Thermal energy storage (TES) includes a number of d ifferent technologies. Thermal energy can be stored at temperatures from -40�C to more than 400�C as sensi ble heat,latent heat and chemical energy (i.e. the rmo- chemical energy storage) using chemical reactions. Thermal energy storage in the form of sensible heat is based on the specific heat of a storage medium,whi ch is usually kept in storage tanks with high therm al insulation. The most popular and commercial heat st orage medium is water,which has a number of reside ntial and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid media is al so used for typically large-scale applications. However,TES sy stems based on sensible heat storage offer a storag e capacity that is limited by the specific heat of th e storage medium. Phase change materials (PCMs) can offer a higher storage capacity that is associated with the latent heat of the phase change. PCMs also enable a target- oriented discharging temperature that is set by the constant temperature of the phase change. Thermo-c hemical storage (TCS) can offer even higher storage capacit ies. Thermo-chemical reactions (e.g. adsorption or the adhesion of a substance to the surface of another s olid or liquid) can be used to accumulate and disch arge heat and cold on demand (also regulating humidity) in a variety of applications using different chemical re actants. At present,
Sensible heat energy storage technology using low cost locally available ther...Husain Mehdi
Thermal energy storage in packed beds is increasing attention due to necessary component for efficient utilization of solar energy. A one dimensional thermal model for the behavior of a packed bed is presented for low cost thermal energy sensible heat energy storage materials (i.e. stone, glass, rocks, bricks, and granite) and air as the heat transfer fluid. This model predicts successfully during storage are presented for brick and rock in a cylindrical packed bed storage unit. Explicit expression for time variation of storage material temperature and air flowing in the system have been developed and performance parameters have been computed for five storage materials.
Thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar energy applicationsSivanjaneya Reddy
How to enhance thermal conductivity for phase change materials and selection of phase change material and about systems for solar energy application has been presented
A (brief) preview of Phase-change material as Thermal energy storage.
Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal bases. TES is helpful for balancing
between the supply and demand of energy.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is defined as the temporary holding of thermal energy in the form of hot or cold substances for later utilization.
TES systems deal with the storage of energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material and the thermal energy becomes available when the process is reversed.
TES system for a particular application depends on storage duration, economics, supply and utilization temperature requirements, storage capacity, heat losses and available
Space.
Review on latent heat storage and problems associated with phase change mater...eSAT Journals
Abstract Energy storage devices have important role in the energy system as they minimize the mismatch between the supply and demand. This leads to improvement of the performance and the reliability of the systems. In thermal energy storage systems the Latent heat type thermal energy storages (LHTES) are attractive since they have high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation at the phase transition temperature of the material usedthat is commonly known as phase change material (PCM). In this paper PCMs with solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transition are discussed. Though PCMs with solid-solid phase transition seem attractive due to their less stringent containment requirements but they are not widely used because of their low latent heat. PCMs with solid-liquid phase transition are the most studied and used latent heat storage materials. Those are discussed in details with their selection criterion, classification and applications. The steps involved in development of the energy storage systems and problems associated with PCMs are discussed in the next part of the paper. This will give better understanding of the latent heat storage systems to the reader. KeyWords: Latent heat storage (LHS), Phase change materials (PCM), Thermal conductivity, Thermal cycling.
Sensible heat energy storage technology using low cost locally available ther...Husain Mehdi
Thermal energy storage in packed beds is increasing attention due to necessary component for efficient utilization of solar energy. A one dimensional thermal model for the behavior of a packed bed is presented for low cost thermal energy sensible heat energy storage materials (i.e. stone, glass, rocks, bricks, and granite) and air as the heat transfer fluid. This model predicts successfully during storage are presented for brick and rock in a cylindrical packed bed storage unit. Explicit expression for time variation of storage material temperature and air flowing in the system have been developed and performance parameters have been computed for five storage materials.
Thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar energy applicationsSivanjaneya Reddy
How to enhance thermal conductivity for phase change materials and selection of phase change material and about systems for solar energy application has been presented
A (brief) preview of Phase-change material as Thermal energy storage.
Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal bases. TES is helpful for balancing
between the supply and demand of energy.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is defined as the temporary holding of thermal energy in the form of hot or cold substances for later utilization.
TES systems deal with the storage of energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material and the thermal energy becomes available when the process is reversed.
TES system for a particular application depends on storage duration, economics, supply and utilization temperature requirements, storage capacity, heat losses and available
Space.
