This document provides an overview of the current U.S. DOE Hybrid Electric Systems R&D activities, with a focus on advanced automotive battery research. It discusses the goals of reducing costs of batteries and electric drive technologies to enable widespread adoption of electric vehicles. The U.S. DOE Vehicle Technologies Office funds research at national laboratories, universities and through public-private partnerships to develop new battery technologies and drive down costs. This research includes developing new materials, testing batteries, and applied research focused on improving performance. The goal is to support development of electric vehicle technologies and a domestic advanced battery industry in the United States.
The document summarizes the first Quadrennial Technology Review (QTR) conducted by the US Department of Energy. The QTR aims to define a framework for energy technologies, explain DOE's roles in energy transformation, and establish priorities. It outlines six technology strategies to address challenges of energy security, environmental impacts, and competitiveness. The QTR conducted technology assessments and established a balanced portfolio across timescales, energy challenges, and strategies. Future QTRs will provide more detailed reports, and a future Quadrennial Energy Review may coordinate a federal energy policy.
The document discusses the potential for expanded use of combined heat and power (CHP) technologies in the United States. It outlines the Department of Energy's goals to increase CHP capacity to 20% through research, demonstration projects, and market transformation efforts. Achieving this level of CHP adoption could significantly reduce carbon emissions and energy costs while creating new jobs. Key CHP markets like industrial, institutional, commercial and district energy facilities represent opportunities to meet local energy needs sustainably and achieve national energy objectives.
Since 2010, the world has added more solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity than in the previous four decades. New systems were installed in 2013 at a rate of 100 megawatts (MW) of capacity per day. Total global capacity overtook 150 gigawatts (GW) in early 2014. The geographical pattern of deployment is rapidly changing. While a few European countries, led by Germany and Italy, initiated large-scale PV development, PV systems are now expanding in other parts of the world, often under sunnier skies. Since 2013, the People’s Republic of China has led the global PV market, followed by Japan and the United States. PV system prices have been divided by three in six years in most markets, while module prices have been divided by five. The cost of electricity from new built systems varies from USD 90 to USD 300/MWh depending on the solar resource; the type, size and cost of systems; maturity of markets and costs of capital. This roadmap envisions PV’s share of global electricity reaching 16% by 2050, a significant increase from the 11% goal in the 2010 roadmap. PV generation would contribute 17% to all clean electricity, and 20% of all renewable electricity. China is expected to continue leading the global market, accounting for about 37% of global capacity by 2050. Achieving this roadmap’s vision of 4 600 GW of installed PV capacity by 2050 would avoid the emission of up to 4 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually. This roadmap assumes that the costs of electricity from PV in different parts of the world will converge as markets develop, with an average cost reduction of 25% by 2020, 45% by 2030, and 65% by 2050, leading to a range of USD 40 to 160/MWh, assuming a cost of capital of 8%. To achieve the vision in this roadmap, the total PV capacity installed each year needs to rise rapidly, from 36 GW in 2013 to 124 GW per year on average, with a peak of 200 GW per year between 2025 and 2040. Including the cost of repowering – the replacement of older installations – annual investment needs to reach an average of about USD 225 billion, more than twice that of 2013.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
This document summarizes the Marine Energy Technology Roadmap 2014 developed jointly by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) and the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The roadmap aims to facilitate the establishment of a commercially viable marine energy sector in the UK. It identifies technology development and demonstration activities needed to achieve cost and performance targets enabling material deployment of marine energy by 2050. These activities are categorized into device/system deployment, sub-systems, design/optimization tools, and arrays. The ETI prioritizes these activities based on their alignment with ETI objectives and potential to reduce costs and risks for the marine energy industry.
Utilize Solar energy insolation to collect and transform it to useful electric source for simple applications like lighting, water pumping and battery charging.
4th Energy Wave Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Annual Review, 2016Kerry-Ann Adamson
The 4th Energy Wave Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Annual Review is the continuation of the Fuel Cell Annual Review report from Fuel Cell Today, started by Dr. Kerry-Ann Adamson and her team in 2008. The dataset combines both historical data from FCT and fresh data collected and collated by 4th Energy Wave.
This year’s Review marks the 9th such annual publication, and the 3rd from the independent analyst and strategist house 4th Energy Wave.
The Review focuses on quantifying and discussing trends and opportunities in the fuel cell, and increasingly hydrogen, sectors. The outlook is global, and covers all the different markets which fuel cells are increasingly penetrating.
The Review is an independent publication.
