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Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 4
Tissues, Glands, and Membranes
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Key Terms
adipose fibroblast parietal
areolar histology serosa
benign malignant staging
biopsy matrix stem cell
cancer membrane visceral
cartilage metastasis
chemotherapy mucosa
chondrocyte mucus
collagen myelin
endocrine neoplasm
epithelium neuroglia
exocrine neuron
fascia osteocyte
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Tissue Origins
Learning Objectives
1.Define stem cells, and describe
their role in development and repair
of tissue.
2.Name the four main groups of
tissues, and give the location and
general characteristics of each.
3.Describe the difference between
exocrine and endocrine glands, and
give examples of each.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue
Learning Objective
4.Classify the different types of
connective tissue.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes
Learning Objectives
5.Describe three types of epithelial
membranes.
6.List six types of connective tissue
membranes.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors
Learning Objectives
7.Explain the difference between
benign and malignant tumors, and
give several examples of each type.
8.Identify the most common methods
of diagnosing and treating cancer.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Case Study
Learning Objective
9. Using the case study and
information in the text, describe
the warning signs of cancer.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
10. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to tissues, glands, and membranes.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Tissue Origins
Learning Objectives
1.Define stem cells, and describe
their role in development and repair
of tissue.
2.Name the four main groups of
tissues, and give the location and
general characteristics of each.
3.Describe the difference between
exocrine and endocrine glands, and
give examples of each.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Tissue Origins (cont.)
• Histology is the study of tissues.
• Four main groups of tissues
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue
Overview
•Forms a protective covering for the body
– Outer layer of skin
•Forms membranes and ducts
•Lines body cavities and hollow organs
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Structure
•Classification by shape
– Squamous
– Cuboidal
– Columnar
•Classification by layers
– Simple
– Stratified
– Pseudostratified
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Simple Epithelium
•Single cell layer allows materials to pass from one system
to another
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-1 Simple epithelial tissues.
In how many layers are these epithelial cells?
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Stratified Epithelium
•Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subject to
wear and tear.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-2 Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the function of stratified epithelium?
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Special Functions
•Goblet cells secrete mucus.
– Trap foreign particles in the respiratory tract
– Protect lining of digestive organs
•Some epithelial cells have cilia.
– Sweep particles trapped in mucus away from the
lungs
•Epithelial cells repair and replace themselves quickly.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-3 Goblet cells.
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Glands
•Produce substances that are sent out to other parts of
the body
•Types
– Exocrine glands
• Use ducts to deliver product to other regions
Example: Sweat and salivary glands
– Endocrine glands
• Use blood vessels to deliver hormones to other
regions
Example: Adrenal gland and pancreas
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-1 What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?
4-2 What are the two categories of glands based on
their method of secretion?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You
see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A)Simple columnar epithelium
B)Stratified columnar epithelium
C)Simple squamous epithelium
D)Stratified squamous epithelium
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You
see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A)Simple columnar epithelium
B)Stratified columnar epithelium
C)Simple squamous epithelium
D)Stratified squamous epithelium
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelium
?
Pop Quiz
4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach.
B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Epithelium (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach.
B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue
Learning Objective
4.Classify the different types of
connective tissue.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Overview
•The supporting fabric of the body
•Contains large amounts of matrix between cells
•Categorized by physical properties
– Circulating connective tissue
– Generalized connective tissue
– Structural connective tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Circulating Connective Tissue
•Fluid connective tissue that travels in vessels
•Carries nutrients, gases, wastes, and other materials
throughout body
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Generalized Connective Tissue
•Widely distributed and not highly specialized
•Types in order of increasing hardness:
– Loose
– Dense
– Cartilage
– Bone tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Loose Connective Tissue
•Soft matrix
•Provides support and protection
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-4 Circulating and loose connective tissue.
Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these
tissues is modified for storage?
