This summary analyzes Ontario's first poverty reduction strategy, which aims to reduce child poverty through policies like the Ontario Child Benefit and investments in education. The strategy's goal is to cut child poverty by 25% in 5 years by helping families cover living costs and increasing educational opportunities for low-income youth. The document evaluates these policies' economic impacts using cost-benefit analysis and social welfare modeling. It finds the total annual cost of intergenerational poverty in Ontario is $4.6-5.9 billion, so reducing child poverty could significantly lower future costs while boosting economic productivity through greater human capital. The analysis aims to determine if Ontario's anti-poverty initiatives are efficient and effective tools for reducing hardship.
The document discusses child poverty in the UK, including targets set by previous governments to reduce it and measures taken that achieved some success. However, it notes that recent government policies, including significant cuts to benefits and tax credits, are expected to cause child poverty levels to substantially increase again. It argues more investment is needed to both improve living standards and support families' ability to work if the goal of ending child poverty is to be achieved.
This document outlines several measures that could be used to reduce income inequality:
1) A progressive tax system where tax rates increase with income could generate government revenue to fund services for low-income groups like healthcare, housing, and education.
2) Transfer payments like child support and disability payments that are made without an exchange of services increase the income of underprivileged households.
3) Subsidies for education can promote equal access and increase graduation rates, helping to reduce future inequality.
This presentation was made by Eileen Regan and Matthew Wilson , at the 3rd Experts Meeting on Gender Budgeting held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 19-20 September 2019
Plenary session 3 3 tim smeeding stik iariwIARIW 2014
The document summarizes two papers presented at a conference on measuring inequality accounting for social transfers in kind. The first paper from Italy develops a new method for valuing national health services and incorporates adjustments for demographics and regional differences. This raises the estimated value of health subsidies for the poor. The second paper applies the US Supplemental Poverty Measure methodology to compare poverty in the US and Australia, finding that medical out-of-pocket expenses significantly impact poverty rates when accounted for as a resource. The paragraph asks whether thresholds used to measure poverty should also account for in-kind benefits included as resources to have a fully consistent measure of resources versus needs.
Defining the Eradication of Child Poverty in the Child Poverty BillMike Blamires
The document discusses the Child Poverty Bill, which aims to eradicate child poverty in the UK within 20 years. It outlines the challenges of defining child poverty measures in legislation given limitations of existing data. Key measures included are relative low income, absolute low income, material deprivation, and persistent poverty. Significant effort was required to communicate technical definitions to stakeholders and address debates during the bill's passage through Parliament.
Child Poverty Action Group is a nonprofit organization that campaigns to end child poverty in the UK. The document discusses how child poverty rates have historically responded to policy changes but are now projected to rise significantly due to austerity measures and welfare reforms between 2015 and 2020. This will reverse gains made in reducing child poverty and is expected to negatively impact children's health, development, and life chances. Solutions proposed include advocating for anti-poverty policies, publicizing assistance programs, and focusing on policies that support families with costs of living, food insecurity, debt, and children's needs.
The document summarizes two articles about reducing poverty in developing countries. The first article discusses how around 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty in the last 20 years due to factors like emerging capitalism and free trade. It aims to reduce the number of extremely poor people by another billion by 2030. The second article discusses how developing countries have started implementing social safety net programs like cash transfers to help the poorest citizens. It provides guidelines for countries to implement these programs effectively, such as consolidating services and using biometric identification to reduce fraud.
The document discusses child poverty in the UK, including targets set by previous governments to reduce it and measures taken that achieved some success. However, it notes that recent government policies, including significant cuts to benefits and tax credits, are expected to cause child poverty levels to substantially increase again. It argues more investment is needed to both improve living standards and support families' ability to work if the goal of ending child poverty is to be achieved.
This document outlines several measures that could be used to reduce income inequality:
1) A progressive tax system where tax rates increase with income could generate government revenue to fund services for low-income groups like healthcare, housing, and education.
2) Transfer payments like child support and disability payments that are made without an exchange of services increase the income of underprivileged households.
3) Subsidies for education can promote equal access and increase graduation rates, helping to reduce future inequality.
This presentation was made by Eileen Regan and Matthew Wilson , at the 3rd Experts Meeting on Gender Budgeting held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 19-20 September 2019
Plenary session 3 3 tim smeeding stik iariwIARIW 2014
The document summarizes two papers presented at a conference on measuring inequality accounting for social transfers in kind. The first paper from Italy develops a new method for valuing national health services and incorporates adjustments for demographics and regional differences. This raises the estimated value of health subsidies for the poor. The second paper applies the US Supplemental Poverty Measure methodology to compare poverty in the US and Australia, finding that medical out-of-pocket expenses significantly impact poverty rates when accounted for as a resource. The paragraph asks whether thresholds used to measure poverty should also account for in-kind benefits included as resources to have a fully consistent measure of resources versus needs.
Defining the Eradication of Child Poverty in the Child Poverty BillMike Blamires
The document discusses the Child Poverty Bill, which aims to eradicate child poverty in the UK within 20 years. It outlines the challenges of defining child poverty measures in legislation given limitations of existing data. Key measures included are relative low income, absolute low income, material deprivation, and persistent poverty. Significant effort was required to communicate technical definitions to stakeholders and address debates during the bill's passage through Parliament.
Child Poverty Action Group is a nonprofit organization that campaigns to end child poverty in the UK. The document discusses how child poverty rates have historically responded to policy changes but are now projected to rise significantly due to austerity measures and welfare reforms between 2015 and 2020. This will reverse gains made in reducing child poverty and is expected to negatively impact children's health, development, and life chances. Solutions proposed include advocating for anti-poverty policies, publicizing assistance programs, and focusing on policies that support families with costs of living, food insecurity, debt, and children's needs.
The document summarizes two articles about reducing poverty in developing countries. The first article discusses how around 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty in the last 20 years due to factors like emerging capitalism and free trade. It aims to reduce the number of extremely poor people by another billion by 2030. The second article discusses how developing countries have started implementing social safety net programs like cash transfers to help the poorest citizens. It provides guidelines for countries to implement these programs effectively, such as consolidating services and using biometric identification to reduce fraud.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Income and Wealth Inequality in the United StatesDavid Doney
The document discusses income and wealth inequality in the United States. It notes that income and wealth inequality have steadily worsened since 1980, with the top 1% of income earners receiving about 20% of pre-tax income in 2014 compared to 10% prior to 1980. Wealth is also distributed more unequally than income, with the top 1% owning 42% of wealth versus 24% in the 1970s. The document examines several potential causes of inequality including declines in unions, shifts in tax policy, globalization, and skill-biased technological change. Solutions proposed include policies that make the income or wealth distribution more equitable such as higher taxes on top incomes combined with transfers to lower incomes.
Inequality matters: BRICS inequalities fact sheetOxfam Brasil
This fact sheet outlines key dimensions of socio-economic inequality in the BRICS countries, highlighting trends and themes that can inform debates around developing a common framework for public policies.
This document provides an annual monitoring report on financial inclusion in the UK from 2013-2017. It summarizes key findings from recent data on topics like household finances, bank account access, savings, borrowing, and debt. The economic crisis has significantly impacted unemployment, wages, and incomes in the UK. While fewer people lack bank accounts, nearly 2 million adults remain unbanked. Most households have little capacity to handle unexpected expenses and many are struggling to make ends meet through cutting spending or falling into problem debt. Future reports will continue tracking changes in these financial inclusion indicators through 2017.
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
This document summarizes recommendations from a policy report on breaking the cycle of poverty in young families through two-generation strategies. The two-generation approach aims to meet the needs of both parents and children simultaneously by providing services like education, workforce training, childcare and development. The report calls for policy changes at the federal, state and local levels as well as for organizations. Recommended federal policies include redefining poverty levels, increasing minimum wage and funding for existing programs. State/local policies should support blended funding and workforce development. Organizations need help with grants, data collection and collaboration. The overall goal is to provide comprehensive support for young parents and children's economic mobility.
