This document discusses HIV and TB in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It finds that 86% of HIV infections and 76% of TB cases are concentrated in 14 sub-districts, mainly due to factors like poverty, overcrowding and migration. Effective prevention and treatment requires multi-sectoral strategies including increasing access to testing, treatment and prevention tools, as well as addressing social and structural drivers of disease transmission at individual and community levels through normative and behavioral changes. An ideal approach combines biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions tailored to local epidemiology and risks.
This document provides information about a module on HIV and AIDS. The 30-hour, 3-credit module aims to help learners develop self-awareness to contribute to the national HIV response. It covers topics like fundamentals of HIV/AIDS, prevention, counseling, treatment, and more. By the end of the module, learners should be able to apply epidemiological knowledge, identify risks, demonstrate a positive attitude, educate patients, and provide counseling. The first unit defines key terms and discusses HIV's history, epidemiology, transmission modes, progression, classification and impact on individuals and societies.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
The document discusses several key topics related to HIV/AIDS:
1. It describes the natural history and progression of HIV infection from initial infection through asymptomatic stages to AIDS.
2. It explains differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2, modes of transmission, and strategies for prevention.
3. Global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS are provided, showing high numbers in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
4. The impact of AIDS on individuals, families, communities and countries is discussed, including economic impact and the disproportionate effect on women.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa to enhance nursing students' experience at service sites. It discusses transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS and TB. South Africa has the most HIV infections worldwide, especially among young women. TB is highly associated with HIV and a leading cause of death for those infected. The document recommends precautions to prevent transmission and encourages interaction with communities while dismissing stigmas.
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts in Sabak Bernam district, Malaysia. It provides definitions of HIV/AIDS and describes the stages of HIV infection. It outlines national strategies and objectives to reduce new HIV infections and impact of AIDS. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies discussed include education, testing, harm reduction, antiretroviral therapy, and monitoring systems. While efforts have been made, stigma remains a challenge to reducing new infections and AIDS deaths to zero by 2015.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes it. It discusses how HIV breaks down the immune system, leaving those infected vulnerable to life-threatening infections. The document outlines the history of the HIV epidemic and how it has affected both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes HIV transmission routes, clinical stages of infection from initial exposure to AIDS, diagnostic testing approaches, treatment options including antiretroviral drugs, prevention strategies, and healthcare follow-up for those living with HIV/AIDS.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
This document provides information about a module on HIV and AIDS. The 30-hour, 3-credit module aims to help learners develop self-awareness to contribute to the national HIV response. It covers topics like fundamentals of HIV/AIDS, prevention, counseling, treatment, and more. By the end of the module, learners should be able to apply epidemiological knowledge, identify risks, demonstrate a positive attitude, educate patients, and provide counseling. The first unit defines key terms and discusses HIV's history, epidemiology, transmission modes, progression, classification and impact on individuals and societies.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
The document discusses several key topics related to HIV/AIDS:
1. It describes the natural history and progression of HIV infection from initial infection through asymptomatic stages to AIDS.
2. It explains differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2, modes of transmission, and strategies for prevention.
3. Global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS are provided, showing high numbers in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
4. The impact of AIDS on individuals, families, communities and countries is discussed, including economic impact and the disproportionate effect on women.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa to enhance nursing students' experience at service sites. It discusses transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS and TB. South Africa has the most HIV infections worldwide, especially among young women. TB is highly associated with HIV and a leading cause of death for those infected. The document recommends precautions to prevent transmission and encourages interaction with communities while dismissing stigmas.