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Dense Connective Tissue
•Firm matrix with large numbers of collagen and elastic
fibers
•Provides protection, support, flexibility, and attachment
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Cartilage
•Strong and flexible with a solid matrix
•Provides protection, structure, shock absorption, and
elasticity
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Bone
•Solid matrix hardened with mineral salts
•Makes up bones of skeleton
•Gives structure, support, and protection to body
•Works with muscles to produce movement
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-5 Dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone.
Connective Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-3 What is the general name for the intercellular
material in connective tissue?
4-4 What protein makes up the most abundant fibers in
connective tissue?
4-5 What type of cell characterizes dense connective
tissue? Cartilage? Bone tissue?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes
are to
A)Bone
B)Fat
C)Muscle
D)Tendon
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes
are to
A)Bone
B)Fat
C)Muscle
D)Tendon
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in
anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not
contact each other and many thick collagen fibers
oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most
likely on the slide?
A)Areolar connective tissue
B)Dense connective tissue
C)Stratified epithelial tissue
D)Transitional epithelial tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Connective Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in
anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not
contact each other and many thick collagen fibers
oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most
likely on the slide?
A)Areolar connective tissue
B)Dense connective tissue
C)Stratified epithelial tissue
D)Transitional epithelial tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Muscle Tissue
Types
•Skeletal muscle
– Voluntary
– Striated
•Cardiac muscle (myocardium)
– Involuntary
– Contains intercalated disks
•Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
– Involuntary
– Unstriated
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-6 Muscle tissue.
Muscle Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Muscle Tissue (cont.)
✓
Checkpoint
4-6 What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Muscle Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
A)Areolar connective tissue
B)Cardiac muscle tissue
C)Skeletal muscle tissue
D)Smooth muscle tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Muscle Tissue (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
A)Areolar connective tissue
B)Cardiac muscle tissue
C)Skeletal muscle tissue
D)Smooth muscle tissue
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Nervous Tissue
Overview
•Nervous tissue makes up body’s communication system.
•Nervous system components:
– Brain
– Nerves
– Spinal cord
•Cell types:
– Neuron
– Neuroglia
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Nervous Tissue (cont.)
The Neuron
•Basic unit of nervous tissue.
•Neurons transmit nerve impulses.
•Parts of a neuron
– Body
– Fibers
•A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers held together with
connective tissue.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Nervous Tissue (cont.)
Neuroglia
•Support and protect nervous tissue
– Some protect the brain from harmful substances.
– Some get rid of foreign organisms and cellular debris.
– Some form myelin sheath around axons.
•Do not transmit nerve impulses
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-7 Nervous tissue.
Nervous Tissue (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Nervous Tissue (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-7 What is the basic cell of the nervous system, and
what is its function?
4-8 What are the nonconducting support cells of the
nervous system called?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes
Learning Objectives
5.Describe three types of epithelial
membranes.
6.List six types of connective tissue
membranes.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
• Thin sheets of tissue
• Functions of membranes
– Cover surfaces
– Serve as dividers
– Line hollow organs or body cavities
– Anchor organs
– Secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs
• Two main categories
– Epithelial membranes
– Connective tissue membranes
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
Epithelial Membranes
•Outer surface is made of epithelium
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
Serous Membranes
•Line body cavities and cover internal organs
•Do not connect to the outside of the body
•Secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-8 Organization of serous membranes.
Membranes (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
Mucous Membranes
•Line tubes and ducts that open to outside of the body
•Vary in structure and function
– Trap and remove foreign particles
– Protect deeper tissue
– Absorb food materials
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
Connective Tissue Membranes
•Composed of connective tissue with no epithelium
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
Membranes and Disease
•Membranes play a part in disease process.
•Become inflamed or infected:
– Example: Peritonitis
•Act as pathways to spread disease in the body.
•Frequently involved in autoimmune disorders:
– Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus and
rheumatoid arthritis
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-9 What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
4-10 What is the difference between a parietal and a
visceral serous membrane?