This document summarizes recommendations from a policy report on breaking the cycle of poverty in young families through two-generation strategies. The two-generation approach aims to meet the needs of both parents and children simultaneously by providing services like education, workforce training, childcare and development. The report calls for policy changes at the federal, state and local levels as well as support for organizations implementing two-generation programs. Recommended federal policies include redefining poverty levels, increasing funding for existing programs, and providing tax relief and workforce access for working families. State/local policies should support coordination across services and funding. Organizations need help with evaluation, collaboration and accessing grants. Case studies highlight promising two-generation programs and policies in states like Washington,
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares (IPC-IG) at the Conference on Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: Lessons from the BRICS- UNDP and National Planning Commission of South Africa. September 2011.
The document discusses the decline of retirement security for American workers and analyzes the shift from traditional pensions to individual retirement plans like 401(k)s. It finds that this shift has exposed workers to greater risks and costs, undermining retirement outcomes. Specifically, it notes that Generation X workers can expect to receive just 65% of their pre-retirement income in retirement, compared to 77% for early Baby Boomers. This is due to factors like stagnant wages, rising costs of living, and the replacement of traditional pensions by individual plans that place more risks and burdens on workers. The report examines problems with the current system and considers policy proposals to better ensure retirement security.
Poverty Amongst Plenty: Waiting for the Yukon Government to Adopt a Poverty R...TheHomelessHub
Poverty is bad for the economy, leads to higher health care costs and takes a serious toll on human lives. Most Canadian jurisdictions have developed poverty reduction strategies in the past decade, but Yukon has not. This policy report will provide an overview of poverty indicators in Yukon. It will discuss child apprehensions, housing, land development and homelessness. The report will then provide an overview of the Yukon Child Benefit, social assistance and Yukon seniors’ benefits. This will be followed by a consideration of education, literacy, early child education, child care and at-risk youth. Yukon’s fiscal situation will then be discussed, followed by a look at initial steps taken by the Yukon Government towards the development of a poverty reduction strategy. The report concludes with five recommendations for the Yukon Government.
Africa is a continent with dreadful poverty and problems of resource shortages. Estimates are that climate change and population pressure will see 85 million people migrate from that continent in the next 40 years. And yet there are people and organizations trying to do something about these problems and make a difference.
In this Presentation we look at the work of ICODI a registered non-profit organization located in Mbarara District-South Western Uganda. Its mission is “To work with and through individuals and communities to improve on the economic, health and social wellbeing of the rural and urban poor communities in Uganda”. The goal is to reduce on the high levels of famine, poverty, ill health and illiteracy in the rural communities and urban poor communities in Uganda. You can find out more about ICODI at http://www.icodi.org
An assessment of national poverty eradication programme on wealth creation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of Nigeria's National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) on wealth creation in Benue State. The study found that NAPEP's strategies have not significantly improved beneficiaries' lives. While some received skills training, few received follow-up loans or credits to start businesses. As a result, most beneficiaries reported that NAPEP had no real impact in reducing their poverty. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria have generally failed due to problems like corruption, poor funding, weak monitoring and lack of stakeholder involvement in policymaking.
A preliminary assessment of the financial feasibility of basic income emily...Emily Van de Walle
The financial feasibility of unconditionally granting every citizen an equal fixed monthly income, known as basic income, is taken into scrutiny in this dissertation. This is achieved by a static cost estimation of a wide variety of basic income proposals as well as an assessment of the cost savings on the social security system that may be achieved through the introduction of basic income.
As per recommendation by my promoter, prof. dr. Erreygers, I am currently working on an article that is based on the findings of my master's thesis with the objective of having the article published in an economic scientific journal.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Poverty is measured by both low income and deprivation of essential goods and services. Certain groups in Australia are at high risk of poverty, including the unemployed, single older people, Indigenous Australians, single parents, and the "working poor". The main causes of poverty are lack of access to stable work and adequate income, low levels of education, lack of affordable housing, poor health, and insufficient community services. Reducing poverty will require a national anti-poverty plan, increasing social security payments and minimum wages, improving access to housing and essential services.
EssaysExperts.net is the only custom writing service that uses ultra modern approaches coupled with thorough training in providing high quality academic writing services. Our services will enable you achieve success and realize your academic dreams. At http://www.essaysexperts.net/ ,we are the best solution for your acdemic assignments
This document from COFACE provides recommendations on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in Europe. The main points are:
1) CCT programs should support diverse family types and be flexible to reflect real family lives. They should also involve civil society and local authorities for feedback.
2) COFACE welcomes studies on CCT impacts but stresses the need to consider vulnerable groups' specific needs. Programs must also be responsive to changes in families' financial situations.
3) Effective CCT programs require coordination between stakeholders like parents, families, local authorities, and social partners. National and local authorities should clearly communicate about CCT programs.
12 income distribution, poverty, and discriminationNepDevWiki
The chapter discusses income distribution and poverty in the United States. It introduces the Lorenz curve as a measure of income inequality, showing that inequality has changed little since 1929. The poverty line is defined as three times the cost of a minimal diet, and around 12-13% of Americans live below this level. Cash transfers like Social Security count towards the poverty line, while in-kind benefits like food stamps do not. Critics argue welfare reduces work incentives and administrative costs are high. Proposed reforms include a negative income tax and workfare programs. Discrimination and lack of equal pay can also impact individuals' wages.
This paper uses cross-country panel data from 1950-2014 to investigate whether the rise in top income inequality can be explained by capital accumulation or innovation when accounting for cross-country differences. Pooled OLS and fixed effects models are used to analyze the relationship between top income inequality, measures of capital accumulation, and measures of innovation. The paper finds some evidence that capital accumulation drives top income inequality in highly competitive countries, consistent with Piketty's theory. However, there is stronger evidence that innovation rents drive top income inequality rather than capital accumulation, as measures of innovation like patents granted and book-to-market ratio are significantly related to higher top 1% and top 10% income shares. The relationship between innovation and top income
El documento habla sobre la farmacología del sistema nervioso central, específicamente sobre analgésicos y anestésicos. Explica que el dolor es una experiencia sensorial asociada a lesiones tisulares detectadas por receptores llamados nociceptores. Clasifica los analgésicos en narcóticos como la morfina que actúan a nivel central, e inhibidores de prostaglandinas como los AINEs que actúan localmente. También describe los diferentes tipos de anestésicos locales y generales usados en procedimientos médicos.
The document describes a study that uses panel data from 1994-2010 to create an econometric model to predict poverty rates in Canada. The study finds that the pooled OLS model best predicts poverty rates. The strongest predictors are low income transition exit and entry rates, average market income, and persons with 0-8 years of schooling. The study also finds that in 2001 the poverty rate saw a decrease, and that Ontario generally has a higher poverty rate than other provinces.
The document discusses poverty globally and strategies to address it. It notes that almost half the world lives on less than $2.50 a day, and poverty disproportionately impacts rural areas and children. It then compares global spending on issues like education, health and nutrition to show how little is spent addressing poverty's root causes. Several factors that drive and perpetuate poverty are described, including debt, inequality, lack of social mobility, and corruption. The document outlines some organizations and approaches working to reduce poverty, such as achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals and providing microfinance opportunities. It raises questions about the most effective strategies and whether poverty, inequality or debt should be prioritized.
Income and Wealth Inequality in the United StatesDavid Doney
The document discusses income and wealth inequality in the United States. It notes that income and wealth inequality have steadily worsened since 1980, with the top 1% of income earners receiving about 20% of pre-tax income in 2014 compared to 10% prior to 1980. Wealth is also distributed more unequally than income, with the top 1% owning 42% of wealth versus 24% in the 1970s. The document examines several potential causes of inequality including declines in unions, shifts in tax policy, globalization, and skill-biased technological change. Solutions proposed include policies that make the income or wealth distribution more equitable such as higher taxes on top incomes combined with transfers to lower incomes.
Inequality matters: BRICS inequalities fact sheetOxfam Brasil
This fact sheet outlines key dimensions of socio-economic inequality in the BRICS countries, highlighting trends and themes that can inform debates around developing a common framework for public policies.
This document provides an annual monitoring report on financial inclusion in the UK from 2013-2017. It summarizes key findings from recent data on topics like household finances, bank account access, savings, borrowing, and debt. The economic crisis has significantly impacted unemployment, wages, and incomes in the UK. While fewer people lack bank accounts, nearly 2 million adults remain unbanked. Most households have little capacity to handle unexpected expenses and many are struggling to make ends meet through cutting spending or falling into problem debt. Future reports will continue tracking changes in these financial inclusion indicators through 2017.
