssuser454af01
FDA Website AssignmentGo to FDA website www.fda.gov1. Under “Laws FDA Enforces”, go to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and read Chapter 2, Definitions, particularly the definition of drugs and devices.2. Write a paper, 500 words, describing A. three things that you as a consumer can learn from the web page andB. three things that you as a part of industry can learn from the web page
Background
Following the finish of the common war and the adjustment of the residential cash by the national bank, the principal compensation change process occurred in 1996, and a novel correction in 2008 allowed a singular amount increment of LBP 200,000 every month for both open and private divisions representatives, conveying the lowest pay permitted by law up to LBP 500,000 from LBP 300,000.1 For the following sixteen years, in any case, there were no wage increments despite the fact that swelling continued rising and achieved a hundred percent and the acquiring energy of the Lebanese individuals began to drop significantly.2
In an examination led by the Lebanese Federation of Consumer Protection, Lebanon was positioned first among 14 Arab nations regarding high costs for meat, sugar, tea, and drain, and it positioned second when it came to tomato, potato, and vegetable oil costs. The investigation credited these outcomes to the nearness of ineffectively aggressive buyer markets (restraining infrastructures), and to the non-implementation of controls identified with settling business benefit margins.3 These variables and others have added to a noteworthy abatement in the offer of wages in the Gross Domestic Product, which a few substances claim to have achieved a low of 30%.4
By mid of 2011, speaks began mounting about the low level of wages that is keeping Lebanese laborers from fulfilling their essential needs in light of rising sustenance costs and the cost of fundamental administrations like power and transportation. In fact, the issue of wages modification wound up noticeably one of the best needs on general society scene over a five-month time frame between September 2011 and January 2012. These discussions were at first supported by a "political open door" that was emerged by the arrangement of another administration in July 2011 and which pronounced putting social equity among its priorities.5 They were likewise convenient on account of the drawing closer of the new scholastic year that involves along the weight of rising school and college educational cost charges.
The procedure began with an exchange among different concerned gatherings, including the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Labor, monetary bodies, and worker's guilds. Notwithstanding, the level headed discussion swelled into a contention that undermined the solidarity of the administration before coming full circle in the selection of the wage alteration announce No. 7426 amid the January 18, 2012 session of the Lebanese Cabinet.
This area condenses ...
This summary analyzes Ontario's first poverty reduction strategy, which aims to reduce child poverty through policies like the Ontario Child Benefit and investments in education. The strategy's goal is to cut child poverty by 25% in 5 years by helping families cover living costs and increasing educational opportunities for low-income youth. The document evaluates these policies' economic impacts using cost-benefit analysis and social welfare modeling. It finds the total annual cost of intergenerational poverty in Ontario is $4.6-5.9 billion, so reducing child poverty could significantly lower future costs while boosting economic productivity through greater human capital. The analysis aims to determine if Ontario's anti-poverty initiatives are efficient and effective tools for reducing hardship.
Similar to HLEG thematic workshop on Economic Insecurity, Olga Gorbachev, presenter (20)
OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
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OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
Summarising the complexity of well-being data and evidence: Reporting and communicating on well-being dashboards
OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
Summarising the complexity of well-being data and evidence: Reporting and communicating on well-being dashboards
OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
Summarising the complexity of well-being data and evidence: Reporting and communicating on well-being dashboards
OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
Summarising the complexity of well-being data and evidence: Reporting and communicating on well-being dashboards
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OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP): Virtual Workshop 1, 13 June 2024
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Domain satisfaction measures provide valid and useful information about people's lives beyond overall life satisfaction. Research has found that domain satisfaction captures different aspects of well-being than objective indicators alone, and that different life domains contribute differently to individual happiness. While domain satisfaction may be socially constructed and culturally variable, current policy efforts can still benefit from considering subjective experiences of satisfaction across life domains. Future research opportunities include exploring the multidimensional relationships between domain satisfaction and broader concepts of well-being.
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https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
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Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
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- Introduction to retention and engagement strategies in the streaming industry.
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- Key metrics used to measure retention and engagement.
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6. **Community Building and Social Features**:
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- Interactive events and campaigns.
7. **Retention through Loyalty Programs and Incentives**:
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- Subscription plans and benefits.
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- Gamification elements to encourage continued usage.
8. **Customer Support and Feedback Mechanisms**:
- Analysis of Jio Cinema's customer support infrastructure.
- Channels for user feedback and suggestions.
- Handling of user complaints and queries.
- Continuous improvement based on user feedback.
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- Cross-promotion with other Jio services and partnerships.
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Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
HLEG thematic workshop on Economic Insecurity, Olga Gorbachev, presenter
1. Consumption Volatility as a Measure of
Economic Insecurity.