Review on latent heat storage and problems associated with phase change mater...eSAT Journals
Abstract Energy storage devices have important role in the energy system as they minimize the mismatch between the supply and demand. This leads to improvement of the performance and the reliability of the systems. In thermal energy storage systems the Latent heat type thermal energy storages (LHTES) are attractive since they have high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation at the phase transition temperature of the material usedthat is commonly known as phase change material (PCM). In this paper PCMs with solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transition are discussed. Though PCMs with solid-solid phase transition seem attractive due to their less stringent containment requirements but they are not widely used because of their low latent heat. PCMs with solid-liquid phase transition are the most studied and used latent heat storage materials. Those are discussed in details with their selection criterion, classification and applications. The steps involved in development of the energy storage systems and problems associated with PCMs are discussed in the next part of the paper. This will give better understanding of the latent heat storage systems to the reader. KeyWords: Latent heat storage (LHS), Phase change materials (PCM), Thermal conductivity, Thermal cycling.
REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,the worldwide worry about a global climat e change pushes to develop new energetic strategies. And more,after the recent energetic cr isis due to the increase of oil price,or the gas crisis arisen between Russia and Ukraine This paper reviews the Thermal energy storage systems which have the potential for increasing the effecti ve use of thermal energy equipment and for facilitating large-scale switching. They are normal ly useful for correcting the mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. There are different me thods in thermal storage systems.
Presented by Dr. Jein Yoo, Korean Association for Energy Service Companies, KAESCO, Korea at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Seoul, Korea on 18 April 2007.
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
This presentation describes how use of judiciously selected Phase Change Materials can be used effectively to store energy and make it available when needed.
In a solar thermal application, typically sunlight is available in a 6-8 hour window from 8am to 4pm. However, the usage extends much beyond that. Phase Change Materials can be used to store energy for usage as required.
PCM Thermal Energy Storage Systems; Ashrae 2004 Conference PaperZafer Ure
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) may be considered as a useful tool to reduce the number of refrigeration machinery by means of spreading the daytime load over 24 hours period. Hence, any type of TES systems can be consider as useful tool to reduce the overall environmental impact for a given cooling application.
This paper explores the use of eutectic, phase change materials for TES systems.
Development of a thermal energy storage system in a domestic environment into...Nelson García Polanco
My speech on April 27, 2015 at Energy Storage World Forum Rome, was focused on how to recover and reuse low-temperature wasted heat from kitchen appliances, and the technologies for the thermal energy storage. A full prototype of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system was created. The TES system is based on a packed bed of macro-encapsulated phase change material (PCM). Typical household appliances were analyzed in order to evaluate the waste heat produced on the basis of the average user habits at European level.
REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,the worldwide worry about a global climat e change pushes to develop new energetic strategies. And more,after the recent energetic cr isis due to the increase of oil price,or the gas crisis arisen between Russia and Ukraine This paper reviews the Thermal energy storage systems which have the potential for increasing the effecti ve use of thermal energy equipment and for facilitating large-scale switching. They are normal ly useful for correcting the mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. There are different me thods in thermal storage systems.
Presented by Dr. Jein Yoo, Korean Association for Energy Service Companies, KAESCO, Korea at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Seoul, Korea on 18 April 2007.
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
This presentation describes how use of judiciously selected Phase Change Materials can be used effectively to store energy and make it available when needed.
In a solar thermal application, typically sunlight is available in a 6-8 hour window from 8am to 4pm. However, the usage extends much beyond that. Phase Change Materials can be used to store energy for usage as required.
PCM Thermal Energy Storage Systems; Ashrae 2004 Conference PaperZafer Ure
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) may be considered as a useful tool to reduce the number of refrigeration machinery by means of spreading the daytime load over 24 hours period. Hence, any type of TES systems can be consider as useful tool to reduce the overall environmental impact for a given cooling application.
This paper explores the use of eutectic, phase change materials for TES systems.
Development of a thermal energy storage system in a domestic environment into...Nelson García Polanco
My speech on April 27, 2015 at Energy Storage World Forum Rome, was focused on how to recover and reuse low-temperature wasted heat from kitchen appliances, and the technologies for the thermal energy storage. A full prototype of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system was created. The TES system is based on a packed bed of macro-encapsulated phase change material (PCM). Typical household appliances were analyzed in order to evaluate the waste heat produced on the basis of the average user habits at European level.