4-11 What is fascia, and where is it located?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A)Bursa
B)Fascia
C)Meninges
D)Pleura
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Membranes (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A)Bursa
B)Fascia
C)Meninges
D)Pleura
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors
Learning Objectives
7.Explain the difference between
benign and malignant tumors, and
give several examples of each type.
8.Identify the most common methods
of diagnosing and treating cancer.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Overview
•Abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor or neoplasm.
•Types
– Benign
– Malignant (cancer)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Benign Tumors
•Do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites
•Some examples:
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Malignant Tumors
•Classified according to tissues of origin
– Carcinoma
– Sarcoma
– Leukemia
– Lymphoma
– Glioma
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-9 Benign and malignant tumors.
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Signs of Cancer
•Thickening or lump
•Changes in the color, shape, or size of a mole
•Sore that does not heal
•Unusual bleeding or discharge
•Difficulty in swallowing
•Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
•Hoarseness or persistent cough
•White patches in the mouth
•Changes in bowel or bladder habits
•Unexplained weight gain or loss
•Feeling weak or very tired
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Cancer Diagnosis
•Microscopic study of tissue or cells
•Radiography
•Ultrasound (ultrasonography)
•Computed tomography (CT)
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Positron emission tomography (PET)
•Tumor marker tests
•Genetic tests
•Staging
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-10 Diagnostic imaging for tumors.
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Cancer Treatment
•Treatment methods may be combined.
•Surgery
•Radiation
•Chemotherapy
•Biological therapy (immunotherapy)
•Hormone therapy
•Angiogenesis blockers
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-12 What is the difference between a benign and a
malignant tumor?
4-13 What is a biopsy?
4-14 What are the three standard approaches to the
treatment of cancer?
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.7 What is another term for tumor?
A)Arthritis
B)Bursa
C)Neoplasm
D)Peritonitis
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.7 What is another term for tumor?
A)Arthritis
B)Bursa
C)Neoplasm
D)Peritonitis
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for
microscopic examination called?
A)Biopsy
B)Computed tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Positron emission tomography
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for
microscopic examination called?
A)Biopsy
B)Computed tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Positron emission tomography
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Tissues and Aging
• Connective tissues lose elasticity as they age.
• Blood vessels
• Tendons and ligaments
• Bones
• Muscles
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Figure 4-11 Atrophy of the brain.
Tissues and Aging (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Case Study
Learning Objective
9. Using the case study and
information in the text, describe
the warning signs of cancer.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Case Study (cont.)
• Paul was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma.
• Squamous cell carcinoma may be a carcinogenic effect
of sun damage on skin tissue.
• This case study illustrates the fact that skin cancer can
be caused by frequent exposure to the sun and can be
mostly prevented by wearing sunscreen outdoors and
reapplying it often. It is also recommended to cover up
exposed areas of the skin when outdoors.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
10. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to tissues, glands, and membranes.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy (cont.)
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Word Anatomy (cont.)

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Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4

  • 1. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes
  • 2. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview
  • 3. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Key Terms adipose fibroblast parietal areolar histology serosa benign malignant staging biopsy matrix stem cell cancer membrane visceral cartilage metastasis chemotherapy mucosa chondrocyte mucus collagen myelin endocrine neoplasm epithelium neuroglia exocrine neuron fascia osteocyte
  • 4. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Tissue Origins Learning Objectives 1.Define stem cells, and describe their role in development and repair of tissue. 2.Name the four main groups of tissues, and give the location and general characteristics of each. 3.Describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and give examples of each.
  • 5. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue Learning Objective 4.Classify the different types of connective tissue.
  • 6. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes Learning Objectives 5.Describe three types of epithelial membranes. 6.List six types of connective tissue membranes.
  • 7. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors Learning Objectives 7.Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumors, and give several examples of each type. 8.Identify the most common methods of diagnosing and treating cancer.
  • 8. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study Learning Objective 9. Using the case study and information in the text, describe the warning signs of cancer.