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts in Sabak Bernam district, Malaysia. It provides definitions of HIV/AIDS and describes the stages of HIV infection. It outlines national strategies and objectives to reduce new HIV infections and impact of AIDS. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies discussed include education, testing, harm reduction, antiretroviral therapy, and monitoring systems. While efforts have been made, stigma remains a challenge to reducing new infections and AIDS deaths to zero by 2015.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes it. It discusses how HIV breaks down the immune system, leaving those infected vulnerable to life-threatening infections. The document outlines the history of the HIV epidemic and how it has affected both developed and developing countries. It also summarizes HIV transmission routes, clinical stages of infection from initial exposure to AIDS, diagnostic testing approaches, treatment options including antiretroviral drugs, prevention strategies, and healthcare follow-up for those living with HIV/AIDS.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the San commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within a high risk tuberculosis community, who face the challenges of extreme poverty, increased tuberculosis incidence and prevalence, increased HIV incidence and prevalence, language and cultural barriers, high incidences and prevalence of sexual abuse, substance abuse, severe acute malnutrtion and illiteracy.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within their homes, who reside in a high risk tuberculosis community confronted with minority ethnic groups, language and social barriers, high prevalence and incidence of HIV infections, high prevalence of abuse against women, high prevalence of teenage pregnancies, high prevalence of substance abuse and a high prevalence of poverty and illiteracy.
This document provides basic information about HIV/AIDS in India and how it can be prevented. It notes that India has the third highest number of HIV infections globally. It then defines HIV and AIDS, explaining that HIV is a virus that can be present for years without symptoms, while AIDS is the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. The document outlines that HIV is most often transmitted sexually or through shared needles, but not through casual contact. It identifies populations at high risk like intravenous drug users and provides prevention methods like abstinence and condom use. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of awareness and education in fighting the spread of the virus.
This document provides basic information about HIV/AIDS in India and how it can be prevented. It notes that India has the third highest number of HIV infections globally. It then defines HIV and AIDS, explaining that HIV is a virus that can be present for years without symptoms, while AIDS is the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. The document outlines that HIV is most often transmitted sexually or through shared needles, but not through casual contact. It identifies populations at high risk like intravenous drug users and provides prevention methods like abstinence and condom use. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of awareness and education in fighting the spread of the virus.
Dr. Tom Frieden, Update on the Ebola Criisdrenfeld
Thomas Frieden, director of the CDC, provides an update on the Ebola crisis. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is unprecedented and accelerating, with over 6,900 cases and 3,200 deaths. Controlling the outbreak requires a massive increase in isolation and treatment facilities, as the number of new cases is currently doubling every three weeks. While experimental treatments and vaccines show promise, success will depend on scaling up public health measures like safe burials and infection control. The global response must also accelerate to get ahead of the virus and reverse the epidemic's spread.
Tuberculosis Infection Control Symposia, presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, 2011.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
The document discusses issues related to HIV and young people, including risk factors, biological susceptibility, prevention strategies, testing and counseling considerations, positive living, and difficult situations. It provides information on the global and local HIV epidemic as well as strategies to support young people living with and affected by HIV.
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
World AIDS Day is held each year on December 1st to honor those who have died from AIDS, support those living with HIV/AIDS, and raise awareness about HIV prevention and control efforts. The theme between 2011-2015 was "Getting to zero: zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS-related deaths." On this day, communities around the world commemorate the progress made and continue working towards eliminating HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses the HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis epidemics globally and at the US-Mexico border region. It notes that HIV infects over 34 million people worldwide each year, while tuberculosis infects over 9 million and kills over 2 million. Both diseases disproportionately impact developing regions and vulnerable groups. Co-infection is common given their effects on the immune system. Prevention of HIV is key to controlling tuberculosis. Collaboration is needed to address the mobile population and binational nature of the epidemics at the US-Mexico border.
National HIV testing and treatment guidelines BISHAL SAPKOTA
1. The document provides guidelines for HIV testing, treatment, and management in Nepal. It summarizes global HIV statistics and outlines the epidemiology of HIV in Nepal.
2. Guidelines are provided for HIV testing services, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and management of coinfections. Recommendations include "treat all" and early infant diagnosis.
3. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), ART for prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, and combination prevention are discussed. Clinical features and management of pediatric HIV are also reviewed.