Fabrication of new ceramics nanocomposites for solar energy storage and releasejournalBEEI
The carbides nanostructures have huge applications in renewable energy fields such as the saving of solar energy and release which attributed to the good their properties (thermal, electrical, mechanical, optical and chemical). So, in this paper, the solar energy storage and release of carbides nanoparticles/water for building heating and cooling applications have been investigated with different concentrations of metals carbides nanoparticles (tantalum carbide-silicon carbide). The results showed that the melting and solidification times for thermal energy storage and release decrease with an increase (TaC-SiC) nanoparticles concentrations. From the obtained results, the TaC/SiC nanostructures/ water nano-system are considered as promising materials for solar energy storage and release with high efficiency and high gain (more than 50% compare with the water). Also, the TaC/SiC may be used for heating and cooling fields with good performance and high gain.
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On Thursday 19 November 2015, the British Embassy in Paris hosted a second trilateral workshop with French, German and British delegates from the research, government and business sectors to discuss the importance of energy storage.
Each solar thermal plant can provide different parameters to be treated and evaluated, mostly temperature measurements, pressure specifications, heat transfer values. This data collection can be quite expensive taking into account the important number of sensors and data loggers and their specifications. Hence to assure flexibility in the data collection at a low cost, many hardware and software specifications can be adopted. Here we built an inexpensive data logger based on the Arduino board and IDE to collect and store incoming data from Resol DeltaSol regulators integrated in different solar water heating systems. The objective of this study is to allow massive synchronized measurements with high resolution to be stored into an SD card through the Arduino platform. The measurements are given by multiple sensors (temperature, pump speed, relay states) connected to the regulator. The results from the tests of the plant connected to the data logger are provided later on, alongside the commercial aspects of the built data logging device. After a month of daily measurements, the data logger showed an outstanding performance with an extreme low cost compared to industrial datalogger.
Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Changing Materialijtsrd
The main objective of this research is to fabricate a thermal energy storage system using the phase changing material. In recent days, renewable energy sources have played a main role due to the shortage of fossil energy and the enormous prices of the fuels. In this current experiment, heat energy is extracted from solar water system and stored in thermal energy storage devices, Paraffin wax is used as a thermal energy storage device is used when solar power is not present, The complete setup of this thermal energy system is controlled by a Arduino controller the miniature model of the system is fabricated. S. Chellappa "Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase-Changing Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59876.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/59876/fabrication-of-thermal-energy-storage-using-phasechanging-material/s-chellappa
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
HIGH TEMERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STOARAGE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
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HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
APPLICATIONS
Mr. Suhas Ramchandra Pawar
Department of Mechanical DPCE, PUNE
Prof. Mohite V. R.
Department of Mechanical BSIOTR, Wagholi, PUNE
Prof. Vivekanda Navadagi
Department of Mechanical DPCE, PUNE
ABSTRACT
Thermal energy storage (TES) includes a number of different technologies. Thermal energy can be stored at
temperatures from -40°C to more than 400°C as sensible heat, latent heat and chemical energy (i.e. thermo-
chemical energy storage) using chemical reactions. Thermal energy storage in the form of sensible heat is
based on the specific heat of a storage medium, which is usually kept in storage tanks with high thermal
insulation. The most popular and commercial heat storage medium is water, which has a number of residential
and industrial applications. Underground storage of sensible heat in both liquid and solid media is also used for
typically large-scale applications. However, TES systems based on sensible heat storage offer a storage
capacity that is limited by the specific heat of the storage medium. Phase change materials (PCMs) can offer a
higher storage capacity that is associated with the latent heat of the phase change. PCMs also enable a target-
oriented discharging temperature that is set by the constant temperature of the phase change. Thermo-chemical
storage (TCS) can offer even higher storage capacities. Thermo-chemical reactions (e.g. adsorption or the
adhesion of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid) can be used to accumulate and discharge heat
and cold on demand (also regulating humidity) in a variety of applications using different chemical reactants.
At present, TES systems based on sensible heat are commercially available while TCS and PCM-based storage
systems are mostly under development and demonstration The storage of thermal energy (typically from
renewable energy sources, waste heat or surplus energy production) can replace heat and cold production from
fossil fuels, reduce CO2 emissions and lower the need for costly peak power and heat production capacity. In
Europe, it has been estimated that around 1.4 million GWh per year could be saved— and 400 million tonnes
of CO2 emissions avoided—in the building and industrial sectors by more extensive use of heat and cold
storage. However, TES technologies face some barriers to market entry. In most cases, cost is a major issue.
Storage systems based on TCS and PCM also need improvements in the stability of storage performance,
which is associated with material properties.
INTRODUCTION
Process and Technology Status
Energy storage systems are designed to accumulate energy when production exceeds demand and to make it
available at the user’s request. They can help match energy supply and demand, exploit the variable production
of renewable energy sources (e.g. solar and wind), increase the overall efficiency of the energy system and
reduce CO2 emissions.