This document provides a guide for designing and operating high-performance energy efficient buildings in India. It begins with an introduction that establishes the goals and challenges. It then discusses best practices for building design and operation based on case studies and energy modeling. The guide is organized into three sections that cover 1) a whole building framework using lifecycle performance assurance, 2) improving building physical systems like the envelope, lighting, HVAC, and 3) implementing building information systems. The conclusion discusses metrics to evaluate buildings and priorities for best practices. It also explores implications for building codes and policies. The appendices provide a glossary, list of exemplary buildings, technologies, and simulation tools.
The document summarizes the first Quadrennial Technology Review (QTR) conducted by the US Department of Energy. The QTR aims to define a framework for energy technologies, explain DOE's roles in energy transformation, and establish priorities. It outlines six technology strategies to address challenges of energy security, environmental impacts, and competitiveness. The QTR conducted technology assessments and established a balanced portfolio across timescales, energy challenges, and strategies. Future QTRs will provide more detailed reports, and a future Quadrennial Energy Review may coordinate a federal energy policy.
The document discusses the potential for expanded use of combined heat and power (CHP) technologies in the United States. It outlines the Department of Energy's goals to increase CHP capacity to 20% through research, demonstration projects, and market transformation efforts. Achieving this level of CHP adoption could significantly reduce carbon emissions and energy costs while creating new jobs. Key CHP markets like industrial, institutional, commercial and district energy facilities represent opportunities to meet local energy needs sustainably and achieve national energy objectives.
Since 2010, the world has added more solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity than in the previous four decades. New systems were installed in 2013 at a rate of 100 megawatts (MW) of capacity per day. Total global capacity overtook 150 gigawatts (GW) in early 2014. The geographical pattern of deployment is rapidly changing. While a few European countries, led by Germany and Italy, initiated large-scale PV development, PV systems are now expanding in other parts of the world, often under sunnier skies. Since 2013, the People’s Republic of China has led the global PV market, followed by Japan and the United States. PV system prices have been divided by three in six years in most markets, while module prices have been divided by five. The cost of electricity from new built systems varies from USD 90 to USD 300/MWh depending on the solar resource; the type, size and cost of systems; maturity of markets and costs of capital. This roadmap envisions PV’s share of global electricity reaching 16% by 2050, a significant increase from the 11% goal in the 2010 roadmap. PV generation would contribute 17% to all clean electricity, and 20% of all renewable electricity. China is expected to continue leading the global market, accounting for about 37% of global capacity by 2050. Achieving this roadmap’s vision of 4 600 GW of installed PV capacity by 2050 would avoid the emission of up to 4 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually. This roadmap assumes that the costs of electricity from PV in different parts of the world will converge as markets develop, with an average cost reduction of 25% by 2020, 45% by 2030, and 65% by 2050, leading to a range of USD 40 to 160/MWh, assuming a cost of capital of 8%. To achieve the vision in this roadmap, the total PV capacity installed each year needs to rise rapidly, from 36 GW in 2013 to 124 GW per year on average, with a peak of 200 GW per year between 2025 and 2040. Including the cost of repowering – the replacement of older installations – annual investment needs to reach an average of about USD 225 billion, more than twice that of 2013.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
This document summarizes the Marine Energy Technology Roadmap 2014 developed jointly by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) and the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The roadmap aims to facilitate the establishment of a commercially viable marine energy sector in the UK. It identifies technology development and demonstration activities needed to achieve cost and performance targets enabling material deployment of marine energy by 2050. These activities are categorized into device/system deployment, sub-systems, design/optimization tools, and arrays. The ETI prioritizes these activities based on their alignment with ETI objectives and potential to reduce costs and risks for the marine energy industry.
Utilize Solar energy insolation to collect and transform it to useful electric source for simple applications like lighting, water pumping and battery charging.
4th Energy Wave Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Annual Review, 2016Kerry-Ann Adamson
The 4th Energy Wave Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Annual Review is the continuation of the Fuel Cell Annual Review report from Fuel Cell Today, started by Dr. Kerry-Ann Adamson and her team in 2008. The dataset combines both historical data from FCT and fresh data collected and collated by 4th Energy Wave.
This year’s Review marks the 9th such annual publication, and the 3rd from the independent analyst and strategist house 4th Energy Wave.
The Review focuses on quantifying and discussing trends and opportunities in the fuel cell, and increasingly hydrogen, sectors. The outlook is global, and covers all the different markets which fuel cells are increasingly penetrating.
The Review is an independent publication.