Sensitisation – hiv aids-NCD-HIV-AIDS_seminar on AIDSdrdduttaM
This document provides information about HIV and AIDS. It begins with defining HIV as a virus that causes immunosuppression and discussing its classification. It then distinguishes between HIV and AIDS, noting that AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. Several key points about HIV/AIDS are summarized, including that it primarily affects young adults, transmission occurs through risky behaviors, and prevention is most effective and cheaper than treatment which has no cure. Statistics on global prevalence are also presented.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
The concept of HIV AIDS and nutrition for community development and social w...RiberatusPhilipo
This document provides an overview of a continuing education course on HIV/AIDS and nutrition in Tanzania. The course is aimed at students pursuing an Ordinary Diploma in Community Development and Social Work. The document defines key concepts related to HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and their relationship. It also lists learning objectives and references relevant literature on HIV/AIDS epidemiology, prevention, and treatment in Tanzania.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
This document discusses the key roles and challenges for EMS during a pandemic. It notes that EMS is not just on the front lines, but surrounded by the pandemic as they enter homes and communities. It then discusses how pandemics have occurred historically and the unpredictability. It outlines WHO phases and discusses non-pharmacological interventions like social distancing that can help slow spread. EMS roles include preparing for increased demand and risk while potentially having reduced staffing, and following specific protocols for PPE, destinations and treating in place when possible. Public health agencies are also key partners for EMS in pandemic response and mitigation efforts.
HIV originated from chimpanzees in West Africa and was transmitted to humans. The earliest known case of HIV in a human was detected in 1959 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antiretroviral therapy uses HIV medicines to treat infection and suppress viral load, preventing transmission. Factors like viral load, condom use, and adherence to medication determine likelihood of HIV transmission. Common signs of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the San commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within a high risk tuberculosis community, who face the challenges of extreme poverty, increased tuberculosis incidence and prevalence, increased HIV incidence and prevalence, language and cultural barriers, high incidences and prevalence of sexual abuse, substance abuse, severe acute malnutrtion and illiteracy.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within their homes, who reside in a high risk tuberculosis community confronted with minority ethnic groups, language and social barriers, high prevalence and incidence of HIV infections, high prevalence of abuse against women, high prevalence of teenage pregnancies, high prevalence of substance abuse and a high prevalence of poverty and illiteracy.
This document provides basic information about HIV/AIDS in India and how it can be prevented. It notes that India has the third highest number of HIV infections globally. It then defines HIV and AIDS, explaining that HIV is a virus that can be present for years without symptoms, while AIDS is the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. The document outlines that HIV is most often transmitted sexually or through shared needles, but not through casual contact. It identifies populations at high risk like intravenous drug users and provides prevention methods like abstinence and condom use. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of awareness and education in fighting the spread of the virus.
This document provides basic information about HIV/AIDS in India and how it can be prevented. It notes that India has the third highest number of HIV infections globally. It then defines HIV and AIDS, explaining that HIV is a virus that can be present for years without symptoms, while AIDS is the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. The document outlines that HIV is most often transmitted sexually or through shared needles, but not through casual contact. It identifies populations at high risk like intravenous drug users and provides prevention methods like abstinence and condom use. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of awareness and education in fighting the spread of the virus.
Dr. Tom Frieden, Update on the Ebola Criisdrenfeld
Thomas Frieden, director of the CDC, provides an update on the Ebola crisis. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is unprecedented and accelerating, with over 6,900 cases and 3,200 deaths. Controlling the outbreak requires a massive increase in isolation and treatment facilities, as the number of new cases is currently doubling every three weeks. While experimental treatments and vaccines show promise, success will depend on scaling up public health measures like safe burials and infection control. The global response must also accelerate to get ahead of the virus and reverse the epidemic's spread.
Tuberculosis Infection Control Symposia, presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, 2011.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
The document discusses issues related to HIV and young people, including risk factors, biological susceptibility, prevention strategies, testing and counseling considerations, positive living, and difficult situations. It provides information on the global and local HIV epidemic as well as strategies to support young people living with and affected by HIV.
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
World AIDS Day is held each year on December 1st to honor those who have died from AIDS, support those living with HIV/AIDS, and raise awareness about HIV prevention and control efforts. The theme between 2011-2015 was "Getting to zero: zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS-related deaths." On this day, communities around the world commemorate the progress made and continue working towards eliminating HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses the HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis epidemics globally and at the US-Mexico border region. It notes that HIV infects over 34 million people worldwide each year, while tuberculosis infects over 9 million and kills over 2 million. Both diseases disproportionately impact developing regions and vulnerable groups. Co-infection is common given their effects on the immune system. Prevention of HIV is key to controlling tuberculosis. Collaboration is needed to address the mobile population and binational nature of the epidemics at the US-Mexico border.