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This brief deals primarily with heat storage systems or thermal energy storage (TES). An energy storage
system can be described in terms of the following properties:
● Capacity: defines the energy stored in the system and depends on the storage process, the medium and the
size of the system;
● Power: defines how fast the energy stored in the system can be discharged (and charged);
● Efficiency: is the ratio of the energy provided to the user to the energy needed to charge the storage system.
It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle;
● Storage period: defines how long the energy is stored and lasts hours to months (i.e. hours, days, weeks and
months for seasonal storage);
● Charge and discharge time: defines how much time is needed to charge/ discharge the system; and
● Cost: refers to either capacity (€/kWh) or power (€/kW) of the storage system and depends on the capital and
operation costs of the storage equipment and its lifetime (i.e. the number of cycles). Capacity, power and
discharge time are interdependent variables and in some storage systems, capacity and power can also depend
on each other. For example, in TES systems, high power means enhanced heat transfer (e.g. additional fins in
the heat exchanger), which, for a given volume, reduce the amount of active storage material and thereby the
capacity. Thermal energy (i.e. heat and cold) can be stored as sensible heat in heat storage media, as latent heat
associated with phase change materials (PCMs) or as thermo-chemical energy associated with chemical
reactions (i.e. thermo-chemical storage) at operation temperatures ranging from -40°C to above 400°C.
Sensible Thermal Energy Storage –
The use of hot water tanks is a well-known technology for thermal energy storage [2]. Hot water tanks serve
the purpose of energy saving in water heating systems based on solar energy and in co-generation (i.e. heat and
power) energy supply systems. State-of the -art projects [3] have shown that water tank storage is a cost-
effective storage option and that its efficiency can be further improved by ensuring an optimal water stratify
cation in the tank and highly effective thermal insulation. Today’s R&D activities focus, for example, on
evacuated super-insulation with a thermal loss rate of = 0,01 W/mK at 90°C and 0,1 mbar and on optimised
system integration. Hot water storage systems used as a buff er storage for domestic hot water (DHW) supply
are usually in the range of 500l to several m3. This technology is also used in solar thermal installations for
DHW combined with building heating systems (Solar-Combi-Systems). Large hot water tanks are used for
seasonal storage of solar thermal heat in combination with small district heating systems. These systems can
have a volume up to several thousand cubic meters (m3). Charging temperatures are in the range of 80-90°C.
The usable temperature diff erence can be enhanced by the use of heat pumps for discharging (down to
temperatures around 10 °C). For example (Figure 1), the solar district heating “Am Ackermann-bogen”
(Munich, Germany)
Figure 1 – Large Hot Water Storage (construction and final state) combined with Solar Thermal District
Heating “Am Ackermann-bogen” in Munich, Germany
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Supplies solar energy for space heating and domestic hot water for about 320 apartments in 12 multi-story
dwellings with about 30,400 m2 of living area. The system is designed to cover more than 50% of the annual
heat demand (i.e. about 2,000 MWh/a) using solar energy collected by 2,761 m2 of fl at-plate collectors. The
heat collected is used either directly or stored in a 6,000 m3 underground seasonal hot water storage.
Supplementary heating is provided by an absorption heat pump driven by the city district heating system using
the seasonal storage as a low temperature heat reservoir. This allows for a wide operation temperature range of
the storage (i.e. between 10-90°C). Direct connection of the district system and heating installations in the
houses avoids typical temperature drops at heat exchangers and increases the temperature spread. The district
system is operated at a supply temperature of 60°C with a return temperature of 30°C, which is properly
monitored. The solar energy fraction in the second year of operation was 45% and could reach values above
50% after further optimisation [4].
Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) –
UTES is also a widely used storage technology, which makes use of the underground as a storage medium for
both heat and cold storage. UTES technologies include borehole storage, aquifer storage, cavern storage and
pit storage. Which of these technologies is selected strongly depends on the local geological conditions.
Borehole storage is based on vertical heat exchangers installed underground, which ensure the transfer of
thermal energy to and from the ground layers (e.g. clay, sand, rock). Many projects aim for seasonal storage of
solar heat in summer to heat houses or offices in winter. Ground heat exchangers are also frequently used in
combination with heat pumps where the ground heat exchanger extracts low-temperature heat from the soil.