This document provides a guide for designing and operating high-performance energy efficient buildings in India. It begins with an introduction that establishes the goals and challenges. It then discusses best practices for building design and operation based on case studies and energy modeling. The guide is organized into three sections that cover 1) a whole building framework using lifecycle performance assurance, 2) improving building physical systems like the envelope, lighting, HVAC, and 3) implementing building information systems. The conclusion discusses metrics to evaluate buildings and priorities for best practices. It also explores implications for building codes and policies. The appendices provide a glossary, list of exemplary buildings, technologies, and simulation tools.
This document provides a roadmap for the development and deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy between now and 2050. It envisions that by 2050, PV will provide 11% of global electricity production, equivalent to 4,500 terawatt-hours per year and 3,000 gigawatts of installed capacity. To achieve this vision will require effective policy support and incentives over the next decade to drive down costs and scale up manufacturing to the level needed for mass deployment. The roadmap identifies technology, policy and collaboration milestones to guide stakeholders toward realizing PV's full potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to energy security and socioeconomic development.
This document provides examples of energy efficiency financing platforms and programs implemented by the International Finance Corporation (IFC). It summarizes several initiatives including:
1) Tata Cleantech Capital Ltd in India, a joint venture between Tata Capital and IFC that has invested $700 million in clean technology projects totaling $4.86 billion.
2) A utility-based energy efficiency program in China that partnered with local banks to provide $625 million in loans, reducing emissions by 19 million tons annually.
3) A risk-sharing facility with Bank of the Philippine Islands that enrolled $82 million in loans, broadening the bank's lending and reducing emissions by 1.9 million tons.
India has set goals to reduce emissions intensity, increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity, and increase carbon sinks. COVID-19 caused an economic downturn and the Reserve Bank acted with rate cuts and liquidity measures. The Energy Efficiency Financing Platform aims to finance EE projects and build capacity for financial institutions. It has provided training to over 600 bankers and set up a facilitation center and financing cells to promote EE lending. The Power Finance Corporation will act as the nodal agency for EE financing in India.
This document provides a hydrogen and fuel cell industry development plan for Massachusetts. It finds that developing 301-401 MW of fuel cell generation capacity in the state could generate 2.38 million MWh of electricity annually. Favorable locations for fuel cell projects include energy-intensive commercial buildings, industries, wastewater plants, landfills, telecom sites, government buildings, ports, and airports. Massachusetts already has over 300 companies involved in the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain, generating $171 million annually. Developing policies and incentives to support fuel cell deployment could increase economic activity and job creation across the supply chain, while reducing dependence on oil and improving the environment.
The document summarizes the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP). The SETP has an annual budget of $175 million and works to reduce the costs of solar technologies like photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. It funds research at national labs and partnerships with private companies. The goals of the SETP include enabling high solar energy penetration and achieving grid parity by 2015. It addresses challenges across the solar industry including costs, supply chains, reliability, grid integration, and market barriers.
MIDA networking session on clean technologies-21.2.2013ZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
get together and networking session between newly established Clean Technology and Environment Division at Malaysia Investment Development Authority(MIDA) and green related NGOs
The document discusses barriers to energy efficiency implementation for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India and potential solutions. It notes that SMEs face high energy costs but lack access to energy efficient technologies. Barriers include a lack of awareness, data, financing options, and coordination. The Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) works to address these challenges by collaborating with government agencies, facilitating market transformation, and providing financing and technical solutions tailored for SME clusters.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage and Grid Integration Workshop: Energy Storage Trends and Challenges, New Mexico's Numerous Contributions presented by Steve Willard, Electric Power Research Institute, August 23-24, 2016
1.Overview of Renewable Energy Sector and Programs in Malaysia.
2.The mechanism of NEM using solar PV.
3.Benefits of implementing it for residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
4.Barriers that impede successful implementation of solar PV and NEM in Malaysia.
5.Strategies or plans that have been implemented by the Malaysian government to encourage the use of NEM.
6.Recommended additional necessary measures that should be implemented by the government to boost the success of the energy efficiency policy using solar power in Malaysia.
ScottMadden's Energy Industry Update for the 2019 Utility Supply Chain Confer...ScottMadden, Inc.
As economic growth continues, and policies are increasingly driven by state and regional issues, utilities are placing bets, with large investments, on various growth strategies. They continue to face opposition and challenges from various stakeholders with disparate interests. Energy and utility companies will try to thread the needle of developing and upgrading much needed infrastructure, while satisfying those interests.
