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HIV
- 2. HIV/AIDS TREATMENT: ROLE OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL SYTEM By Mrs. S. Gomathi., M.Pharm., (Ph. D) Assistant Professor Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JKK Nattraja College of Pharmacy Kumarapalayam 638183
- 4. DISTRICT-WISE SCENARIO OF AIDS Category NACP-III A 156 B 39 C 296 D 118 New Districts 30 Total 609 4 Category NACP-III Definition A > 1% ANC prevalence in any of the sites in the last 3 years B < 1% ANC prevalence in all the sites during last 3 years with > 5% prevalence in any HRG site (STD/FSW/MSM/IDU) C < 1% ANC prevalence in all sites during last 3 years with < 5% in all STD clinic attendees or any HRG, with known hot spots D < 1% ANC prevalence in all sites during last 3 years with < 5% in all STD clinic attendees or any HRG OR no or poor HIV data with no known hot spots
- 5. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV means Human immunodeficiency virus while AIDS means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome –It’s a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- 6. 6
- 7. How Do You Get HIV/AIDS?
- 8. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HIV The most common symptoms of primary HIV infection are: • fever, • aching muscles and joints, • sore throat and • swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck. • Ulcers in the mouth
- 9. Swollen parts of the body
- 10. Deterioration of the body tissues
- 13. TESTING OPTIONS FOR HIV Administration • Blood • Urine • Oral 13
- 14. BLOOD DETECTION TESTS • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA) • Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay/Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Assay (RIP/IFA) • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • Western Blot Confirmatory test 14
- 15. URINE TESTING • Urine Western Blot – As sensitive as testing blood – Safe way to screen for HIV – Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for HIV 15
- 16. ORAL TESTING • Orasure – The only FDA approved HIV antibody. – As accurate as blood testing – Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue. – NOT A SALIVA TEST! 16
- 19. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL MEDICINES • NRTI (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) • NtRTI (Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) • NNRTI ( Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) • PI (Protease Inhibitors) • Other ARVs • Entry Inhibitors: Fusion Inhibitor: Enfuvirtide. Penitration blockrs: Maraviroc • Integrase inhibitors: Raltegravir, Elvitegravir • Maturation inhibitors: Beviramat 19
- 20. PROTEASE INHIBITORS (PIS) Agent Approved Dose frequency Saquinavir -HGC 12/95 1000mg (500mg) BID Ritonavir 3/96 300mg,600mg BID Indinavir 3/96 800mg TID Nelfinavir 3/97 750mg 1250mg TID BID Saquinavir-SGC 11/97 1000mg BID Lopinavir/ritonavir 9/2000 400mg/100mg BID Atazanavir 6/03 400mg OD Fosamprenavir 10/03 1400mg BID Tipranavir 6/05 500mg BID Darunavir 6/06 600mg BID 20
- 21. HERBAL DRUGS (AYURVEDHA,SIDDHA)- POSSIBLE ROLE IN TREATMENT OF HIV Withania somifera , Mangifera indica, Allium sativum, Hypericum perforatum. Rasayana reported to exert immunomodulatory effects include Aloe vera, Asparagus racemosus, Boerhavia diffusa, Piper longum. The Non-Rasayana Plants with immunomodulatory effects include Andrographis paniculata, Banksia serrata,Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa and Tamarindus indica.
- 22. Ayurvedic medicines used for HIV patients include 'Chyavanprash', and 'Raktavardhak' for immunity building and 'Sookshma triphla tabs' to prevent infection.
- 23. METHODS OF CONTROL Preventive measures: • Refraining from unprotected Intercourse. • Refraining from intravenous drug use. • People who have HIV infection should not donate plasma, blood, organs for transplantation, tissue or cells. • All pregnant women must be counselled about HIV early in pregnancy and encouraged to undertake an HIV test as a routine part of standard antenatal care. • Those found to be HIV-positive take a course of ARV treatment, to reduce the risk of their infant being infected. 23
- 24. METHODS OF CONTROL (CONT.) • Care must be taken in handling, using and disposing of needles or other sharp instruments. • WHO recommends immunization of asymptomatic HIVinfected children with the EPI vaccines; those who are symptomatic should not receive BCG vaccine. • Live Measles-Mumps-Rubella and polio vaccines are recommended for all HIV-infected children. • HIV testing and counselling is an important intervention for raising awareness of HIV status, promoting behavioural change and diagnosing HIV infection. 24
- 25. CONCLUSION • HIV/AIDS is a world epidemic. Although making new advances in combating this virus, there are many new infections every year. All should know what how it spreads and how to prevent it. Should take a HIV/AIDS test if involved in any risky behaviors. And also should tell others the importance of getting tested and prevention. • Finally, partnerships between the allopathic and traditional, complementary health sectors in research, policy, and practice are essential in building comprehensive AIDS treatment strategies. Policies that increase the collaboration between these two care sectors should be strongly encouraged. 25
- 26. REFERENCES Pharmacotherapy, A Pathophysiologic approach by J.T.Dipiro 8 th edition, page.no:2065-2081 emedicine.medscape.com/article/1533218-Author R Chris Rathbun Aberg, J. A., Kaplan, J. E., Libman, H., "Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 2009 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Book of MEDICINE 4th edition, Authors K George Mathew, Praveen Aggarwal, Pg.no.223-234 Anti Retroviral therapy.