Aquifer storage uses a natural underground water-permeable layer as a storage medium. The transfer of
thermal energy is achieved by mass transfer (i.e. extracting/re-injecting water from/into the underground
layer). Most – Typical Parameters of Thermal Energy Storage Systems [1] TES System Capacity (kWh/t)
Power MW) Effi ciency (%) Storage period (h, d, m) Cost (€/kWh) Sensible (hot water) 10-50 0.001-10 50-90
d/m 0.1-10 PCM 50-150 0.001-1 75-90 h/m 10-50 Chemical reactions 120-250 0.01-1 75-100 h/d 8-100 Figure
1 – Large Hot Water Storage (construction and final state) combined with Solar Thermal District Heating “Am
Ackermann-bogen” in Munich, Germany 12-30705_Thermal Energy Storage_ Inhalt.indd 7 21.12.12 15:04 8
Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief applications deal with the storage of winter cold to be used for the
cooling of large office buildings and industrial processes in the summer (Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Layout Scheme of an Aquifer Storage System
A major prerequisite for this technology is the availability of suitable geological formations. Cavern storage
and pit storage are based on large underground water reservoirs created in the subsoil to serve as thermal
energy storage systems. These storage options are technically feasible, but applications are limited because of
the high investment costs. For high-temperature (i.e. above 100 °C) sensible heat storage, the technology of
choice is based on the use of liquids (e.g. oil or molten salts, the latter for temperatures up to 550°C. See
ETSAP E10). For very high temperatures, solid materials (e.g. ceramics, concrete) are also taken into
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consideration. However, most of such high-temperature-sensible TES options are still under development or
demonstration.
Phase Change Materials for TES –
Sensible heat storage is relatively inexpensive, but its drawbacks are its low energy density and its variable
discharging temperature [2]. These issues can be overcome by phase change materials (PCM)-based TES,
which enables higher storage capacities and target oriented discharging temperatures. The change of phase
could be either a solid/liquid or a solid/solid process. Melting processes involve energy densities on the order
of 100 kWh/m3 (e.g. ice) compared to a typical 25 kWh/m3 for sensible heat storage options. Figure 3
compares the achievable storage capacity at a given temperature diff erence for a storage medium with and
without phase change. Phase change materials can be used for both short-term (daily) and long-term (seasonal)
energy storage, using a variety of techniques and materials.
Figure 3 – Stored Heat vs. Temperature for Sensible (without phase change) and Latent TES
Thermal Energy Storage via Chemical Reactions –
High energy density (i.e. 300 kWh/m3 ) TES systems can be achieved using chemical reactions (e.g. thermo-
chemical storage, TCS) [2]. Thermo-chemical reactions, such as adsorption (i.e. adhesion of a substance to the
surface of another solid or liquid), can be used to store heat and cold, as well as to control humidity. Typical
applications involve adsorption of water vapour to silica-gel or zeolites (i.e. micro-porous crystalline alumino-
silicates). Of special importance for use in hot/humid climates or confined spaces with high humidity are open
sorption systems based on lithium-chloride to cool water and on zeolites to control humidity. Figure 5 shows
an example of thermal energy storage by an adsorption process (e.g. water vapour on zeolite): during charging,
water molecules are desorbed from the inner surface of the adsorbent. The TES remains in this state until water
molecules can be absorbed by the adsorbent and the TES is discharged again.. Interesting filds of application
include waste heat utilisation. In this context, TCSs are able to store thermal energy with high effi ciency and
to convert heat into cold (i.e. desiccant cooling) at the same time, which makes these systems very attractive.
The high storage capacity of sorption processes also allows thermal energy transportation. Figure 6 shows a
schematic view of such a system. For example, an ongoing demonstration project utilises waste heat from an
incineration plant to be used at an industrial drying process. The sorption TES (using zeolite/water) is charged
at 150°C, transported over seven kilometers and discharged at 180°C. Dry and hot air during discharging are
directly integrated into the drying process. The higher discharging temperature is made possible because the
enthalpy of the humid air from drying is converted into a temperature lift by the adsorption of water vapour. A
pilot storage in a standard freight container containing 13 tonnes of zeolite, with a storage capacity of up to
three MWh and a charging power of 500 kW, is currently on the road. The economic analysis shows that
applications of mobile storage systems with more than 200 storage cycles per year allow the system to run with
a final cost of delivered heat of about €55/MWh. Of course, the distance between energy source and demand
site, investment costs and energy capacity have a strong influence on the energy price [9]. 12-30705_Thermal
Energy Storage_Inhalt.indd 10 21.12.12 15:04 Thermal Energy Storage | Technology Brief 11. While sorption
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storages can only work up to temperatures of about 350°C, chemical reactions can go much higher. Figure 7
shows the different TES technologies: sensible heat (i.e. water as an example); latent heat (i.e. different
materials); and thermo-chemical (i.e. sorption and chemical reactions).