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
This document summarizes recommendations from a policy report on breaking the cycle of poverty in young families through two-generation strategies. The two-generation approach aims to meet the needs of both parents and children simultaneously by providing services like education, workforce training, childcare and development. The report calls for policy changes at the federal, state and local levels as well as for organizations. Recommended federal policies include redefining poverty levels, increasing minimum wage and funding for existing programs. State/local policies should support blended funding and workforce development. Organizations need help with grants, data collection and collaboration. The overall goal is to provide comprehensive support for young parents and children's economic mobility.
This document summarizes recommendations from a policy report on breaking the cycle of poverty in young families through two-generation strategies. The two-generation approach aims to meet the needs of both parents and children simultaneously by providing services like education, workforce training, childcare and development. The report calls for policy changes at the federal, state and local levels as well as support for organizations implementing two-generation programs. Recommended federal policies include redefining poverty levels, increasing funding for existing programs, and providing tax relief and workforce access for working families. State/local policies should support coordination across services and funding. Organizations need help with evaluation, collaboration and accessing grants. Case studies highlight promising two-generation programs and policies in states like Washington,
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares (IPC-IG) at the Conference on Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: Lessons from the BRICS- UNDP and National Planning Commission of South Africa. September 2011.
The document discusses the decline of retirement security for American workers and analyzes the shift from traditional pensions to individual retirement plans like 401(k)s. It finds that this shift has exposed workers to greater risks and costs, undermining retirement outcomes. Specifically, it notes that Generation X workers can expect to receive just 65% of their pre-retirement income in retirement, compared to 77% for early Baby Boomers. This is due to factors like stagnant wages, rising costs of living, and the replacement of traditional pensions by individual plans that place more risks and burdens on workers. The report examines problems with the current system and considers policy proposals to better ensure retirement security.
Poverty Amongst Plenty: Waiting for the Yukon Government to Adopt a Poverty R...TheHomelessHub
Poverty is bad for the economy, leads to higher health care costs and takes a serious toll on human lives. Most Canadian jurisdictions have developed poverty reduction strategies in the past decade, but Yukon has not. This policy report will provide an overview of poverty indicators in Yukon. It will discuss child apprehensions, housing, land development and homelessness. The report will then provide an overview of the Yukon Child Benefit, social assistance and Yukon seniors’ benefits. This will be followed by a consideration of education, literacy, early child education, child care and at-risk youth. Yukon’s fiscal situation will then be discussed, followed by a look at initial steps taken by the Yukon Government towards the development of a poverty reduction strategy. The report concludes with five recommendations for the Yukon Government.
Africa is a continent with dreadful poverty and problems of resource shortages. Estimates are that climate change and population pressure will see 85 million people migrate from that continent in the next 40 years. And yet there are people and organizations trying to do something about these problems and make a difference.
In this Presentation we look at the work of ICODI a registered non-profit organization located in Mbarara District-South Western Uganda. Its mission is “To work with and through individuals and communities to improve on the economic, health and social wellbeing of the rural and urban poor communities in Uganda”. The goal is to reduce on the high levels of famine, poverty, ill health and illiteracy in the rural communities and urban poor communities in Uganda. You can find out more about ICODI at http://www.icodi.org
An assessment of national poverty eradication programme on wealth creation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of Nigeria's National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) on wealth creation in Benue State. The study found that NAPEP's strategies have not significantly improved beneficiaries' lives. While some received skills training, few received follow-up loans or credits to start businesses. As a result, most beneficiaries reported that NAPEP had no real impact in reducing their poverty. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria have generally failed due to problems like corruption, poor funding, weak monitoring and lack of stakeholder involvement in policymaking.
A preliminary assessment of the financial feasibility of basic income emily...Emily Van de Walle
The financial feasibility of unconditionally granting every citizen an equal fixed monthly income, known as basic income, is taken into scrutiny in this dissertation. This is achieved by a static cost estimation of a wide variety of basic income proposals as well as an assessment of the cost savings on the social security system that may be achieved through the introduction of basic income.
As per recommendation by my promoter, prof. dr. Erreygers, I am currently working on an article that is based on the findings of my master's thesis with the objective of having the article published in an economic scientific journal.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Poverty is measured by both low income and deprivation of essential goods and services. Certain groups in Australia are at high risk of poverty, including the unemployed, single older people, Indigenous Australians, single parents, and the "working poor". The main causes of poverty are lack of access to stable work and adequate income, low levels of education, lack of affordable housing, poor health, and insufficient community services. Reducing poverty will require a national anti-poverty plan, increasing social security payments and minimum wages, improving access to housing and essential services.
EssaysExperts.net is the only custom writing service that uses ultra modern approaches coupled with thorough training in providing high quality academic writing services. Our services will enable you achieve success and realize your academic dreams. At http://www.essaysexperts.net/ ,we are the best solution for your acdemic assignments
This document from COFACE provides recommendations on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in Europe. The main points are:
1) CCT programs should support diverse family types and be flexible to reflect real family lives. They should also involve civil society and local authorities for feedback.
2) COFACE welcomes studies on CCT impacts but stresses the need to consider vulnerable groups' specific needs. Programs must also be responsive to changes in families' financial situations.
3) Effective CCT programs require coordination between stakeholders like parents, families, local authorities, and social partners. National and local authorities should clearly communicate about CCT programs.
12 income distribution, poverty, and discriminationNepDevWiki
The chapter discusses income distribution and poverty in the United States. It introduces the Lorenz curve as a measure of income inequality, showing that inequality has changed little since 1929. The poverty line is defined as three times the cost of a minimal diet, and around 12-13% of Americans live below this level. Cash transfers like Social Security count towards the poverty line, while in-kind benefits like food stamps do not. Critics argue welfare reduces work incentives and administrative costs are high. Proposed reforms include a negative income tax and workfare programs. Discrimination and lack of equal pay can also impact individuals' wages.
This paper uses cross-country panel data from 1950-2014 to investigate whether the rise in top income inequality can be explained by capital accumulation or innovation when accounting for cross-country differences. Pooled OLS and fixed effects models are used to analyze the relationship between top income inequality, measures of capital accumulation, and measures of innovation. The paper finds some evidence that capital accumulation drives top income inequality in highly competitive countries, consistent with Piketty's theory. However, there is stronger evidence that innovation rents drive top income inequality rather than capital accumulation, as measures of innovation like patents granted and book-to-market ratio are significantly related to higher top 1% and top 10% income shares. The relationship between innovation and top income
El documento habla sobre la farmacología del sistema nervioso central, específicamente sobre analgésicos y anestésicos. Explica que el dolor es una experiencia sensorial asociada a lesiones tisulares detectadas por receptores llamados nociceptores. Clasifica los analgésicos en narcóticos como la morfina que actúan a nivel central, e inhibidores de prostaglandinas como los AINEs que actúan localmente. También describe los diferentes tipos de anestésicos locales y generales usados en procedimientos médicos.
The document describes a study that uses panel data from 1994-2010 to create an econometric model to predict poverty rates in Canada. The study finds that the pooled OLS model best predicts poverty rates. The strongest predictors are low income transition exit and entry rates, average market income, and persons with 0-8 years of schooling. The study also finds that in 2001 the poverty rate saw a decrease, and that Ontario generally has a higher poverty rate than other provinces.
This document provides 5 quick ways to take a break during a busy day: 1) go for a walk outside, 2) stretch your body to relax muscles, 3) call a friend for some social interaction, 4) visit the Headspace website for mini meditation sessions, and 5) take time to just be happy, well, and present through mindfulness.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It features a stock photo and encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation. In just one sentence, it pitches the reader on using Haiku Deck to create slideshows and share them on SlideShare.
El documento introduce el software RAPTOR, un entorno de programación visual basado en diagramas de flujo. RAPTOR minimiza la sintaxis requerida y es fácil de usar para principiantes. Los programas RAPTOR están compuestos de símbolos que representan instrucciones como entrada, asignación, llamadas a procedimientos y salida. Estas instrucciones permiten la entrada de datos, su transformación a través de cálculos y la salida de resultados, los tres componentes básicos de un programa.