  • 9. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy Learning Objective 10. Show how word parts are used to build words related to tissues, glands, and membranes.
  • 10. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Tissue Origins Learning Objectives 1.Define stem cells, and describe their role in development and repair of tissue. 2.Name the four main groups of tissues, and give the location and general characteristics of each. 3.Describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and give examples of each.
  • 11. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Tissue Origins (cont.) • Histology is the study of tissues. • Four main groups of tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous tissue
  • 12. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue Overview •Forms a protective covering for the body – Outer layer of skin •Forms membranes and ducts •Lines body cavities and hollow organs
  • 13. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) Structure •Classification by shape – Squamous – Cuboidal – Columnar •Classification by layers – Simple – Stratified – Pseudostratified
  • 14. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) Simple Epithelium •Single cell layer allows materials to pass from one system to another
  • 15. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-1 Simple epithelial tissues. In how many layers are these epithelial cells? Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
  • 16. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) Stratified Epithelium •Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subject to wear and tear.
  • 17. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-2 Stratified squamous epithelium. What is the function of stratified epithelium? Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
  • 18. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) Special Functions •Goblet cells secrete mucus. – Trap foreign particles in the respiratory tract – Protect lining of digestive organs •Some epithelial cells have cilia. – Sweep particles trapped in mucus away from the lungs •Epithelial cells repair and replace themselves quickly.
  • 19. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-3 Goblet cells. Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
  • 20. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) Glands •Produce substances that are sent out to other parts of the body •Types – Exocrine glands • Use ducts to deliver product to other regions Example: Sweat and salivary glands – Endocrine glands • Use blood vessels to deliver hormones to other regions Example: Adrenal gland and pancreas
  • 21. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 4-1 What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells? 4-2 What are the two categories of glands based on their method of secretion?
  • 22. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A)Simple columnar epithelium B)Stratified columnar epithelium C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Stratified squamous epithelium
  • 23. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A)Simple columnar epithelium B)Stratified columnar epithelium C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Stratified squamous epithelium
  • 24. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelium ? Pop Quiz 4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland? A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach. B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar. C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its surface. D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
  • 25. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Epithelium (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland? A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach. B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar. C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its surface. D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
  • 26. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue Learning Objective 4.Classify the different types of connective tissue.
  • 27. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Overview •The supporting fabric of the body •Contains large amounts of matrix between cells •Categorized by physical properties – Circulating connective tissue – Generalized connective tissue – Structural connective tissue
  • 28. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Circulating Connective Tissue •Fluid connective tissue that travels in vessels •Carries nutrients, gases, wastes, and other materials throughout body
  • 29. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Generalized Connective Tissue •Widely distributed and not highly specialized •Types in order of increasing hardness: – Loose – Dense – Cartilage – Bone tissue
  • 30. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Loose Connective Tissue •Soft matrix •Provides support and protection
  • 31. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-4 Circulating and loose connective tissue. Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these tissues is modified for storage? Connective Tissue (cont.)
  • 32. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Dense Connective Tissue •Firm matrix with large numbers of collagen and elastic fibers •Provides protection, support, flexibility, and attachment
  • 33. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Cartilage •Strong and flexible with a solid matrix •Provides protection, structure, shock absorption, and elasticity
  • 34. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) Bone •Solid matrix hardened with mineral salts •Makes up bones of skeleton •Gives structure, support, and protection to body •Works with muscles to produce movement
  • 35. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-5 Dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone. Connective Tissue (cont.)
  • 36. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 4-3 What is the general name for the intercellular material in connective tissue? 4-4 What protein makes up the most abundant fibers in connective tissue? 4-5 What type of cell characterizes dense connective tissue? Cartilage? Bone tissue?