APPLICATIONS
Important fields of application for TES systems are in the building sector (e.g. domestic hot water, space
heating, air-conditioning) and in the industrial sector (e.g. process heat and cold). TES systems can be installed
as either centralised plants or distributed devices. Centralised plants are designed to store waste heat from large
industrial processes, conventional power plants, combined heat and power plants and from renewable power
plants, such as concentrated solar power (CSP). Their power capacity ranges typically from hundreds of kW to
several MW (i.e. thermal power).
Distributed devices are usually buff r storage systems to accumulate solar heat to be used for domestic and
commercial buildings (e.g. hot water, heating, appliances). Distributed systems are mostly in the range of a few
to tens of kW. TES systems – either centralised or distributed - improve the energy effi ciency of industrial
processes, residential energy uses and power plants by storing waste or by-product heat or renewable heat
when it is available and supplying it upon demand. Thermo-chemical storage systems can also convert waste
heat into higher temperature heat or into cold. A number of energy-intensive industrial sectors and processes
(e.g. cement, iron and steel, glass) benefit from TES systems. Manufacturing industry (e.g. automobile
industry) can also benefit significantly from TES. Most importantly, TES can help integrate variable solar heat
into the energy system. This applies either to short-term storage based on daily heat buffers for domestic hot-
water production or to long-term heat storage for residential and industrial heating purposes, based on large
central storage systems and district heating networks. TES systems can also help integrate renewable electricity
from PV and wind. For example, the efficiency of a (mechanical) compressed air energy storage (CAES) can
be improved from about 50% to more than 70% by storing heat during compression and discharging it to
support expansion (see ETSAP E18). Charging a cold storage system using renewable electricity during high
solar irradiation periods or wind peaks and delivering cold to consumers on demand is a further potential TES
application. Along with their contribution to energy efficiency or to the integration of renewable energy
Cool storage can potentially reduce the on-peak energy consumption, peak demand, and most importantly,
average cost of energy consumed. While most building space cooling applications are potentially attractive
candidates, the prospects will be especially attractive if one or more of the following conditions exists.
• Electric rate structures with high demand charges, ratcheted demand charges, or large variation in
hourly energy charges (peak/off-peak or time-of-use rates).
• Buildings where off-peak cooling load is less than the peak-cooling load.
• Climates with higher temperature gradient from day to night.
• Expansion of an existing cooling system, replacement of older cooling equipment, or building
expansion / new construction.
• Available physical space to house the storage medium and associated equipment.
With the above criteria in mind, it can be seen that certain building types in the Federal sector are attractive for
TES. In general, office buildings, schools, and certain laboratory / R&D facilities are prime candidates for TES
because on-peak demand can easily be shifted to unoccupied, off-peak hours. To a lesser extent, hospitals and
other round-the-clock facilities may apply if there is a significant drop in off-peak loads and electric rates are
favourable. Using TES also depends on the type of cooling available in the facilities. TES is not generally
applicable to buildings cooled by smaller residential or small commercial-style heat pumps, packaged air-
conditioning units, or swamp coolers. The exception is when smaller “roof-top” air-conditioning units are
converted to act as air-handlers for a chilled water loop served by a chiller/TES system. TES can be used in a
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district cooling system where multiple buildings are cooled by a chilled water loop provided by a central
chiller plant. In this scenario, buildings of various sizes and use types typically not attractive to TES might also
benefit from aggregating building loads. Another important factor for TES application is the availability of
space for a storage tank and associated pumps and heat exchangers. Many Federal facilities benefit from a
campus-like setting, providing ample room for the storage medium. If large enough, the large chilled water
storage tanks are able to take advantage of economies of scale to reduce the cost per shifted ton of
refrigeration. Where space is a factor, one TES system consists of 190 ton-hr storage modules that can be
joined together through a manifold. The modules can be added as needed, stacked, even stored in several
rooms, indoors or out and even buried in the ground. The affect of the Environmental Protection Agency's ban
on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in chillers provides another opportunity for TES. As aging chillers are
replaced, sites should consider downsizing to smaller, more efficient chillers combined with a TES system.
LITERATURE REVIEW
System analysis and test loop design for the CellFlux storage concept
W.D. Steinmann*, C.Odenthal and M.Eck license
Systems using air at ambient pressure as a working fluid and solid media like natural stones or bricks as
storage materials represent the most cost effective option to store sensible heat at medium and high
temperatures. The application of this storage concept also for liquid working fluids like thermal oil or molten
salts is the basic idea of the CellFlux storage concept. Here, an intermediate air cycle transfers thermal energy
between a heat exchanger and a solid medium storage volume. The development of the CellFlux concept
comprises various stages: in the initial phase, options for the main subcomponents are identified and evaluated.