The Ape, the Adman, and the Astronaut: Rediscovering the power of storytellin...NOEMÍ MEDINA
In The Ape, the Adman, and the Astronaut: Rediscovering the power of storytelling, Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide Chief Creative Officer Tham Khai Meng posits that the way to move people is through telling a great story. In the advertising world, there’s forever been a struggle between the right brained and the left brained, the creative types and their reason-seeking counterparts. Despite longstanding evidence that humans are emotional and irrational creatures, creatives—the storytellers—have long been fighting for relevance. Khai says the battle has been won; the rise of social media has helped changed the landscape for good. People gravitate to great stories, and they share them with others. Thus, advertisers can’t look at storytelling as merely an option. It’s a must.
This talent requisition form from Karbon Mobiles Ltd is seeking a new Add Sales Executive for their Marketing & Communications department located in Chennai, India. The position reports to Mr. Ranjan, pays 12-15k salary, and requires 4-10 years of experience making outbound calls, handling customer queries, communicating effectively in written and spoken English, and having strong typing and MS Office skills. Duties include analyzing and resolving customer issues, accepting feedback, following processes, and answering/transferring phone calls. The minimum educational qualification is an undergraduate degree.
1) NMR-diffusometry was used to study the structure and fluid mobility inside polymeric multilayer membranes.
2) Diffusion decays and time-dependent diffusion coefficients were measured for porous PA-6, PEI/PAAc multilayers, and PEI/PAAc multilayers produced in NaCl solution.
3) Pore sizes were estimated between 4.2-5.8 μm for the different materials. Molecular exchange between water in pores and outside pores was observed for PA-6 but not for PEI/PAAc multilayers.
Tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) se refiere a cualquier forma de computación, incluyendo la preparación de estudiantes para satisfacer las necesidades tecnológicas de organizaciones. Planificar y gestionar la infraestructura TIC de una organización requiere conocimientos sólidos en ciencias de la computación, gestión y habilidades del personal. Las TIC incluyen recursos como computadoras, software y redes necesarias para manipular, almacenar, administrar, transmitir e identificar información, y pueden clasificarse según
El documento presenta un proyecto tecnológico realizado por Dayana Conde B. y Maryoris Benavides A. del Liceo Modeno Magangue en 2016. El proyecto tecnológico tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida a través del desarrollo o modificación de un producto, servicio o proceso. Se describen las etapas del proyecto tecnológico: identificación del problema, diseño, organización y gestión, programación y ejecución, y evaluación y perfeccionamiento.
This document provides information about capitalism and socialism in the context of analyzing the political ideas in An Inspector Calls. It defines capitalism as valuing the individual over society, rewarding hard work, and requiring the poor to work harder. Socialism is defined as valuing society over the individual, sharing wealth equally, and providing equal access to resources. The document then lists quotes from the play and asks students to identify each as representing either capitalist or socialist views, and to anonymously write whether they believe in capitalist or socialist ideals and why.
Este documento describe conceptos clave sobre redes de valor y calidad. Explica que una red de valor es el conjunto de actividades que van desde la compra de materia prima hasta la distribución al cliente final, donde se crea valor. También describe diferentes tipos de redes según el contacto entre participantes (internas vs externas) y según el conocimiento de la oferta (estables, incrementales, emergentes). Finalmente, explica que la segmentación de mercados permite ofrecer productos acordes a las necesidades de distintos tipos de clientes.
This document analyzes the economic cost of poverty in Ontario. It finds that poverty costs the Ontario government and households in the province $32-38 billion per year, or 5.5-6.6% of GDP. Poverty disproportionately impacts people with disabilities, children, Indigenous peoples, single parents and new immigrants. Reducing poverty through early intervention programs, childcare, skills training and credential recognition would generate economic returns and significantly reduce the social costs of poverty over time.
Consider the CMS core measures and the data used to support the re.docxmaxinesmith73660
Consider the CMS core measures and the data used to support the reporting. Which do you believe are the easiest to collect and which do you think are the most difficult to collect?
The Hamilton Project • Brookings 1
Introduction
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides a refundable
tax credit to lower-income working families. In 2011, the EITC
reached 27.9 million tax filers at a total cost of $62.9 billion.
Almost 20 percent of tax filers receive the EITC, and the
average credit amount is $2,254 (IRS 2013). After expansions
to the EITC in the late 1980s through the late 1990s—under
Democrat and Republican administrations—the EITC now
occupies a central place in the U.S. safety net. Based on the
Census Bureau’s 2012 Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM),
the EITC keeps 6.5 million people, including 3.3 million
children, out of poverty (Center on Budget and Policy
Priorities [CBPP] 2014a). No other tax or transfer program
prevents more children from living a life of poverty, and only
Social Security keeps more people above poverty.
Since the EITC is only eligible to tax filers who work, the
credit’s impact on poverty takes place through encouraging
employment by ensuring greater pay after taxes. The empirical
research shows that the tax credit translates into sizable
and robust increases in employment (Eissa and Liebman
1996; Meyer and Rosenbaum 2000, 2001). Thus, the credit
reduces poverty through two channels: the actual credit, and
increases in family earnings. This dual feature gives the EITC
a unique place in the U.S. safety net; in contrast, many other
programs redistribute income while, at least to some degree,
discouraging work. Importantly, transferring income while
encouraging work makes the EITC an efficient and cost-
effective policy for increasing the after-tax income of low-
earning Americans.
Yet a program of this size and impact could be more equitable
in its reach. Under the current design of the EITC, childless
earners and families with only one child, for instance, receive
disproportionately lower refunds.
In 2014, families with two children (three or more children) are
eligible for a maximum credit of $5,460 ($6,143) compared to
$3,305 for families with one child. Married couples, despite their
larger family sizes, receive only modestly more-generous EITC
benefits compared to single filers.1 Childless earners benefit little
from the EITC, and have a maximum credit of only $496—less
than 10 percent of the two-child credit.
Prominent proposals seek to mitigate these inequalities.
President Obama’s fiscal year 2015 budget includes an expansion
of the childless EITC, a concept outlined by John Karl Scholz in
2007 in a proposal for The Hamilton Project. Notably, MDRC
is currently evaluating Paycheck Plus, a pilot program for an
expanded EITC for workers without dependent children, for
the New York City Center for Economic Opportunity (MDRC
2014). The recent Hamilton Project pr.
The document discusses reducing stunting in children under 5 globally by 40% by 2025. It estimates it will cost an additional $8.50 per child per year, totaling $49.6 billion over 10 years, to implement proven nutrition interventions during pregnancy and a child's first 1000 days. While investing in reducing stunting has an economic return of $18 for every $1 spent, current funding falls far short of what is needed. The document proposes a "Global Solidarity" scenario where governments increase domestic spending along with support from donors and innovative financing to close the funding gap and meet the global stunting target.
Income distribution refers to how a country's total national income is divided among individuals, groups, or factors of production. Unequal income distribution can harm economic performance by reducing productivity and increasing health and education costs for the poor. Theories of income distribution examine factors like functional income distribution between labor and capital as well as individual income size distribution. Common measures of inequality include the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and economic mobility between income quintiles. While some inequality may promote growth by incentivizing education and entrepreneurship, excessive inequality can concentrate power and resources, reduce opportunity, and increase economic and political instability.
The 2012 Report Card indicated it is becoming difficult for the Prime Minister to stick to his commitment of creating a society which truly supports family life. The report card highlights that the condition of the economy continues to make life intensely difficult for millions of UK families, who currently face a triple squeeze of tax and benefit changes, high childcare costs and high costs of living.
This document summarizes a study examining the "flypaper effect" of increasing federal education revenues on local school district expenditures. The study exploits changes in 2000 to federal Title I and IDEA funding formulas that made allocations more dependent on the number of students eligible for free/reduced lunch. Using this as an instrumental variable, the study finds that each additional dollar of federal education funding increases total per-pupil expenditures by $1.68, including $0.69 for instruction and $0.99 for non-instructional expenditures. This provides evidence that increasing federal revenues do significantly impact local school spending, indicating a "flypaper effect."
The 2011 Report Card edition of the report card highlights the scale of the government’s challenge in delivering the Prime Minister’s commitment to make the UK the most family friendly country in Europe. The report shows how tough making the UK family friendly is given the economic climate and considerable squeeze on public and family finances.
The impact of spending cuts on services to children and families in eight local authorities. Drawing on interviews and analysis of revenue spending carried out by ESRO researchers, Families on the front line? examines children’s services budgets in eight different local authorities in England over two financial years (2011-12 and 2012-13).