During the 2019 Utility Supply Chain Conference, Cristin Lyons reviewed the latest Energy Industry Update and shared key highlights for topics including:
- Electrification: A summary of increased electrification activities (ie: transportation/space heating) being promoted by electric industry stakeholders, and electrification’s pros and cons
- Wholesale energy infrastructure development: A discussion of proposed gas and power transmission projects, potential regulatory changes, and surrounding issues/implications
- Grid modernization: Noteworthy efforts around the nation, including both the programs and the common themes.
Learn more at www.scottmadden.com.
Delenova Energy is a US-based energy consulting firm. It has extensive experience developing solar, wind, and natural gas power projects totaling thousands of MW across the US and internationally. The firm also provides strategic advisory services for asset valuation and optimization. The principal has over 30 years of experience in the energy industry and currently teaches graduate-level energy courses as an adjunct professor.
Introduction to energy efficiency industry to Malaysian universities students ZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
This document discusses an awareness program for Malaysian universities that covers 5 topics:
1) An overview of energy and energy efficiency
2) An introduction to the energy service industry
3) Business potentials in energy efficiency
4) Potential careers in the energy efficiency industry
5) Challenges in the energy efficiency industry in Malaysia and the way forward
Turkey faces increasing electricity demand and energy insecurity due to lack of domestic fossil fuel reserves. Renewable energy production has grown significantly in recent years through wind, solar and hydropower projects. The government aims to reach 30% renewable energy by 2023 through feed-in tariffs of up to $110/MWh for wind and $96/MWh for hydropower, as well as targets of 20,000 MW of wind and 3,000 MW of solar installed capacity. Renewable projects up to 500 kW are exempt from certificate requirements, while other permits like from water authorities may still be needed.
IPEEC is a high-level international forum that aims to accelerate adoption of energy efficiency policies and practices through international cooperation. It provides a platform for countries to share best practices in policy, programs, tools and proven energy efficiency approaches. This document outlines IPEEC's work in several areas: it discusses IPEEC members' experiences with energy efficiency financing mechanisms; highlights IPEEC's focus on promoting energy management and continuous improvements; and proposes an IPEEC-Russia energy management training program to establish qualified trainers and expand energy efficiency efforts in Russia.
CIGRE WG “Network of the Future” Electricity Supply Systems of the futurePower System Operation
The document discusses the key technical issues that will shape future electric power systems, as identified by a CIGRE working group. The 10 issues are: 1) active distribution networks with bidirectional power flows; 2) increased information exchange needs from advanced metering; 3) growth of HVDC and power electronics; 4) development and use of energy storage; 5) new concepts for system operation and control; 6) new protection concepts; 7) planning with environmental and technology changes; 8) tools for assessing technical performance; 9) increasing transmission infrastructure capacity; and 10) stakeholder engagement. The working group assesses which CIGRE study committees would be involved in addressing each issue.
Key messages on the status of renewables in 17 selected countries OECD Environment
The document summarizes key findings from the UNECE Renewable Energy Status Report on the status of renewables in 17 countries in the UNECE region. It finds that while these countries have made progress in developing renewable energy targets and policies, significant barriers remain. Renewable energy capacity and investment in the region remains relatively low compared to global levels, with investment declining in Eastern Europe and Russia since 2012. The report concludes more work is still needed to strengthen policy frameworks and financing mechanisms to sustain investment in renewables and their development in the heating, cooling, and transport sectors.
John Lushetsky, Program Manager of the Solar Energy Technologies Program at the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, presented on April 19, 2010 at the GW Solar Institute Second Annual Symposium. more information at http://solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
1. Global energy trends show increasing electrification and a growing demand for clean and efficient energy solutions. Electricity demand has grown faster than overall energy use.
2. Energy efficiency technologies can significantly improve efficiency across the entire energy value chain, from production and generation to transmission and final end-use. Implementing best available technologies could double efficiency in some sectors.
3. Barriers beyond technical potential must be addressed, including economic factors, skills gaps, and investment incentives, to fully realize efficiency gains from existing technologies. A holistic approach is needed to maximize efficiency opportunities.
The document summarizes presentations from an IPEEC meeting on promoting energy efficient technologies. It discusses:
1) IPEEC membership representing over 75% of global GDP and energy use and its secretariat located in Paris.
2) Examples of government programs to improve energy efficiency in Japan and the US, including Japan's "Top Runner" program and standards and labels for refrigerators in the US.
3) IPEEC's role in capacity building for energy efficiency policy and indicators worldwide.