National HIV testing and treatment guidelines BISHAL SAPKOTA
1. The document provides guidelines for HIV testing, treatment, and management in Nepal. It summarizes global HIV statistics and outlines the epidemiology of HIV in Nepal.
2. Guidelines are provided for HIV testing services, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and management of coinfections. Recommendations include "treat all" and early infant diagnosis.
3. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), ART for prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, and combination prevention are discussed. Clinical features and management of pediatric HIV are also reviewed.
Sensitisation – hiv aids-NCD-HIV-AIDS_seminar on AIDSdrdduttaM
This document provides information about HIV and AIDS. It begins with defining HIV as a virus that causes immunosuppression and discussing its classification. It then distinguishes between HIV and AIDS, noting that AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. Several key points about HIV/AIDS are summarized, including that it primarily affects young adults, transmission occurs through risky behaviors, and prevention is most effective and cheaper than treatment which has no cure. Statistics on global prevalence are also presented.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
The concept of HIV AIDS and nutrition for community development and social w...RiberatusPhilipo
This document provides an overview of a continuing education course on HIV/AIDS and nutrition in Tanzania. The course is aimed at students pursuing an Ordinary Diploma in Community Development and Social Work. The document defines key concepts related to HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and their relationship. It also lists learning objectives and references relevant literature on HIV/AIDS epidemiology, prevention, and treatment in Tanzania.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
This document discusses the key roles and challenges for EMS during a pandemic. It notes that EMS is not just on the front lines, but surrounded by the pandemic as they enter homes and communities. It then discusses how pandemics have occurred historically and the unpredictability. It outlines WHO phases and discusses non-pharmacological interventions like social distancing that can help slow spread. EMS roles include preparing for increased demand and risk while potentially having reduced staffing, and following specific protocols for PPE, destinations and treating in place when possible. Public health agencies are also key partners for EMS in pandemic response and mitigation efforts.
HIV originated from chimpanzees in West Africa and was transmitted to humans. The earliest known case of HIV in a human was detected in 1959 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antiretroviral therapy uses HIV medicines to treat infection and suppress viral load, preventing transmission. Factors like viral load, condom use, and adherence to medication determine likelihood of HIV transmission. Common signs of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes.
Similar to hiv_and_tb_prevention_and_treatment.pptx (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
hiv_and_tb_prevention_and_treatment.pptx
1. HIV and TB
Prevention and treatment
What multi-sectoral strategies will
decrease the burden of infectious disease
amongst the people of the Western Cape?
2. A coherent strategy needs to be informed by the
answers to the following questions…
• What is the scale of the HIV/TB epidemic in the Western
Cape?
• Where is it prevalent?
• Why does it occur where it does?
• What tools do we have to either prevent infection or to
reduce disease severity, and how effective are they?