The integration concept of the CellFlux storage unit into the power plant is essential for the success of the
concept. The size of the heat exchanger strongly depends on the average temperature difference between air
and working fluid. The costs for the heat exchanger are power dependent and dominate the total capital costs
of the CellFlux storage unit. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the CellFlux, a storage unit with a
storage volume of 30m³ for operation with thermal oil at up to 400 °C was designed.
Due to the option to use low cost storage materials the CellFlux concept is considered to offer a cost
effective alternative for thermal energy storage for temperatures up to 550 °C. Since the costs of the heat
exchanger are dominant, the minimization of these costs is essential for the success of the concept. These
costs are strongly dependent on the effective temperature difference between air and HTF in the heat
exchanger. Various options to increase the effective temperature difference are currently evaluated. The
experimental results provided by a pilot scale test facility will help to validate the results of the simulation
tools.
Simulation and testing of a latent heat thermal energy storage unit with metallic phase change material
J.P. Kotzéa*, T.W. von Backströma and P.J. Erensa
Latent heat thermal energy storage in metallic phase change materials offers a thermal energy storage concept
that can store energy at higher temperatures than with sensible thermal energy storage. This may enable the use
of high efficiency thermodynamic cycles in CSP applications, which may lead to a reduction in levelised cost
of electricity. Eutectic aluminium silicon alloy, AlSi12, is an attractive phase change material because of its
moderate melting temperature, high thermal conductivity, and high heat of fusion. A prototype thermal energy
storage test rig has been built and tested as to better understand the behavior of latent heat thermal energy
storage. A mathematical model was developed to predict the behavior of such a heat storage unit. The model
was compared with the behavior of the test rig during discharge. The model proved to simulate the latent heat
thermal energy storage with reasonable accuracy. It is recommended that more accurate material property data
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be obtained and that the thermal energy storage test rig be modified as to improve readings.
Latent heat thermal energy storage in metallic phase change materials offers high temperature, isothermal
energy storage. The higher storage temperatures may lead to a reduction in LCOE through the use of higher
efficiency power blocks. Kotze et al. [1] proposed the use of metallic phase change materials along with
metallic heat transfer fluids as a storage concept and identified AlSi12 as a good candidate metallic PCM for
research purposes. To prove the concept and to evaluate the heat transfer analysis, a prototype LHTES unit was
built and tested. It has a unique construction enabling the measurement of the solidification front of the PCM
through discharge. The data obtained from this test is presented and it shows that the test rig works well within
designed parameters.
A heat transfer model of the moving boundary problem is presented. The model is solved using an enthalpy
tracking method rather than a finite difference method. This model is used to predict the performance of a large
thermal energy storage system [1], and has been implemented on a model representing the test setup for
validation. The results show that trends could be matched to a reasonable degree; the results will be improved
with better materials testing and model refinement.
Thermo chemical solar energy storage via redox oxides: materials and reactor/heat exchanger concepts
S. Tescaria*, C. Agrafiotisa, S. Breuera, L. de Oliveiraa, M. Neises-von Puttkamera, M. Roeba, C. Sattlera
Thermo chemical Storage of solar heat exploits the heat effects of reversible chemical reactions for the storage
of solar energy. Among the possible reversible gas-solid chemical reactions, the utilization of a pair of redox
reactions of multivalent solid oxides can be directly coupled to CSP plants employing air as the heat transfer
fluid bypassing the need for a separate heat exchanger. The present work concerns the development of thermo
chemical storage systems based on such oxide-based redox materials and in particular on cobalt oxide; in the
one hand by tailoring their heat storage/release capability and on the other hand via their incorporation in
proper reactor/heat exchanger devices. In this respect the first stage of the work involved parametric testing of
cobalt oxide compositions via Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis to comparatively investigate the temperature
range for cyclic oxidation-reduction and optimize the cycle conditions for maximum reduction and re-
oxidation extent. Subsequently, two reactor concepts for the coupling of solar energy to the redox reactions
have been implemented and tested. These reactor concepts include in one hand structured ceramic reactors/heat
exchangers based on redox-oxide-coated honeycombs and on the other hand powder-fed, solar-heated, rotary
kiln reactors. The two reactor concepts were tested within non-solar-aided lab-scale and solar-aided campaigns,
respectively. The feasibility of both concepts was shown and good chemical conversions were achieved. The
experiments pointed out the challenging points related to the manufacture of pilot-scale reactors/heat
exchangers with enhanced heat storage capacity. A numerical model using commercial CFD software is
developed to define optimal geometrical characteristics and operating conditions and refine the pilot scale
design in order to achieve efficient, long-term off-sun operation.