United States Government: Energy Management in Federal FacilitiesTony Loup
United States Government: Energy Management in Federal Facilities an Overview of Legislation, Programs, and Tools. How to meet the goals and requirements of EISA 2007.
This document provides a roadmap for the development and deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy between now and 2050. It envisions that by 2050, PV will provide 11% of global electricity production, equivalent to 4,500 terawatt-hours per year and 3,000 gigawatts of installed capacity. To achieve this vision will require effective policy support and incentives over the next decade to drive down costs and scale up manufacturing to the level needed for mass deployment. The roadmap identifies technology, policy and collaboration milestones to guide stakeholders toward realizing PV's full potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to energy security and socioeconomic development.
This document provides examples of energy efficiency financing platforms and programs implemented by the International Finance Corporation (IFC). It summarizes several initiatives including:
1) Tata Cleantech Capital Ltd in India, a joint venture between Tata Capital and IFC that has invested $700 million in clean technology projects totaling $4.86 billion.
2) A utility-based energy efficiency program in China that partnered with local banks to provide $625 million in loans, reducing emissions by 19 million tons annually.
3) A risk-sharing facility with Bank of the Philippine Islands that enrolled $82 million in loans, broadening the bank's lending and reducing emissions by 1.9 million tons.
India has set goals to reduce emissions intensity, increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity, and increase carbon sinks. COVID-19 caused an economic downturn and the Reserve Bank acted with rate cuts and liquidity measures. The Energy Efficiency Financing Platform aims to finance EE projects and build capacity for financial institutions. It has provided training to over 600 bankers and set up a facilitation center and financing cells to promote EE lending. The Power Finance Corporation will act as the nodal agency for EE financing in India.
This document provides a hydrogen and fuel cell industry development plan for Massachusetts. It finds that developing 301-401 MW of fuel cell generation capacity in the state could generate 2.38 million MWh of electricity annually. Favorable locations for fuel cell projects include energy-intensive commercial buildings, industries, wastewater plants, landfills, telecom sites, government buildings, ports, and airports. Massachusetts already has over 300 companies involved in the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain, generating $171 million annually. Developing policies and incentives to support fuel cell deployment could increase economic activity and job creation across the supply chain, while reducing dependence on oil and improving the environment.
The document summarizes the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP). The SETP has an annual budget of $175 million and works to reduce the costs of solar technologies like photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. It funds research at national labs and partnerships with private companies. The goals of the SETP include enabling high solar energy penetration and achieving grid parity by 2015. It addresses challenges across the solar industry including costs, supply chains, reliability, grid integration, and market barriers.
MIDA networking session on clean technologies-21.2.2013ZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
get together and networking session between newly established Clean Technology and Environment Division at Malaysia Investment Development Authority(MIDA) and green related NGOs
The document discusses barriers to energy efficiency implementation for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India and potential solutions. It notes that SMEs face high energy costs but lack access to energy efficient technologies. Barriers include a lack of awareness, data, financing options, and coordination. The Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) works to address these challenges by collaborating with government agencies, facilitating market transformation, and providing financing and technical solutions tailored for SME clusters.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage and Grid Integration Workshop: Energy Storage Trends and Challenges, New Mexico's Numerous Contributions presented by Steve Willard, Electric Power Research Institute, August 23-24, 2016
1.Overview of Renewable Energy Sector and Programs in Malaysia.
2.The mechanism of NEM using solar PV.
3.Benefits of implementing it for residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
4.Barriers that impede successful implementation of solar PV and NEM in Malaysia.
5.Strategies or plans that have been implemented by the Malaysian government to encourage the use of NEM.
6.Recommended additional necessary measures that should be implemented by the government to boost the success of the energy efficiency policy using solar power in Malaysia.
ScottMadden's Energy Industry Update for the 2019 Utility Supply Chain Confer...ScottMadden, Inc.
As economic growth continues, and policies are increasingly driven by state and regional issues, utilities are placing bets, with large investments, on various growth strategies. They continue to face opposition and challenges from various stakeholders with disparate interests. Energy and utility companies will try to thread the needle of developing and upgrading much needed infrastructure, while satisfying those interests.
During the 2019 Utility Supply Chain Conference, Cristin Lyons reviewed the latest Energy Industry Update and shared key highlights for topics including:
- Electrification: A summary of increased electrification activities (ie: transportation/space heating) being promoted by electric industry stakeholders, and electrification’s pros and cons
- Wholesale energy infrastructure development: A discussion of proposed gas and power transmission projects, potential regulatory changes, and surrounding issues/implications
- Grid modernization: Noteworthy efforts around the nation, including both the programs and the common themes.