  • 37. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A)Bone B)Fat C)Muscle D)Tendon
  • 38. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A)Bone B)Fat C)Muscle D)Tendon
  • 39. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not contact each other and many thick collagen fibers oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A)Areolar connective tissue B)Dense connective tissue C)Stratified epithelial tissue D)Transitional epithelial tissue
  • 40. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not contact each other and many thick collagen fibers oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most likely on the slide? A)Areolar connective tissue B)Dense connective tissue C)Stratified epithelial tissue D)Transitional epithelial tissue
  • 41. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue Types •Skeletal muscle – Voluntary – Striated •Cardiac muscle (myocardium) – Involuntary – Contains intercalated disks •Smooth muscle (visceral muscle) – Involuntary – Unstriated
  • 42. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-6 Muscle tissue. Muscle Tissue (cont.)
  • 43. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (cont.) ✓ Checkpoint 4-6 What are the three types of muscle tissue?
  • 44. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary control? A)Areolar connective tissue B)Cardiac muscle tissue C)Skeletal muscle tissue D)Smooth muscle tissue
  • 45. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary control? A)Areolar connective tissue B)Cardiac muscle tissue C)Skeletal muscle tissue D)Smooth muscle tissue
  • 46. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue Overview •Nervous tissue makes up body’s communication system. •Nervous system components: – Brain – Nerves – Spinal cord •Cell types: – Neuron – Neuroglia
  • 47. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (cont.) The Neuron •Basic unit of nervous tissue. •Neurons transmit nerve impulses. •Parts of a neuron – Body – Fibers •A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers held together with connective tissue.
  • 48. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (cont.) Neuroglia •Support and protect nervous tissue – Some protect the brain from harmful substances. – Some get rid of foreign organisms and cellular debris. – Some form myelin sheath around axons. •Do not transmit nerve impulses
  • 49. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-7 Nervous tissue. Nervous Tissue (cont.)
  • 50. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 4-7 What is the basic cell of the nervous system, and what is its function? 4-8 What are the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system called?
  • 51. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes Learning Objectives 5.Describe three types of epithelial membranes. 6.List six types of connective tissue membranes.
  • 52. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) • Thin sheets of tissue • Functions of membranes – Cover surfaces – Serve as dividers – Line hollow organs or body cavities – Anchor organs – Secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs • Two main categories – Epithelial membranes – Connective tissue membranes
  • 53. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) Epithelial Membranes •Outer surface is made of epithelium
  • 54. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) Serous Membranes •Line body cavities and cover internal organs •Do not connect to the outside of the body •Secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant
  • 55. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-8 Organization of serous membranes. Membranes (cont.)
  • 56. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) Mucous Membranes •Line tubes and ducts that open to outside of the body •Vary in structure and function – Trap and remove foreign particles – Protect deeper tissue – Absorb food materials
  • 57. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) Connective Tissue Membranes •Composed of connective tissue with no epithelium
  • 58. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) Membranes and Disease •Membranes play a part in disease process. •Become inflamed or infected: – Example: Peritonitis •Act as pathways to spread disease in the body. •Frequently involved in autoimmune disorders: – Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis
  • 59. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 4-9 What are the three types of epithelial membranes? 4-10 What is the difference between a parietal and a visceral serous membrane? 4-11 What is fascia, and where is it located?
  • 60. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue? A)Bursa B)Fascia C)Meninges D)Pleura
  • 61. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Membranes (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue? A)Bursa B)Fascia C)Meninges D)Pleura
  • 62. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors Learning Objectives 7.Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumors, and give several examples of each type. 8.Identify the most common methods of diagnosing and treating cancer.