Council officers described the efforts to shield families from the worst effects of this round of cuts, including the bold re-design and integration of services to families and sweeping cuts to back-office functions. But they predict that any further savings will be far more difficult to find – and are likely to hit front line services even harder.
This research examined spending cuts to Children's Services budgets across 8 local authorities in England over 2 years. It found that spending reductions totaled £112 million, significantly more than spending growth of £32 million. Services provided to schools bore the largest cuts, while social work and special educational needs services saw less severe reductions. Services supporting vulnerable families, like youth centers and children's centers, also faced deep cuts. Councils aimed to protect frontline services through strategies like integrating provision and pursuing cost savings. However, the full impact of austerity on families may not be seen for years.
This document discusses trends in poverty in Georgia between 2009 and 2011 based on survey data. It finds:
- Overall poverty decreased, with the percentage of households and children living below the relative poverty line falling 2 and 3 percentage points respectively.
- However, child poverty rates remain higher than other groups, with 9.4% of children living in extreme poverty.
- It considers how further increasing social programs like pensions, targeted social assistance, and introducing a universal child benefit could help reduce child poverty levels. Simulations show such policies could reduce extreme and relative child poverty significantly.
Running head INCOME INEQUALITY1INCOME INEQUALITY6A.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INCOME INEQUALITY 1
INCOME INEQUALITY 6
ADDRESSING INCOME INEQUALITY
(Author’s Name)
(Institutional Affiliation)
Addressing Income Inequality
For decades now, the wealth gap among United States citizens has increasingly become high. This has contributed to various social and economic problems such as inadequate employment, poverty, crime, and health issues (Dabla-Norris et al., 2015). Because of the wide array of challenges attributed to Income Inequality there is need for the society to come up with some solutions to address this issue. Even though there are many ways through which the society can narrow down this wealth gap, the policies chosen need to follow a multifaceted approach in order to come up with a permanent solution. Below are some of the policy alternatives that can be used to address the issue.Providing affordable, and quality education to the citizens
According to Breen & Chung (2015), education is one of the major factors that accounts for income inequality among the people. The people who are well educated are more likely to earn better incomes than the people who are not educated. This is due to the fact that educated people have some skills which they can use to acquire full time employment with good salaries. Because of this reason education is arguably one of the best tools that can be used to eradicate income inequality in United States.
Lack of education among some citizen in the United States is closely attributed to poverty. Statistics show that more than 1 out of every 5 children are living in poverty (Childfund, 2013). This means that a similar number of children don’t get good education because their parents can afford. Even if they access education it will likely be the basic primary and secondary education and they will never have the opportunity to get post-secondary education. Since most of the good jobs currently demand at least one to have post-secondary education it is important that we invest in providing access to affordable and quality education and encourage young people to go school.
To provide affordable, and quality education the government should:
· Build enough schools in all parts of the country that can accommodate everyone who needs education.
· Ensure that the schools have enough resources needed to provide quality education. This include qualified teachers and learning materials
· Subsidize the cost of education to ensure that the citizens can afford
· Provide scholarships to low-income students to help them access higher education in-order to acquire the skills needed to secure jobs in the competitive market.
Issues facing education in United States
One of the greatest issue currently facing education in the us is the criticism of public schools. This has consequently led to decrease of funding of the schools. As these are the schools which most of the low-class people can afford, most of the students end up not getting quality education because the schoo ...
The document discusses equitable income inequality and its positive and negative factors. Positive factors of a more equitable income distribution include the poor being able to access better education and healthcare, avoiding inequality of opportunity, and decreasing poverty. However, a more equitable distribution may also have negative economic effects by lowering incentives for people to work hard and pursue higher education or innovation. The document argues that a more equitable income can benefit the economy by allowing more spending on education and healthcare, improving quality of life.
The document discusses factors that can affect children and child poverty in Australia. It addresses three main factors - economic, cultural, and social - that can impact children. These factors are related to the "birth lottery" and where a child is born. The document also discusses the challenges of a social action campaign aimed at raising awareness about child poverty in Australia, noting it was difficult to promote the issue to others. The experience relates to research that social actions can be difficult and their goals may prove too hard to attain, requiring a shift in strategies.
How do we measure the economic impact of a better educated and trained U.S. workforce? The McGraw-Hill Research Foundation’s new position paper argues that adult education and career training is potentially one of the most cost-effective tools the U.S. has to recover its economic health in the aftermath of the “Great Recession.”
The paper was written by sector experts Dr. Lennox McLendon, Executive Director, National Council of State Directors of Adult Education and National Adult Education Professional Development Consortium; Debra Jones, California Director of Adult Education and Chair, NAEPDC Research Workgroup, and Mitch Rosin, Editorial Director, McGraw-Hill School Education Group.
In the policy paper, “The Return on Investment (ROI) From Adult Education and Training,” the authors contend that billions of dollars could be earned, saved and pumped back into the struggling economy as a result of investments in effective and efficient workforce development programs.
Fostering-Change-Opportunities-in-Transition-Report-SummaryAllison Nelson
This summary provides an overview of a report that analyzes the economic costs and opportunities of investing in supports for youth aging out of foster care in British Columbia.
The report finds that educational, economic, social and wellness outcomes are poor for many youth exiting foster care. It estimates total annual costs of $222-268 million associated with these adverse outcomes. Costs stem from lower educational attainment, poverty, and poor mental health. The report also finds that a basic package of increased supports for housing, education, and social support costing $99,000 per youth could significantly improve outcomes and save tens of millions annually. Improving supports for youth aging out of care could reduce government costs while improving lives.
This paper is a multi-county, multi-dimensional rigorous analysis of immensely critical and continuously expanding socio-economic crisis that has engulfed many developing countries which calls for immediate action to preserve our present and future. This paper is an embodiment of a study of all factors that are seriously
responsible for promoting child labor in most of the less-developed, low-income, emerging, middle-income countries. Based on empirical data, and other research articles, this paper investigates the problem from political, social and economic, and cultural aspects. This paper identifies the roots of the crisis and attempts to bridge the existing gap between policy and implementation so as to make theworld child labor free.
Analysis On The Result And Implication Of The PolicyCrystal Torres
The document analyzes the results and implications of a poverty reduction policy in Indonesia called PNPM. It notes that while the policy showed some early success in decreasing poverty rates, the progress was slow. There were also issues with misuse of funds intended for poverty programs. The policy failed to properly target the poor. Additionally, there was a lack of coordination between government agencies regarding poverty reduction efforts. Overall, the analysis finds that while the policy aimed to help the poor, weaknesses in implementation meant it did not fully achieve its goals.
1. Poverty levels in Canada are difficult to determine as there is no single definition, but Statistics Canada provides low-income cut off levels (LICO) for different family sizes. Over 550,000 Canadians live on less than half the LICO.
2. Unemployment is a major cause of poverty, but many people in Toronto live in poverty while employed due to high costs of living. Food banks play a key role in helping over 148,000 children in Ontario each month who might otherwise go hungry.
3. Solutions proposed include increasing corporate social responsibility programs to fund initiatives, better utilizing existing food bank infrastructure, and addressing the root causes of unemployment that contribute to rising poverty levels.
1. Poverty levels in Canada are difficult to determine as there is no universally agreed upon definition. Statistics Canada uses a low-income cutoff (LICO) which varies based on family size and location. Food banks play a major role in helping those living in poverty by distributing food to over 148,000 children in Ontario monthly.
2. Unemployment is a major cause of rising poverty rates, as the cost of living continues to increase while wages for many low-income jobs remain stagnant. Immigrants and recent immigrants also face higher risks of unemployment and poverty.
3. Charitable initiatives and food banks have seen increased demand in recent years, suggesting poverty levels are growing. Over 400,000 Ontarians
The Positive Impact of an Early Childhood Education.docxssusera34210
Early childhood education programs provide numerous benefits. They prepare children aged 0-5 for school by improving cognitive skills, reduce future costs like special education and criminal justice system expenditures, and increase participants' lifetime earnings. Studies show investing $1 in early education returns $7-10 over a child's lifetime through improved economic outcomes. Many states have expanded pre-kindergarten programs recognizing the importance of early education.