Learn more at www.scottmadden.com.
Delenova Energy is a US-based energy consulting firm. It has extensive experience developing solar, wind, and natural gas power projects totaling thousands of MW across the US and internationally. The firm also provides strategic advisory services for asset valuation and optimization. The principal has over 30 years of experience in the energy industry and currently teaches graduate-level energy courses as an adjunct professor.
Introduction to energy efficiency industry to Malaysian universities students ZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
This document discusses an awareness program for Malaysian universities that covers 5 topics:
1) An overview of energy and energy efficiency
2) An introduction to the energy service industry
3) Business potentials in energy efficiency
4) Potential careers in the energy efficiency industry
5) Challenges in the energy efficiency industry in Malaysia and the way forward
Turkey faces increasing electricity demand and energy insecurity due to lack of domestic fossil fuel reserves. Renewable energy production has grown significantly in recent years through wind, solar and hydropower projects. The government aims to reach 30% renewable energy by 2023 through feed-in tariffs of up to $110/MWh for wind and $96/MWh for hydropower, as well as targets of 20,000 MW of wind and 3,000 MW of solar installed capacity. Renewable projects up to 500 kW are exempt from certificate requirements, while other permits like from water authorities may still be needed.
IPEEC is a high-level international forum that aims to accelerate adoption of energy efficiency policies and practices through international cooperation. It provides a platform for countries to share best practices in policy, programs, tools and proven energy efficiency approaches. This document outlines IPEEC's work in several areas: it discusses IPEEC members' experiences with energy efficiency financing mechanisms; highlights IPEEC's focus on promoting energy management and continuous improvements; and proposes an IPEEC-Russia energy management training program to establish qualified trainers and expand energy efficiency efforts in Russia.
CIGRE WG “Network of the Future” Electricity Supply Systems of the futurePower System Operation
The document discusses the key technical issues that will shape future electric power systems, as identified by a CIGRE working group. The 10 issues are: 1) active distribution networks with bidirectional power flows; 2) increased information exchange needs from advanced metering; 3) growth of HVDC and power electronics; 4) development and use of energy storage; 5) new concepts for system operation and control; 6) new protection concepts; 7) planning with environmental and technology changes; 8) tools for assessing technical performance; 9) increasing transmission infrastructure capacity; and 10) stakeholder engagement. The working group assesses which CIGRE study committees would be involved in addressing each issue.
Key messages on the status of renewables in 17 selected countries OECD Environment
The document summarizes key findings from the UNECE Renewable Energy Status Report on the status of renewables in 17 countries in the UNECE region. It finds that while these countries have made progress in developing renewable energy targets and policies, significant barriers remain. Renewable energy capacity and investment in the region remains relatively low compared to global levels, with investment declining in Eastern Europe and Russia since 2012. The report concludes more work is still needed to strengthen policy frameworks and financing mechanisms to sustain investment in renewables and their development in the heating, cooling, and transport sectors.
John Lushetsky, Program Manager of the Solar Energy Technologies Program at the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, presented on April 19, 2010 at the GW Solar Institute Second Annual Symposium. more information at http://solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
1. Global energy trends show increasing electrification and a growing demand for clean and efficient energy solutions. Electricity demand has grown faster than overall energy use.
2. Energy efficiency technologies can significantly improve efficiency across the entire energy value chain, from production and generation to transmission and final end-use. Implementing best available technologies could double efficiency in some sectors.
3. Barriers beyond technical potential must be addressed, including economic factors, skills gaps, and investment incentives, to fully realize efficiency gains from existing technologies. A holistic approach is needed to maximize efficiency opportunities.
The document summarizes presentations from an IPEEC meeting on promoting energy efficient technologies. It discusses:
1) IPEEC membership representing over 75% of global GDP and energy use and its secretariat located in Paris.
2) Examples of government programs to improve energy efficiency in Japan and the US, including Japan's "Top Runner" program and standards and labels for refrigerators in the US.
3) IPEEC's role in capacity building for energy efficiency policy and indicators worldwide.
United States Government: Energy Management in Federal FacilitiesTony Loup
United States Government: Energy Management in Federal Facilities an Overview of Legislation, Programs, and Tools. How to meet the goals and requirements of EISA 2007.
Fact sheet on the cem's appliance efficiency initiative (sead)Christina Parmionova
The agenda was developed by Sustainable Energy for All's High-Level Group, which includes distinguished leaders from government, the private sector and civil society, as well as three CEM ministers including: Steven Chu, U.S. Secretary of Energy; Edison Lobão, Brazilian Minister of Mines and Energy; and Farooq Abdullah, Minister of New and Renewable Energy of India.