4. HIV infected population in the Western Cape
+ ART coverage
District/Sub-district No. HIV infected
Proportion of
total infections No. on ART
Proportion of
total on ART
Khayelitsha 39 121 14.5% 19 708 19.1%
Cape Winelands 29 371 10.9% 10 477 10.1%
Klipfontein 29 205 10.8% 7 863 7.6%
Eastern 26 508 9.8% 9 506 9.2%
Western 22 894 8.5% 11 499 11.1%
Northern 22 862 8.5% 5 385 5.2%
Eden 22 271 8.2% 8 381 8.1%
Mitchells Plain 17 962 6.7% 11 273 10.9%
Southern 16 300 6.0% 5 764 5.6%
Tygerberg 16 193 6.0% 6 147 5.9%
Overberg 14 521 5.4% 3 268 3.2%
West Coast 9 114 3.4% 3 570 3.5%
Central Karoo 3 680 1.4% 508 0.5%
270 000 100.0% 103 349 100.0%
5. TB cases 2009
West Coast: 4,244 (8%)
Central Karoo: 700 (1%)
Eden: 7,204 (13%)
Cape Winelands: 9,892 (18%)
Cape Town: 30,820 (55%)
Overberg: 3,059 (5%)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Cape
Town…
Cape
Winelands
Eden
West
Coast
Overberg
Central
Karoo
TB cases
6. TB is the face of HIV
• Being HIV-infected increases your risk of having TB by anywhere
from 30 to 100-fold (depends on the stage of the HIV disease)
• Proportionate to its population size, Western Cape is the province
worst affected by TB
TB is what is killing HIV-infected people
11. Burden of HIV and TB
~270,000 HIV infected individuals
~50,000 diagnosed TB cases per annum
Of HIV-infected people, 86% are in 14 sub-districts
Of TB diagnoses, 76% are in the same 14 sub-districts
These two diseases account for +/- a quarter of the years of life lost in the province
12. Because they harbour many of the risk factors
associated with HIV1:
The ‘deprivation cluster’ of:
1. Poverty
2. Overcrowding
3. Malnutrition
4. Migration
Why do certain areas carry a disproportionate
burden of HIV disease?
Produce social vulnerability
1. Western Cape Burden of Disease report for major infectious diseases, 2007
13. By being strongly associated with the following risks1:
1. Not knowing one’s HIV status
2. Stigma and discrimination
3. Age mixing
4. Early sexual debut
5. Transactional sex
6. Partner turnover/concurrency
7. Alcohol misuse
Social vulnerability creates a high risk environment
for HIV transmission
*disempowerment
*compromised decision-making
*economic necessity
1. Western Cape Burden of Disease report for major infectious diseases, 2007
14. Viral transmission is a complex biological sequence of events that
starts with ‘permanent’ viral attachment to host epithelial tissue
Some people are more likely to transmit HIV and others are more vulnerable to acquire HIV
1. Sex & age
2. Viral load
3. Sexually transmitted infections
4. Lack of circumcision
5. Mother to child transmission
Despite the socio-structural environment creating a context of high risk
for HIV acquisition…
the final mediator of HIV transmission is biological
15. TB – another risky environment
Risk 1 = Risk of being exposed to the organism
(acquiring infection)
• The ‘deprivation cluster’ of: impoverishment, poor nutrition,
migration, overcrowded dwellings compounded by existing high TB
prevalence and incidence, poor education, ignorance of TB
transmission mechanisms and of TB symptoms, poor adherence to
treatment
“85-90% of those people with normal immunity who inhale TB do not develop disease”
16. Risk 2 = Risk of infection progressing to disease
TB infection can be longstanding and “reactivate”
or can be recently acquired and progressive
“50-90% of South Africans are likely to be latently infected with TB”
“by far the most powerful risk identified (for infection progressing to disease) is
concurrent HIV infection”
TB – another risky environment
17. Interventions
• We’re not only trying to prevent new HIV and new TB infections
• We also have a large population of people who are already HIV-
infected, and in whom we are trying to prevent premature death
18. HIV prevention can and should be implemented at
different levels
Structural- seek to change the context that
contributes to vulnerability or risk
Behavioural- attempt to motivate behavioural
change within individuals or communities
Biomedical – attempt to block infection or reduce
infectiousness
19. Biomedical interventions need to be placed into the high risk environments - at scale
(and socio-structural barriers to their consistent and correct use need to be
overcome)
Level of
intervention
Risk No. Mode of action Effectiveness
1 Physical seperation 85-95%
2
Restore epithelial
integrity Variable
3
Reduce epithelial
vulnerabilty ~58%
Oral ART-
lifelong
Reduce hiv in body
fluids
theoretically
very high
Oral ART-
pre-coitally
Reduce hiv in body
fluids ~44%
Topical
antimicrobials
peri-coitally
Reduce probability
of viral 'attachment' ~39%
5 Boost immunity unclear
Vaccines
HIV in body fluids
coming into
contact with
epithelium of
sexual partner
Biomedical
4
Anti-
retroviral
medication
Prevention method
Barrier methods
STI treatment
Male circumcision
20. TB interventions
1. Reduce the probability of someone inhaling the
mycobacterium Tuberculosis
– Tackle the ‘deprivation cluster’ – overcrowding etc
– Reduce prevalent and incident TB (case-finding – ART work-up,
door-to-door community drives etc..)