Thermo chemical solar heat storage with redox oxides is a promising route for increasing the storage density of
Solar Thermal Power Plants. However, a necessary condition for its large-scale implementation is the
development of efficient, integrated thermo chemical reactors/heat exchangers, suitably incorporated within the
plants’ infrastructure. One option is redox-oxide-powders-fed rotary kiln receiver/reactors that can be directly
solar-irradiated. Another option is redox-powder-coated honeycomb reactors. Direct solar heating of the latter
via implementation of integrated receiver/reactors is rather complicated to be realized in large-scale due to
limited available irradiated surface and material conductivity. For this reason the heating up of such reactors
“indirectly” by using hot air produced in a separate solar receiver is considered the best option. This can be
realized by placing the reactor inside an insulating housing where air passes through, transferring its heat to the
solid material.
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Combined Cooling Heating and Power System with Integration of Middle-and-low temperature Solar
Thermal Energy and Methanol Decomposition
Da Xua,b, Qibin Liua,*, Hongguang Jina The 6th International Conference on Applied Energy – ICAE2014
In this paper, a novel distributed energy system, which contains the process of mid-and-low temperature solar
energy thermo chemical hybridization with methanol is proposed. Through the solar energy receiver/reactor,
solar thermal energy collected by a parabolic trough concentrator, at 250°C -300°C, drives the decomposition
reaction of methanol into solar fuels of syngas, thus converts to chemical energy. The chemical energy of
syngas releases in the combustion chamber of a micro gas turbine to drive the combined cooling heating and
power systems. Extra produced solar fuel reserves a gas tank. Energy analysis and exergy analysis of the
system are implemented, and the design and off-design performance of the system and the character of
chemical energy storage under variable solar radiation are discussed. As a result, the primary energy ratio of
the system is 76.40%, and the net solar-to-electricity rate reaches 22.56% much higher than the exited large-
scale solar thermal power plant. As the solar thermo chemical energy storage contained in the system, the
generating efficiency becomes insensitive to the solar radiation, and thus the efficient and stable utilization of
solar thermal energy is achieved at all work condition. In this paper, a novel distributed energy combined
cooling power and heat with mid-and-low temperature solar energy thermo chemical hybridization with
methanol is proposed. The primary energy ratio of the system is 76.40%, the energy efficiency of the system
is 48.81%, and the net solar-to-electricity rate reaches 22.56%. Owing to the fact that the solar thermo
chemical energy storage is integrated to the system, the generating efficiency is insensitive to the solar direct
radiation, and thus the efficient and stable utilization of solar thermal energy is achieved
POTENTIAL AND BARRIERS
TES technologies face some barriers to market entry and cost is a key issue. Other barriers relate to material
properties and stability, in particular for TCS. Each storage application needs a specific TES design to fit
specific boundary conditions and requirements. R&D activities focus on all TES technologies. Most of such
R&D efforts deal with materials (i.e. storage media for different temperature ranges), containers and thermal
insulation development. More complex systems (i.e. PCM, TCS) require R&D eff orts to improve reacting
materials, as well as a better understanding of system integration and process parameters . TES market
development and penetration varies considerably, depending on the application fields and regions. Penetration
in the building sector is comparably slow in Europe where the construction of new buildings is around 1.3%
per year and the renovation rate is around 1.5%; of course, the integration of TES systems is easier during
construction. The estimate of the European potential is based on a 5% implementation rate of TES systems in
buildings [16]. Penetration could be much higher in emerging economies with their high rates of new building
construction. TES potential for co-generation and district heating in Europe is also associated with the building
stock. The implementation rate of co-generation is 10.2% [17], while the implementation of TES in these
systems is assumed to be 15%. As far as TES for power applications is concerned, a driving sector is the
concentrating solar power (CSP) where almost all new power plants in operation or under construction are
equipped with TES systems, mostly based on molten salt. This is perhaps the most important development fi
led for large, centralised TES installations [18]. In the industrial sector, about 5% of the fi nal energy
consumption is assumed to be used by TES installations. In particular, the use of industrial waste heat is
expected to grow since the price of fossil fuels will rise and energy effi ciency will be the keyto
competitiveness. Based on the University of Lleida study [16], the expansion of TES technologies is expected
to be signify cant in Europe and Asia (particularly Japan) and somewhat lower (50%) in the United States. The
global potential is estimated at approximately three times the European potential
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Kotzé JP, von Backstrom TW, Erens PJ,High temperature thermal energy storage utilizing metallic phase
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Kenisarin MM,High Temperature Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. 2009.11.011,
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