The Positive Impact of an Early Childhood Education.docx
Poverty Analysis
1. Economic Analysis of Ontario’s First
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Kyel Governor
Poverty in Canada has become a greater concern among Canadians in recent years with many
Canadians finding it difficult to keep up with the costs of living. In 2011 Canada ranked 24th
out of 34 in
lowest poverty rate among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries
with a poverty rate of 8.8% according to the after tax Low Income Cut-Off (LICO-AT) poverty line
measure. The average gap between the LICO-AT poverty line and household income below the LICO-
AT is 33% (Citizens of Public Justice, 2012). Therefore a low income family of four living in a city with
a population of more than 500, 000 expected income would be $24,458 which is $12,046 under the
LICO-AT poverty line (Citizens of Public Justice, 2012). Such a high poverty rate and significant depth
of poverty for a country as wealthy as Canada illustrates the lack of social welfare for the poorest
Canadians.
This paper focuses on the problem of poverty in Ontario because it is one of Canada’s strongest
provinces generating 37% of Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and approximately 40% of
Canadians live in the province. Poverty has significant efficiency costs in Ontario. The efficiency costs
comprise of both private and social costs (Laurie, 2008). The private costs are the lost potential income
and poverty induced costs that individuals suffer while the social costs are the lost potential tax revenue
and poverty induced costs that the government suffers. The total efficiency cost of poverty in Ontario
considers remedial, intergenerational and opportunity costs and is equal to 5.5% to 6.6% of Ontario’s
GDP. Furthermore living in poverty likely leads to poor health, lower productivity, lower educational
attainment and lower child’s future income thus creating major disparities in opportunities between those
living in poverty and those who are not (Laurie, 2008). Without assistance many living in poverty will
remain in poverty and so will their children.
The provincial government insists that addressing intergenerational poverty is the primary
response to alleviating poverty in Ontario (Ontario). The total efficiency cost of intergenerational poverty
in Ontario is very significant at $4.6 to $5.9 billion annually (Laurie, 2008). Also, the issue is ethically
troubling because a child living in poverty is more likely to be in poverty as an adult than a child who did
not live in poverty. Most will argue that all children should have equal opportunity to attain an adequate
income. Thus Ontario’s first poverty reduction strategy is aimed at addressing child poverty. The paper
2. will provide economic analysis on policies targeted at reducing child poverty; specifically the Ontario
Child Benefit (OCB) and investment in educational programs.
To assess the economic efficiency of the policies directed to reducing child poverty the paper will
be divided into two major parts. The first will be a cost benefit analysis and the second will be a social
welfare analysis. The costs and benefits of the OCB is influenced by DeSalvo’s report on New York
City’s Mitchell-Lama program, “Benefits and Costs of New York City’s Middle-Income Housing
Program” and assesses how well the grant targets childcare costs through modelling household’s
childcare expenditure versus consumption on all other goods, with adjustments made to account for
differences in utility of two different household types (DeSalvo, 1975). The cost-benefit analysis on
investment in educational programs follows a simple return on investment model. The social welfare
analysis is mainly driven by the research paper “Describing the Distribution of Income: Guidelines for
Effective Analysis” by M.Skuterud, M.Frenette, and P.Poon and evaluates the overall effectiveness of
each policy by looking at the resulting change in poverty rate, poverty gap, and poverty intensity
(Skuterud, Frenette, & Poon, 2004). In the end, whether the child poverty reduction policies are efficient
and effective toward reducing poverty in Ontario will be answered. If this is true, then Ontario’s strategy
for poverty reduction should be intensified and can be considered a successful first-step approach to
reducing poverty.
Background
In 2008 Ontario released its first poverty reduction strategy called ‘Breaking the Cycle’. The
strategy claims that breaking the cycle of intergenerational poverty is the best way to combat poverty. The
aim is to implement policies to reduce child poverty in Ontario by 25% in 5 years, which would take
90,000 children out of poverty (Ontario). The assertion is that society will gain from investments toward
child poverty reduction policies because the future expected cost of poverty will be lower and the
expected return from human resources will be greater while we benefit from improved social welfare.
Two main policies in the strategy are the OCB and investment in education. The OCB is a guaranteed
income, or demogrant, aimed at helping low income families cover childcare costs. The OCB promises up
to $1,310 per child per year and will support 1.3 million children in low income families for a total
investment of $1.3 billion annually (Ontario). Policies to invest in educational programs for low income
children aim to increase the high school graduation rate and the postsecondary attendance rate of low
income children thereby increasing human capital. Increasing the number of Parenting and Family
Literacy Centres, supplying more after school programs and implementing full-day learning for four and
five year olds are examples of educational programs that the strategy outlines (Ontario). These two
3. policies are the driving force of the poverty reduction strategy and therefore this paper looks to determine
if they are economically efficient and effective.
PART I – Benefits and Costs
Introduction and Definitions
The OCB is a guaranteed income to low income families with children. At earnings of $20,000 or
less per year a family is eligible to receive the full amount of $1,310 per child annually (Ontario). Low
income families earning more than $20,000 annually receive a portion of the benefit as shown in Table 1.
The aim of the OCB is to give financial assistance to children. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the effect of
OCB on income for an adult working minimum wage with two children and a non-working adult with
two children.
In this paper education will be viewed in terms of human capital. Assume that an additional year
of schooling increases expected earnings and that this can be modelled by the Mincer equation log y = log
y0 + δS +β1X +β2X2
where y is earnings, S is years of schooling, and X is work experience (Lemieux,
2003). For the sake of investigating the return to education for children, work experience is omitted from
this equation leaving log y = log y0 + δS where δ is the rate of return to an additional year of schooling.
Ontario Child Benefit
The Method
To determine the targeting efficiency of the OCB the paper evaluates how much of the OCB the
household spends on childcare versus on all other goods. Household expenditure on children is derived by
maximizing a household’s utility curve subject to a budget constraint. Utility curves are estimated using
OECD equivalence scales. The equivalence scale that is used in this paper is most appropriately restricted
to low income households and assigns 1 for the first adult, 0.4 for each none working adult and 0.3 for
each child (Skuterud, Frenette, & Poon, 2004). However it should be noted that OECD equivalence scales
measure how much more income a household needs due to the addition of another child or adult to be as
well off as before and does not directly measure household childcare spending. Nonetheless it is a strong
estimator of childcare spending for low income households (Sarlo, 2013). A simple Cobb-Douglas utility
function can be easily derived to represent child-consumption preferences modelled as; U(c,x) = cb
x1-b
where c is expenditure on children, x is expenditure on all other goods, and b = 0.3N/1+0.4A+0.3N where
4. N is number of children and A is number of additional non-working adults. The budget constraint is y = c
+ x, thus solving for the optimal c and x produces c = by and x = (1 - b)y. As a result, different family
types produce different utility curves and this is demonstrated in the graph below.
Fundamentally, a low income household with one adult will spend a higher proportion of income on
children than a household with two adults.
The targeting efficiency is derived by examining the change in a household’s childcare
expenditure as a result of receiving OCB. The next step is to estimate costs and benefits of raising
children with and without the OCB for the two family types presented above; the one adult with two
children (lone parent) and the two adults with two children (couple). The closer the change in childcare
expenditure is to the amount of OCB received, the more efficient the policy is.
Estimating Costs
According to Sarlo (Cost of Children) the benchmark cost of raising a child in Canada is $3,000
to $4,500 per year, younger children costing closer to the lower bound (Sarlo, 2013). Assume that the
lower bound is the target spending on children by families that the Ontario government is looking to
achieve. Also assume that a family must spend at least $1,500 per year on a child. These figures represent
two different total cost estimates of raising a child that will be used in this analysis. The OCB of up to
c
x
U with 2N, 1A
U with 2N, 2A
y = c + x
5. $1,310 per child aims to subsidize childcare cost and so the total cost of raising a child can be broken
down into two parts; the household contribution and the non-household contribution.
Estimating Benefits
The direct benefit associated with the OCB is the change in child expenditure as a result of the
subsidy. The indirect benefits are positive externalities created by the remainder of the OCB that does not
contribute to childcare. Therefore, total benefits will be the sum of direct and indirect benefits generated
by the OCB.
The model estimates that, per child, only 18.75% of the OCB is used by the lone parent on
childcare and 15% of the OCB is used by the couple. Therefore the net direct benefit is $245.63 and
$196.50 respectively. Subtracting net benefits from the OCB there is a misallocation of $1064.37 for the
lone parent and $1113.5 for the couple. However for incomes below $8,000 and $10,000, OCB included,
none of the OCB received is contributed to household’s child expenditure, the net direct benefit is $0 and
the misallocation is equal to the OCB.