– Reduce/prevent drug-resistant TB
– Reduce infectiousness of those with TB (case-treatment and case-
holding)
– Environmental infection control (applying not only to health
facilities but all areas where people congregate – transport, work,
church, bars etc)
21. TB interventions
2. Reduce the probability of inhaled (or latent) tuberculosis
progressing to active disease
– Early identification of high risk cases (HIV testing) and intensive
education of disease symptoms
– Regular routine monitoring of high risk cases
– ‘Bolster immunity’: ART where indicated
– IPT where appropriate
22. A word on Mother-to-child transmission
Pre-conception
Pre-partum
Intra-partum
Post-partum
Antiretroviral drugs (dual and triple therapy)
reduce viral load, reduce probability of
transmission. The earlier started, the better
Antriretroviral drugs and reducing birth trauma
(C/S)
Antiretroviral drugs for mother and child.
Breastfeeding choices and drug cover to
the child for the duration of breastfeeding
MTCT – effective contraception is a
powerful tool to prevent transmission of HIV from
mother to child. 100% effective
23. • In the absence of a ‘game-changing’ intervention, the Western Cape
will see approximately ~14,000 HIV infections in 2012 (~1,200 of
which will be from mother to child)
• We can identify the communities in which the ~14,000 transmission
events will occur
• We have the biomedical tools and knowledge to theoretically stop
almost every one of those transmission events…
We know the following about HIV infections in
the Western Cape…
But we’re missing a piece of the puzzle…
And it revolves around generating large scale demand for, and
consistent uptake of, proven biomedical interventions by high risk
communities
24. It’s not clear how we are going to solve this vexed problem,
but let’s try and picture the type of societal and community
norms that would be required to reduce HIV and TB
transmission…
25. What’s the “ideal world” scenario?
• Structural: to do away with the ‘deprivation cluster’
• Societal/behavioural:
An environment in which everybody…
• Is informed of the consequences of HIV infection, knows their HIV status,
checks it regularly and no stigma is attached to doing so
• Uses barrier protection consistently, and especially with casual sex; has
immediate access to condoms whenever they want them and their use of
condoms is positively re-enforced by their partner, their peer group and
their community
• Delays their sexual debut and avoids having multiple sexual partners
• Men present for circumcision routinely
• Women use contraception consistently and space their pregnancies well
• HIV-infected pregnant women know their HIV status and present very
early in their pregnancy for treatment
26. What’s the “ideal world” scenario?
• Societal/behavioural:
An environment in which every HIV-infected person…
• Knows that they are at unusually high risk of TB
• Knows how to recognise TB, knows simple household and community
infection control measures, knows the benefits of TB preventative therapy,
knows what to do and where to go if they think they have TB
• Who is HIV-infected is able to keep themselves well by routinely
undergoing monitoring (for TB, cervical cancer etc) and being rapidly
responsive to new symptoms
27. • Biomedical
An environment in which everybody…
• Has simple and rapid access to HIV and TB testing
• Has easy access to required medication
• Adheres to their prescribed treatment because they understand it benefits
them, are aware of the consequences of not doing so, and are supported
in doing so by their peers and their community
What’s the “ideal world” scenario?
28. • “Highly active HIV prevention inevitably must be combination prevention”
• “Nothing should be more important than a focus on young people”
• “investments should focus on promoting normative and social change to
reduce multiple and concurrent partnerships, and to greatly increase
availability of safe and affordable male circumcision services”
• “condoms (unlike contraception) have to be available immediately and thus a
continuous source of supply is needed”
• “The aggregate effect of radical and sustained behavioural changes in a
sufficient number of individuals potentially at risk is needed for successful
reductions in HIV transmission”
“ Understand but don’t overcomplicate.
Broad rapid brushstrokes are sufficient for action”
UNAIDS suggested high level strategies…