historical research

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Legal Research and Writing IV
Historical Research
By: Hagie Vidal Corotan

introduction
history and its research…
…the never-ending process whereby people seek to
understand the past and its many meanings.

introduction
history and its research…
significance…
• To uncover the unknown
• To answer questions
• To identify the relationship that the past has to the present
• To record and evaluate the accomplishments of individuals, agencies,
or institutions.
• To assist in understanding the culture in which we live

Historical Method
• is the systematic and objective location, evaluation and
synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw
conclusions about past events.
……Clarke, R. J.(200) Research Methodologies.

Historical Method
It involves:
•Where the events take place?

Historical Method
It involves:
•Which people are involves?

Historical Method
• When the events occurred?

Historical Method
It involves:
•What kind of human activity was involved?

Historical Method
• a process of critical inquiry into past events, in order to
procure an accurate description and interpretation of those
events, Wiersma (1986).

Historical Method
• systematically recapture the complex nuances, the people,
meanings, events, and even ideas of the past that have
influenced and shaped the present. (Berg & Lure, 2012, p.
305)

Areas of Historical Study
• Period history
• World history
• Regional history
• Military
• Social
• Cultural history
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
Focuses on events and
development that on particular
time

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
Study of major civilizations over the
last 3000 years or so

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
Study of certain areas of the world

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
wars and warfare, including battles,
military strategies and weaponry,
including tribal

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
how societies adapt and change
over periods of time.

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
cultural traditions and cultural
interpretations of historical
experience.

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
focuses on politics, politicians and
other high rulers

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
attempts to account for historical
events from the perspective of
common people

• Period history
• World history
• Military
• Social
• Diplomatic
• People history
• Gender history
looks at the past from the
perspective of gender and is, in
many ways, an outgrowth of
women's history

Characteristics
• Controlled
• Rigorous
• Systemic
• Valid and verifiable
• Empirical
• Critical
…find answers to questions are
relevant, appropriate and justified
undertake an investigation follow a
certain logical sequence
correct and can be verified by you and
others
conclusion drawn are based upon hard
evidence gathered
process of investigation must be
foolproof and free from drawbacks.

methodology
1. Identification of the Research
Topic and Formulation of the
Research Problem or Question
Ideas for research topic can come from different sources:
Current issues in education;
Accomplishment of an individual; or,
Relationships between events.

methodology
2.Data Collection or Literature
Review
•A primary source is a source that has a direct involvement with the
event being investigated like a diary, an original map, or an
interview with a person that experienced the event.

methodology
2.Data Collection or Literature
Review
•A secondary source is a source that was created from a primary
source such as books written about the event. Secondary sources
are considered less useful than primary sources.

methodology
3. Evaluation of Materials
• External Criticism–this is the process of
determining the validity, trustworthiness, or
authenticity of the source.
Two Types
…done by hand writing analysis or
determining the age of paper

methodology
Two Types
• Internal Criticism–this is the process of determining the reliability or
accuracy of the information contained in the sources collected.
This is done by positive and negative criticism.
1. Positive criticism refers to assuring that the statements
made or the meaning conveyed in the sources are
understood.

methodology
Two Types
• Internal Criticism–this is the process of determining the reliability or
accuracy of the information contained in the sources collected.
This is done by positive and negative criticism.
2. Negative criticism refers to establishing the reliability or
authenticity and accuracy of the content of the sources
used.

methodology
4. Data Synthesis and Report
Preparation
synthesizing, or putting the material collected into a
narrative account of the topic selected

• Placed sixth in the nation at National History Day in 2003. It
was written by Sam Bouman of St. Ignatius High School.
• Stephen J. Frese, Marshalltown High School, Marshalltown,
Iowa, Senior Division Historical Paper, National History Day
2004 Competition
example of historical research
• ““Fed by Fear: The FBI’s Crusade Against Fred Hampton and the Black Panthers”
•
Senior Division Historical Paper, National History Day 2004 Competition
• ““"Comrade Khrushchev and Farmer Garst: East-West Encounters Foster Agricultural
Exchange"

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