Aggregate Effects
The graph below illustrates the change in childcare expenditure for the lone parent. After
receiving OCB, for income above $8,000 y1
moves to y1
ocb, and for incomes below $8,000 y0
moves to
y0
ocb. The hard dashed line shows that the household must spend at least $3,000 on childcare. The
resulting utility curves of the lone parent are shown for each scenario.
6. Lone parent (1A, 2N)
Since only a portion of the subsidy goes directly to childcare the OCB can be deemed inefficient.
It can be argued that, if the child is as well or better off with the predicted allocation of the OCB
versus if all of the OCB were to be spent on the child then the policy can be seen as efficient. This
requires the child’s utility function which is beyond the scope of this paper. In speculation, assuming that
child expenditure has a greater impact on the child’s utility than household expenditure on all other goods
then the OCB is more efficient for the lone parent than the couple.
Results
The income levels that are necessary to achieve the government’s desired expenditure on children
are calculated for the two family types of interest. The utility model predicts that the lone parent must
have an income of at least $16,000 and the couple must have an income of at least $20,000. Furthermore,
spending between child expenditure and on all other goods is sub-optimal for the lone parent whose
income is below $8,000 and for the couple whose income is below $10,000. If by achieving the
$c
$x
$3000
u1
ocb
u
1
u
0
ocb
u
0
$2,620
$491.20
7. benchmark childcare expenditure takes a child out of poverty then results suggest that a child can be lifted
out of poverty without taking the household out of poverty. The OCB will take a child out of poverty for
the lone parent if the household’s pre-OCB income is between $13,380 and $16,000 and for the couple if
the household’s pre-OCB income is between $17,380 and $20,000.On the other hand, If the OCB was
100% target efficient then children will be lifted out of poverty as a result of the OCB for the lone parent
whose pre-OCB income is between $9,014 and $16,000 and the couple whose pre-OCB income is
between $11,267 and $20,000.
Education
The Method
This paper views education as a publicly funded good and will therefore analyze the efficiency in
terms of investment versus return. As stated earlier the return to education for children can be modeled as
log y = log y0 + δS where δ is the rate of return to an additional year of schooling. The equation implies a
lower return to earnings as years of schooling increase which we will assume for years of schooling
below sixteen (Lemieux, 2003). Let us also assume that y generates tax revenue yr, where r is the tax rate,
and that yr is greater for those who attain a high school diploma or more than those who drop out of high
school. If the government receives a positive return on investment in education for low income children
then the investment is efficient.
Estimating Return on Investment
The return on investment is based solely on future taxable income versus expenditure on
educational programs in this efficiency analysis. Assuming that the rate of intergenerational poverty
mobility is 25%, which is also the reduction strategy’s child poverty reduction target, then the estimated
number of children in Ontario that will not escape poverty is 90,000 and the only way for these children
to escape poverty is by graduating high school. If high school graduates have an expected income of Ey
then the expected tax revenue will be ∑(Eyr)t per child from time t = 1 to T. Therefore our return on
investment on education per child will be (∑(Eyr)t – I)/I where I is the total investment per child in
dollars. If I ≥ I*
for the student to graduate then we have ∑(Eyr)t≥ I*
for the investment to be efficient. If
we add a positive discount rate p, then I*
≤ ∑[(Eyr)t/(1+p)t
] and dI*/dp =∑[ -t(Eyr)t (1+p)t-1
] < 0, thus I*
will be smaller for higher discount rates. In general, on aggregate and with no discount rate, efficiency
requires that ∑[∑(Eyr)j]t ≥ ∑(I*
j) and the subscript j is expected tax revenue collected from each person.
Empirical Results
8. The program Pathways to Education, directed to improving high school graduation rates in low
income neighbourhoods, was introduced in Regent Park which has the highest poverty rate in the Greater
Toronto Area. Before the program the neighborhood had a dropout rate of 56% which is 45% higher than
Toronto’s highest income neighborhood, and post-secondary enrolment was 20%. The program has
decreased the dropout rate to 10% and increased post-secondary enrolment to 80% in Regent Park
(Laurie, 2008).
By investing in a program like Pathways to Education for the 90,000 children we can assume that
this sample’s future income distribution will represent the income distribution of the population (Laurie,
2008). If so then the gross benefit from the program is the expected tax revenue generated from the
sample’s new income distribution minus the tax revenue generated if the sample remained in poverty. By
subtracting the average tax revenue per person in poverty from the average tax revenue per person in
Ontario in 2006 and multiplying by 90,000, it is estimated that the government can expect an increase in
tax revenue of at least $1.835 billion dollars per year from the program in 2007 dollars. The program’s
cost per child is roughly $3,500 annually and after adding the marginal schooling cost per child the total
cost is $7,000 per child each year (Laurie, 2008). On aggregate the necessary yearly investment is $630
million. Assuming that the government receives at least 4 years of the expected tax revenue and the
investment length is also 4 years then the yearly net benefit of the program is $1.205 billion and the return
on investment is 1.91. The Boston Consulting Group cost benefit analysis on Pathways to Education
estimates a 1.8 benefit to cost ratio (Laurie, 2008). The group measures the present value of social
benefits at $50,000 per student and the cost at $28,000 per student resulting in a return on investment of
approximately 0.8. Since the return on investment is positive the policy to invest in educational programs
such as Pathways to Education is efficient.
PART II – Social Welfare
Introduction and Definitions
The impact that the OCB and investment in educational programs for low income children have
on social welfare in Ontario is important when measuring their effectiveness. By using income as an
indicator for well-being we can measure the effectiveness by analyzing how much the policies reduce the
rate of poverty and the poverty gap.
The poverty line that will be used in this analysis is the same measure used in the reduction
strategy which is the Low Income Measure after tax (LIM-AT) calculated as 50% of median income after
tax. The rate of poverty is the number of persons with an after tax income below the LIM-AT divided by
9. the population. Lastly, the poverty gap is calculated as the difference between the LIM-AT and the
average of the after tax incomes of those under the LIM-AT, divided by the LIM-AT (Skuterud, Frenette,
& Poon, 2004). As mentioned before the strategy’s objective is to take 90,000 children out of poverty so
if the poverty rate becomes zero for the 90, 000 children as a result of the policies then the policies are
100% effective. Thus effectiveness is measured by number of children out of poverty divided by 90,000.
The change in the poverty gap can be seen as a secondary measure of effectiveness since reducing the rate
of poverty but increasing the poverty gap will have a negative effect on the social welfare of the poor and
an ambiguous change in overall social welfare. In other words, the change in low income intensity must
be considered. The low income intensity is the product of the poverty rate, the poverty gap and 1 plus the
Gini coefficient of the distribution of low-income gaps in the population (where everybody above the
LIM-AT is assigned a gap of 0 instead of something positive) (Skuterud, Frenette, & Poon, 2004). Either
zero or a negative change in the low income intensity is necessary for a policy to be considered effective
in reducing child poverty.
Ontario Child Benefit and the Poverty Gap
The OCB is a guaranteed income to low income families with children. The benefit has a claw
back so that families with higher incomes receive less OCB (See Table 1). Therefore the OCB is not very
effective since very few families will be lifted out of poverty as a result of receiving OCB; however it
does reduce the poverty gap. The overall effectiveness of the OCB can be measured for the two family
types of interest which are the lone parent and the couple, both with two children. Their LIM-AT in 2007
are $30,754 and $35,512 respectively. The average poverty gaps for each family type are 29% and 24.9%
therefore the average low incomes are $21,835 and $26,669 (Statistics Canada). If the claw back is
neglected then every family will receive $1,310 per child. As a result, the new average income for the
lone parent is $24,455 and the poverty gap becomes 20.5%, and the new average income for the couple is
$29,289 and the poverty gap becomes 17.5%. The OCB without claw back will reduce the poverty gap by
8.5 percentage points for the lone parent and 7.4 percentage points for the couple. Since at least 50% of
families have an after tax income below $20,000 in each of the family types then the poverty gap is
reduced by at least 4.25 percentage points for the lone parent and 3.7 percentage points for the couple
(Statistics Canada, 2013). The OCB is very ineffective in reducing poverty rates but is somewhat
effective in reducing the poverty gap and thus also reduces the low income intensity.