EV Everywhere Grand Challenge, US Department of EngergyCALSTART
The document summarizes the EV Everywhere Grand Challenge led by the U.S. Department of Energy to make plug-in electric vehicles as affordable and convenient as gasoline vehicles by 2022. It provides an overview of workshops being held to identify pathways to meet this goal by engaging scientists, engineers, and businesses. It also outlines new initiatives announced by President Obama to support this effort, such as a $1 billion National Community Deployment Challenge and expanding the advanced vehicle tax credit.
Future Advancements of Electric Vehicles in India: A Technological ReviewIRJTAE
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining significant traction globally as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles. In the context of India, the adoption of EVs is seen as crucial for reducing air
pollution, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and achieving long-term sustainability goals. This review paper
explores the current state of electric vehicles in India, analyzes the challenges hindering their widespread
adoption, and discusses potential future advancements that could propel the EV industry forward in the country.
By examining technological innovations, policy initiatives, infrastructure development, and market trends, this
paper provides insights into the promising future of electric mobility in India
- Vehicle electrification is gaining unprecedented global interest from governments, automakers, and customers due to factors like energy security, climate policy, and pent-up customer demand.
- While costs of batteries and fuel cells are declining, they remain high compared to gasoline vehicles, so electrified vehicles will likely only achieve significant market penetration with supportive policies.
- As early adopters acquire electrified vehicles, policies will need to focus on gaining the trust of more risk-averse "second wave" customers through ensuring reliability, resale value, and sufficient range.
- Infrastructure build-out for hydrogen and electric vehicle charging will be crucial to support more widespread adoption of electrified vehicles.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 in India. It establishes the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to promote energy efficiency. The act focuses on reducing demand-supply gaps, emissions, and increasing energy savings through standards and labeling of appliances, energy audits of buildings and industries, and certification of energy managers. It aims to develop a professional workforce in the area of energy efficiency and conservation.
Designing Framework for Standardization Case Study: Lithium-Ion Battery Modul...IJECEIAES
Standardization is one of the important things before to deploy a product. Regulation such as national standard has important roles in industry. The roles of standard such as ensuring safety for consumer and producer, increasing product competitiveness, and reducing trade berries. Indonesia is currently in the stage of developing industry of electric vehicle, so that standard which is related to electric vehicle, one of it is standard for the electric vehicle battery. Besides that, Indonesia does not have a relevant standard to regulate. This study is intended to make a framework for standardization of lithium-ion battery module product using A Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard (FACTS) approach. There are three stages in FACTS approach, they are analysis, comparison, and testing. Based on the result of this research, the framework of lithium-ion battery module product standard consists of 8 parameters.
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) leads research and development efforts to accelerate clean energy technologies through partnerships. EERE's priorities include advancing manufacturing technologies, biofuels, grid modernization, sustainable transportation like electric vehicles, solar power, and wind energy. These initiatives strengthen energy security, environmental quality, and economic growth in the United States.
State and Regional Industrial Energy EfficiencyPlanning, Collaboration and Implementation
David Terry, Executive Director
National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
This document summarizes key outcomes of the 38th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (AMEM), including endorsement of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation Phase II and the 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook. ASEAN targets for energy intensity reduction and renewable energy share by 2025 were also endorsed. The document then outlines strategies and programs under the energy efficiency and conservation program area, including harmonizing energy efficiency standards and expanding financing schemes. Challenges to energy efficiency projects in ASEAN are discussed along with recommendations such as increasing private sector involvement and revising fossil fuel subsidies.
EERE’s FY2017 Renewable Power Budget Webinarmaryvin
The document discusses the FY 2017 budget request for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). It outlines major national energy goals and EERE's strategic planning drivers. The budget summary table shows requested funding increases for solar energy, wind energy, and water power technologies. Specific initiatives highlighted include offshore wind demonstration projects, technologies to enable larger wind turbines, and the HydroNEXT program to lower costs of new hydropower facilities.
The document discusses the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC), an international forum that promotes energy efficiency. IPEEC works on initiatives to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and communities. It identifies information gaps, disseminates best practices, and enhances collaboration between actors. IPEEC also facilitates workshops to share case studies on tools and programs for sustainable buildings from member countries. For example, the workshops presented cases on tools to forecast city energy use and plan urban energy strategies from Southeast Asia as well as key issues for developing zero energy housing. Additionally, the document discusses India's Energy Conservation Building Code as an example policy that IPEEC has provided support on by establishing compliance methods and training programs.