  • 63. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Overview •Abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor or neoplasm. •Types – Benign – Malignant (cancer)
  • 64. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Benign Tumors •Do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites •Some examples:
  • 65. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Malignant Tumors •Classified according to tissues of origin – Carcinoma – Sarcoma – Leukemia – Lymphoma – Glioma
  • 66. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-9 Benign and malignant tumors. Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
  • 67. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Signs of Cancer •Thickening or lump •Changes in the color, shape, or size of a mole •Sore that does not heal •Unusual bleeding or discharge •Difficulty in swallowing •Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating •Hoarseness or persistent cough •White patches in the mouth •Changes in bowel or bladder habits •Unexplained weight gain or loss •Feeling weak or very tired
  • 68. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Cancer Diagnosis •Microscopic study of tissue or cells •Radiography •Ultrasound (ultrasonography) •Computed tomography (CT) •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) •Positron emission tomography (PET) •Tumor marker tests •Genetic tests •Staging
  • 69. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-10 Diagnostic imaging for tumors. Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
  • 70. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) Cancer Treatment •Treatment methods may be combined. •Surgery •Radiation •Chemotherapy •Biological therapy (immunotherapy) •Hormone therapy •Angiogenesis blockers
  • 71. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 4-12 What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? 4-13 What is a biopsy? 4-14 What are the three standard approaches to the treatment of cancer?
  • 72. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.7 What is another term for tumor? A)Arthritis B)Bursa C)Neoplasm D)Peritonitis
  • 73. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.7 What is another term for tumor? A)Arthritis B)Bursa C)Neoplasm D)Peritonitis
  • 74. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for microscopic examination called? A)Biopsy B)Computed tomography C)Magnetic resonance imaging D)Positron emission tomography
  • 75. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for microscopic examination called? A)Biopsy B)Computed tomography C)Magnetic resonance imaging D)Positron emission tomography
  • 76. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Tissues and Aging • Connective tissues lose elasticity as they age. • Blood vessels • Tendons and ligaments • Bones • Muscles
  • 77. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 4-11 Atrophy of the brain. Tissues and Aging (cont.)
  • 78. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study Learning Objective 9. Using the case study and information in the text, describe the warning signs of cancer.
  • 79. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study (cont.) • Paul was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. • Squamous cell carcinoma may be a carcinogenic effect of sun damage on skin tissue. • This case study illustrates the fact that skin cancer can be caused by frequent exposure to the sun and can be mostly prevented by wearing sunscreen outdoors and reapplying it often. It is also recommended to cover up exposed areas of the skin when outdoors.
  • 80. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy Learning Objective 10. Show how word parts are used to build words related to tissues, glands, and membranes.
  • 81. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
  • 82. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
  • 83. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
  • 84. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)

Editor's Notes

  1. Answer: The epithelial cells are in a single layer.
  2. Answer: Stratified epithelium protects underlying tissue from wear and tear.
  3. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  4. Answers: 4-1 The three basic shapes of epithelium are squamous (flat and irregular), cuboidal (square), and columnar (long and narrow). 4-2 Exocrine glands secrete into a nearby organ, cavity, or to the surface of the skin and generally secrete through ducts. Endocrine glands secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluids and into the blood.
  5. Answer: Of the tissues shown, areolar connective tissue has the most fibers; adipose tissue is modified for storage.
  6. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  7. Answers: 4-3 The intercellular material in connective tissue is the matrix. 4-4 Collagen makes up the most abundant fibers in connective tissue. 4-5 Circulating connective tissues are blood and lymph. Generalized connective tissues are loose (areolar, adipose) and dense, as found in membranes, capsules, ligaments, and tendons. Structural connective tissues are cartilage and bone.
  8. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  9. Answer: 4-6 The three types of muscle tissues are skeletal (voluntary), cardiac, and smooth (visceral) muscle.
  10. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  11. Answers: 4-7 The basic cell of the nervous system is the neuron, and it carries nerve impulses. 4-8 The nonconducting support cells of the nervous system are neuroglia (glial cells).
  12. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  13. Answer: 4-9 The three types of epithelial membranes are the cutaneous membrane (skin), serous membranes, and mucous membranes.
  14. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  15. Answer: Zooming in answer here
  16. Answers: 4-12 A benign tumor does not spread; a malignant tumor spreads (metastasizes) to other tissues. 4-13 A biopsy is removal of living tissue for microscopic examination. 4-14 The three standard approaches to treatment of cancer are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
  17. Answer: Zooming in answer here