This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as a process of critical inquiry into past events to produce an accurate description and interpretation. The key steps are identifying a research problem, systematically collecting and evaluating primary and secondary sources, and synthesizing information. Primary sources include documents created by direct witnesses, while secondary sources are created by indirect observers. Sources must be evaluated through external and internal criticism to assess their authenticity, meaning, and reliability for the research. Finally, the synthesized information is organized and interpretations are developed.

2. Qualitative Research
Topic:
Collection and evaluation of sources and resources and
synthesis of historical research
Presented By:
Tanzila Ashraf
Roll no:60
M.Phil (Edu)
Semester:II
Section: B
Division of Education
Presented To:
Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed Baig
Minhaj University Lahore

3. Historical
Research
Historical Research

4. Content
1. Define Research
2. What is Historical
3. Define Historical Research
4. Classification of sources
5. Evaluation of sources

5. RESEARCH
Research is the formal , systematic application of
scientific method to the study of problems .
(Gay,Mills&Airasian;2009).

6. WHAT IS HISTORY?
•The study of the past, particularly how it
relates to humans.
•It is an umbrella term that relates to past
events as well as the memory, discovery,
collection, organization, presentation, and
interpretation of information about these events

7. WHAT IS HISTORICAL RESEARCH?
Wiersma(1986) defines
historical research in this
way, it is a process of
critical inquiry into past
events, in order to produce
an accurate description and
interpretation of those
events

8. Steps of Historical Research
1. Identification of the research
problem(including formulation of
hypothesis/questions)
2. Systematic collection & evaluation of data
3. Synthesis of information(including
confirmation/disconfirmation of hypothesis)
4. Interpreting and drawing conclusions

9. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION
&
EVALUATION OF DATA
Classification of Sources:
• Primary sources
•Secondary sorces

10. PRIMAY SOURCES
Primary source is
regarded as the source
of the “best evidence”.
Example:
One prepared by an
individual who a
participant was in or a
direct witness to the
event being described.

11. SECONDARY SOURCES
•Secondary source are information supplied by a
person who was not a direct observer or
participant of the event, object, or condition.
•Example:
•A document prepared by an individual who was
not a direct witness to an event but who
obtained his or her description of the
event from someone else.

12. GATHERING OF SOURCE
MATERIALS
Varied evidences of the activities engaged in by
people who lived in the past.
 Document
 Numerical Records
 Oral Statements
 Record & Relics

13. DOCUMENT
 Are written or printed materials that have been
produced in some form or another
 may be published or unpublished
 may be intended for private or public consumption
 may be original works or copies.
Examples:
 bills, books
 circulars,
 court records
 diaries, diplomas
 newspapers
 school yearbooks, and so on

14. Numerical
 Either as separate type of source in and of
themselves or as subcategory of documents.
 Any type of numerical data in printed form
Examples:
 test scores
 attendance figures
 census reports
 school budgets

15. Oral Records
 Forms of oral expression have been used by
people through the ages to leave a record for
future generation.
Examples:
 stories,
 mythes,
 tales,
 Legends
 Song

16. Record & Relics
 Any object whose physical or visual
characteristics can provide some information.
Examples:
 Furniture
 artwork,
 clothing
 buildings,

17. EXAMPLES

18. Collection and evaluation of source
material
 According to Wiersma(1986) a basic rule of
historical research is to use primary sources
whenever it is possible to locate them.
 Historical evidence is derived from historical
data by the process of criticism, which is of two
types; external and internal.

19. Types of Criticism
 External Criticism
 Internal Criticism

20. External Criticism
 Involves finding out if the source material is
genuine and if it possesses textual integrity
(Gay, et al., 1972)
 External criticism in historical researches
valuates the validity of the document-this is,
where, when and by whom it was
produced’(Wiersma, 1986).

21. Example
 “Is it genuine?”
 Who was the author?
 What were his general qualifications as a
reporter?
 What were his special qualifications and
disqualifications as a reporter of the Matters
treated here?
 How soon after the events was the document
written?
 How was the document written?
 How is the document related to other
documents?

22. Internal Criticism
 Concerned with the accuracy and meaning of
the data contained in the document. - Textual
criticism
 Internal criticism evaluates the meaning,
accuracy and trustworthiness of the content of
the document’ (Wiersoma,1886).

23. Cont…
1 Literal meaning and real meaning of statements
2 Competence of the Observer
3Tests of Truthfulness and Honesty
 - Words do not have the same meaning to all
people
 “What is the personal or vested interest of the
author, if any?” To what race, nation, party,
region, social level, economic group, or
profession, which might introduce elements of
bias does the observer belong?”

24. Examples
 What does it mean?”
 “What was the author attempting to say?”
 “What thought was the author trying to
convey?”
 “What inferences or interpretation could be
extracted from the words?”

25. Synthesis of information
 Wiersma (1986), states that central ideas or
concepts must be pulled together and continuity
between them is developed. As asubstantial
period of time-say, several years-is covered by
the research study, the ideas can often be
organized chronologically.

26. Refrence
 https://www.slideshare.net/iamprotik/historical-
research-
70777794#:~:text=HISTORICAL%20RESEARCH
%20%EF%83%98%20Historical%20research,the%2
0remote%20or%20recent%20past.
 https://www.slideserve.com/jaden/historical-
research
 https://www.slideshare.net/MadamJahan/historical-
research-17259546
 https://www.slideshare.net/shinning014/historical-
research-51191847
 https://www.slideshare.net/sqjafery/historical-
research-45278237