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History of Linguistics
Theme 1.

Ancient Greece. Ancient
Rome. Ancient India.
Arabic Linguistics.
Ancient Greece
• The most general, philosophical questions
of language, such as the origin of human
speech;
• Questions concerning structural
categories in language, including
phonetics;
• Questions concerning usage (from the
point of correctness)
• Linguistic questions connected with the
study of literary forms and rhetoric.


The central philosophical
problem of language in
ancient Greece was the
problem of the relation
between the words and
the things they signify.
Heraclitus (ab. 544- ab.
483 B.C.)


Language is inherent in nature
(physei)
Democritus (ab.460-370 B.C.)


Language is created by the
people (thesei)
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
Cratylus, or about the Correctness of
Names
- Usage in people’s
community
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
The theory of word
classes
 The theory of
the sentence

Alexandria
(2 c. B.C. – 2 c. A.D.)




Aristarchus (ab.217-145 B.C.)
Dionysius Thrix (ab. 170-90 B.C.)
Apollonius Dyscolus (the 2 nd c. A.D.)
Alexandria
Parts of speech:
 Inflected (name, verb, particle,
article, pronoun)
 Uninflected (preposition,
adverb, conjunction)
Alexandria
The sentence is “a combination
of words expressing a
complete thought”
Alexandria
The word is “an articulate
sound with a certain
meaning out of which the
sentence is composed, and
into which it is decomposed”
Alexandria
phonetic structure
Speech sounds (“letters”):
 Vowels
 Semi-vowels
 Non-vowels
The principle of the classification
is the syllable-forming function
of sounds.
Ancient Rome
 Varro

(116-27 B. C)
 Donatus (4th century A. D.)
 Priscian (6th century A.D.)
Ancient Rome
Etymology
luna  lu-na,
 lucere- (shine)
 nox – (night)
Luna is a celestial body which shines at
night.
The connection between luna and lucere is
obvious but luna has nothing in common
with nox.
Ancient India
Factors for rise to grammatical
teaching:
 Interpretation

(“knowledge”)
Panini

of the Vedas
Panini
discovered the morphological
structure of the word: the root, the
stem, the suffix;
 classified the words of the language
according to formative characteristics;
 investigated all the types of
declination and conjugation.

Phonetics study









Organs of speech;
Description of sounds in accord
with their articulation;
Active organs of speech: (lips,
three parts of the tongue (front,
middle, and back), larynx);
Phonetic changes on the borders
of words and affixes
Division of sounds into vowels,
consonants and semi-vowels.
Morphology
Four parts of speech: name
(denoting substance), verb
(denoting action), particles and
prepositions.
Pronouns and adverbs are
distributed among nouns and
verbs.
Arabic Linguistics
Abu 'Abd Ar-Rahman Khalīl
ibn Ahmad Al Farāhīdi (More
commonly known as Al Farāhīdi)
(ab. 718–ab. 791)
Kitab al-'Ayn
Lexicography
Dictionaries:
 Explanatory
 thematic
 of synonyms
 of rare words
 of borrowings
 translation
Grammar








parts of speech (name, verb and
particles);
three-consonant roots, flexions and
affixes;
three types of sentences(nominal,
verbal and adverbial);
syntactic relations(agreement,
government and adjoinment).

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Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
 

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