Olga Gorbachev, University of Delaware, USA
Remarks prepaired for the Conference on “Economic Insecurity:
Forging an Agenda for Measurement and Analysis”, New York,
NY, March 4, 2016
2. Goals:
Consumption volatility is a better measure of realized
economic insecurity than income volatility since families
can smooth income shocks (depending on their persistence
and size) via:
i. Savings
ii. Credit markets
iii. Intra-household smoothing
iv. Public transfers/taxes
Moreover, there are other types of shocks, expenditure
shocks, affecting households for which households would
like protection
3. Data:
Panel data (PSID) on consumption to measure economic
insecurity is essential
i. The PSID had no good measure of total consumption
(except for food and housing) until 1999. So we can
construct measures of economic insecurity using food
consumption (underestimate).
ii. Starting in 1999, the PSID included other consumption
categories covering about 70 percent of non-durable
consumption spending.
4. Data:
Panel data (PSID) on consumption to measure economic
insecurity is essential
i. The PSID had no good measure of total consumption
(except for food and housing) until 1999. So we can
construct measures of economic insecurity using food
consumption (underestimate).
ii. Starting in 1999, the PSID included other consumption
categories covering about 70 percent of non-durable
consumption spending.
Panel vs. repeated cross-section: not a relevant distinction
if the populations are not changing over time in siginficant
ways, but they are in the US.
5. Methodology Gorbachev [2016]
To construct volatility of consumption using the PSID:
1. Impute total consumption following Attanasio and
Pistaferri (2014) as a function of food consumption,
consumer price indices, demographics, socioeconomic
variables and location.
6. Methodology Gorbachev [2016]
To construct volatility of consumption using the PSID:
1. Impute total consumption following Attanasio and
Pistaferri (2014) as a function of food consumption,
consumer price indices, demographics, socioeconomic
variables and location.
2. Compute growth rate of consumption (income) as arc
percent change of consumption (income), following Dynan
et al. (2012)
gCit =
Cit − Cit−2
¯Cit
where ¯Cit =
Cit + Cit−2
2
7. Methodology Gorbachev [2016]
3. Remove predictable variation by regressing consumption
(income) growth on demographics and state dummies.
8. Methodology Gorbachev [2016]
3. Remove predictable variation by regressing consumption
(income) growth on demographics and state dummies.
4. Compute volatility as the absolute value of the residuals.
9. Methodology Gorbachev [2016]
3. Remove predictable variation by regressing consumption
(income) growth on demographics and state dummies.
4. Compute volatility as the absolute value of the residuals.
Thus, volatility of consumption (income) can be thought as
family-specific time-varying changes in consumption
(income) that cannot be predicted by age, cohort, gender,
education, size and change in the household composition,
location, and employment status.
The above controls and sample restrictions reduce the
potential concerns expressed by Aguiar and Hurst (2005)
regarding expenditure vs. consumption response to shocks.
Note: sample excludes retired, students and anyone aged below
25 or above 60.
10. Figure : Consumption vs. Income Volatility
.2.22.24.26.28.3
volatility
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Family Income Total Consumption
Total Predicted Consumption
11. Why did the volatility of consumption increase?
Since unconstrained households can smooth temporary
income shocks, this suggests that either a significant
fraction of households were liquidity constrained or that
permanent shocks to income became more volatile, or the
combination of the two.
12. Why did the volatility of consumption increase?
Since unconstrained households can smooth temporary
income shocks, this suggests that either a significant
fraction of households were liquidity constrained or that
permanent shocks to income became more volatile, or the
combination of the two.
There is some research supporting the claim that
permanent shocks increased.
In separate research with Dogra, we find that liquidity
constraints played an important role as well.
13. Why did the volatility of consumption increase?
Since unconstrained households can smooth temporary
income shocks, this suggests that either a significant
fraction of households were liquidity constrained or that
permanent shocks to income became more volatile, or the
combination of the two.
There is some research supporting the claim that
permanent shocks increased.
In separate research with Dogra, we find that liquidity
constraints played an important role as well.
Wealth inequality can also explain differences in
consumption volatility between households.
14. Figure : Proportion of Liquidity Constrained Households by
Education and Race, SCF.
.1.15.2.25.3
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
year
% constrained
% discouraged
% turned down
15. Figure : Percentage with Net Assets less than Two Months’ Income
by Demographic Group, SCF
.1.2.3.4.5
1980 1990 2000 2010
year
all households
.1.2.3.4.5
1980 1990 2000 2010
year
married single parent
.1.2.3.4.5
1980 1990 2000 2010
year
white black/Hispanic
.1.2.3.4.5
1980 1990 2000 2010
year
college no college
16. The Importance of Liquidity Constraints
We find that the probability of being denied credit has an
independent and strongly significant effect on consumption
volatility beyond the effect of volatility of income.
17. The Importance of Liquidity Constraints
We find that the probability of being denied credit has an
independent and strongly significant effect on consumption
volatility beyond the effect of volatility of income.
Consumption volatility was about 50% higher for quarter
of the PSID households that were most likely to be
liquidity constrained.
18. The Importance of Intra-Household Smoothing
Figure : Mean Income Volatility by Marital Status, PSID
.2.25.3.35
volatility
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
all continuously married
single/divorced/separated/widowed