Education and the Poverty Rate
Investing in educational programs for at-risk low income children can lead to a reduction in the
future poverty rate and the future poverty gap. With an intergenerational poverty mobility of 25% there
10. will be an expected 90,000 children remaining in poverty as adults however if these children are targeted
and placed in educational programs such as Pathways to Education, fewer children will be expected to
remain in poverty as adults (Wagmiller Jr. & Adelman, 2009). The percentage of the children expected to
remain in poverty can be estimated using the population’s after tax income distribution and the Pathways
to Education 10% dropout rate and 80% postsecondary participation rate. Also the LIM-AT in 2010 is
$19,161 so all incomes below $20,000 will be considered below the LIM-AT for ease of calculation
(Statistics Canada, 2013). The program predicts out of the 90,000 children, 9,000 will have no high
school diploma, 16,200 will have a high school diploma and 64,800 will have more than a high school
diploma. The income distributions predict that out of the 9,000 children, 5,588 will be below the LIM-
AT; out of the 16,200, 7,940 will be below the LIM-AT; and out of the 64,800, 18,392 will be below the
LIM-AT (Statistics Canada, 2011). The expected poverty rate out of the 90,000 is 35.5% and therefore the
programs will have an effectiveness of 64.5% in reducing the child poverty rate if precisely targeted. If
only half of the children are correctly targeted then the programs are 32.25% effective in reducing the
child poverty rate. The poverty gap is expected to change since some of the children will have higher
expected incomes but not enough to escape poverty. There will be a negative change in the low income
intensity since there is a negative change in the poverty rate and in the poverty gap.
Conclusion
Summary
Breaking the cycle of intergenerational poverty is a worthy first step approach to reducing
poverty in Ontario given its moral imperatives and strong economic incentives. To address child poverty,
the Ontario government put forth a poverty reduction strategy in 2008 with the goal to reduce child
poverty by 25% in five years. This paper focused on analyzing the efficiency and effectiveness of the two
main policies outlined in the plan, the Ontario Child Benefit and investment in educational programs. The
Ontario Child Benefit aims to support low income families in covering childcare costs. The targeting
efficiency of the policy is very low with only a small fraction of the grant spent on childcare by
households however the OCB is more efficient for single parent families than for two parent families. If
the government wished to achieve the benchmark spending on childcare by households, only a few
households will do so as a result of receiving OCB. Although the OCB lacks efficiency, it has a positive
effect on social welfare because it reduces poverty intensity. Investment in educational programs is aimed
at improving human capital among children giving them the opportunity to escape poverty as adults. The
benefits from investing in educational programs such as Pathways to Education overcome the costs and
show a positive return on investment showing that such programs are efficient. The resulting social
11. welfare from such educational programs is improved because the future poverty rate and gap is reduced
and thus the future poverty intensity reduces as well.
Limitations
This paper faces several limitations. Starting with the OCB analysis, childcare expenditure is not
directly measured and is inferred from the OECD equivalence scale. To derive a direct household
spending on childcare function is not plausible however the equivalence scale used provides a good
estimate in context of low income families childcare spending. Furthermore the benchmark and minimum
cost of a child is based on a budget approach and suffers from a degree of subjectivity (Sarlo, 2013). The
inability to derive a child’s utility function also hinders the paper’s ability to accurately assess the benefits
associated with the OCB.
The limitations associated with the investment in educational programs analysis are that the
benefits occur in the long run and so a degree of uncertainty should be introduced, such as chances of
emigration and death. However the paper likely undershoots the benefits of investment since it only
accounts for future tax revenue.
In general, the analysis does not take into account how the policies affect special demographics
such as single mothers, aboriginals, crown wards, children with disabilities, and recent immigrants. Lastly
the paper fails to account for the benefits, other than the costs of the policies, associated with not
implementing the policies which likely underestimate the costs of the policies.
Alternative Policies
There are three types of policies that policy makers can choose from to assist low income families
with childcare costs; direct money transfers, subsidizing child inputs, and directly providing child inputs.
Direct money transfers are very inefficient at targeting childcare costs. The OCB is a direct
money transfer and shows that only a small portion of the money is spent on childcare by the household.
A direct money transfer results in only an income effect and households increase consumption of both
childcare and all other goods, resulting in an unambiguous increase in utility, but do not change spending
patterns.
Subsidizing child inputs is more efficient at targeting childcare costs than a direct money transfer
because the income effect will be smaller and the substitution effect will lead to an increase in the amount
spent on childcare by households. To illustrate this if the original budget line is y = c + x, subsidizing
child inputs by 20% will lead to a new budget line, y = 0.8c + x. Thus the new optimal expenditure on
12. childcare is c = yb/0.8 which is greater than c = yb. So spending patterns change in favour of childcare
and utility is unambiguously increased. The drawback however is that based on the equivalent value
argument subsidizing child inputs leads to an efficiency loss not experienced by direct money transfers.
Directly providing child inputs is the most efficient at targeting childcare costs but crowds out
household’s spending on childcare. This is because as more inputs are provided, household’s preferences
change and less weight is put on the child thus the utility curve becomes less sensitive to childcare
spending. To illustrate this if the original weight put on a child is 0.3 according to the equivalence scale,
providing more child inputs leads to a new weight put on a child that is less than 0.3. Therefore the new
utility curve will reflect this and a lower percentage of income will be spent on childcare expenditure
resulting in a substitution effect away from childcare spending and into consumption of all other goods.
Educational programs such as Pathways to Education do not directly impact the household and
only provides direct benefits to the child. However after school programs and implementing full day
learning for four and five year olds can allow parents to work longer hours and increase household
income.
Closing Remarks
Investment in education proves to be the soundest policy in the poverty reduction strategy. If
targeted to the most at risk youth, it can be extremely effective and efficient at reducing child poverty
rates. A stronger and more efficient educational system will generate the greatest economic return in
terms of poverty rate reduction (Laurie, 2008). Providing low income families the means to take care of
their children is essential for healthy development and success in school. Children will be less productive
due to inadequate childcare and thus lower the returns of investment in education. The OCB is very
inefficient at providing childcare. A better policy is to subsidize essential child inputs while providing
child inputs that are not essential to childcare but improves the child’s productivity, such as books,
laptops, tutoring or even future assets. A stronger policy than that is to encourage those who are very well
off to assist the poor. “But if anyone has the world's goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his
heart against him, how does God's love abide in him? Little children, let us not love in word or talk but in
deed and in truth.”(1 John 3:17-18, ESV) There is truth to these words from the Gospel; some close their
hearts to those in need but many do not know or see those who are in need. Creating a better market for
philanthropy and limiting government intervention is the best economic policy to combat poverty in
Ontario. It is the most efficient as a result of less deadweight loss generated by government intervention,
and it promotes economic growth as a result of an emerging market and an increase in productivity from
the poorest in the province.
13. Bibliography
Citizens of Public Justice. (2012). Poverty Trends Scorecard.
DeSalvo, J. S. (1975). Benefits and Costs of NY City's Middle Income Housing Project. Journal of
Political Economy, 791-805.
Laurie, N. (2008). The Cost of Poverty. Toronto: Ontario Association of Food Banks.
Ontario. (n.d.). Breaking the Cycle. Ontario's Poverty Reduction Strategy.
Sarlo, C. (2013). The Cost of Raising Children. Fraser Institute.
Skuterud, M., Frenette, M., & Poon, P. (2004). Describing the Distribution of Income: Guidelines for
Effective Analysis. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Statistics Canada. (2013, 05 02). Low Income Cut-offs. Retrieved from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/2012002/lico-sfr-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2013, 06 07). Persons in low income after tax. Retrieved from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil19a-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Table 202-0804 - Persons in low income, by economic family type, annual.
Retrieved March 09, 2015
Wagmiller Jr., R., & Adelman, R. (2009). Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty. National Center for
Children in Poverty.
Appendix
Table 1- Ontario Child Benefits- Monthly
# of Children $20,000 $25,000 $30,000
1 $109.16 $75.83 $42.50
2 $218.33 $185.00 $151.66
3 $327.50 $294.16 $260.83
4 $436.66 $403.33 $370.00
14. Figure 1-Working Lone Parent with Two Children
Figure 2 – Non-Working Lone Parent with Two Children