The Water Power Program at the Department of Energy is funding research to advance hydropower and marine hydrokinetic technologies. This includes developing new technologies that can generate power from existing infrastructure like non-powered dams to tap additional untapped domestic hydropower resources. The program also supports developing marine hydrokinetic technologies like wave, tidal, and ocean current devices through testing and demonstration projects. The goal is to strengthen the domestic water power industry and increase the contribution of water power to meet 15% of US electricity needs by 2030.
Ambassador Richard H. JonesDeputy Executive Director
International Energy Agency
Eilat-Eilot
International Renewable Energy Conference & Exhibition
February 16-18, 2010
Herods & Dan Hotel, Eilat, Israel
Southern Energy Efficiency Center Final ReportFlanna489y
The Southern Energy Efficiency Center (SEEC) final report summarizes the organization's activities from 2009-2010. The SEEC worked with partners in 12 southern states to increase the deployment of high-performance buildings. Key accomplishments included developing an online resource center, producing educational materials on efficient building techniques, hosting conferences, and delivering training to over 1,000 attendees. Moving forward, the SEEC recommends expanding these outreach and education efforts to further realize energy savings in the region.
BCO221 GLOBAL ECONOMICS – Task brief & rubrics
Task brief
Description:
• Individual task.
• First, answer the following two questions (60%) Then, write a report (40%).
Questions (60%)
Question 1 (30%). Explain the Bretton Woods system. You should refer to:
o As a result of the Bretton Woods system, what happened with the exchange rates?
Was it fixed? Was it floating? (10p)
o Why did the Bretton Woods system collapse? (10p)
o Would be such a system feasible nowadays?
Question 2 (30%). With reference to real world examples assess the pros and cons of different
exchange rate systems. In your answer you should refer to:
o Floating exchange rate regimes – you should in particular consider whether floating
currencies are condusive to promoting international trade.
o Pegged exchange rate regimes and pegged with bands exchange rate regimes – you
should consider the possibility of currency crises in relation to the pegged with bands
currency regimes and should consider an actual currency crisis such as the 1992 Black
Wednesday Crisis for the pound and its membership of the ERM.
o Single currencies – in relation to single currencies you should consider the pros and
cons of the Euro, you should bring in the Optimal Currency Area argument, and you
should in particular consider whether a nation like Greece in the aftermath of the
2008 Financial Crisis suffered more than it would have if it had not been a part of the
Eurozone (due to its inability to devalue its currency or implement a looser monetary
policy) and you should also consider whether the ECB has reponsed adequately to the
economic challenges of the current coronavirus crisis (i.e. should the ECB be
implementing a looser monetary policy in particular right now). You should consider
whether a one size monetary policy does fit all.
Report (40%)
You are asked to develop and write a final report to assess the case study of the transition to electric
mobility and its effects in global economics. Your work should come with in-depth reasoning and
justification with well founded facts, events, figures and academic arguments. Please also refer to
authors, models, themes and concepts learned in the course. You may define, evaluate and apply
these when needed. Critical thinking is welcomed when justyfiying your alternatives and answers.
Please read the following case study summary about the 2019 edition of the Global EV Outlook,
which is the flagship publication of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) within the IEA (International
energy agency), at the 10th Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) meeting that was held in Vancouver on 27
May 2019.
Electric car deployment has been growing rapidly over the past ten years, with the global stock of
electric passenger cars passing 5 million in 2018, an increase of 63% from the previous year. Around
Stas Nepomnyashchiy
45% of electric cars on the road in 2018 were in China – a total of 2. ...
BCO221 GLOBAL ECONOMICS – Task brief & rubrics
Task brief
Description:
• Individual task.
• First, answer the following two questions (60%) Then, write a report (40%).
Questions (60%)
Question 1 (30%). Explain the Bretton Woods system. You should refer to:
o As a result of the Bretton Woods system, what happened with the exchange rates?
Was it fixed? Was it floating? (10p)
o Why did the Bretton Woods system collapse? (10p)
o Would be such a system feasible nowadays?
Question 2 (30%). With reference to real world examples assess the pros and cons of different
exchange rate systems. In your answer you should refer to:
o Floating exchange rate regimes – you should in particular consider whether floating
currencies are condusive to promoting international trade.
o Pegged exchange rate regimes and pegged with bands exchange rate regimes – you
should consider the possibility of currency crises in relation to the pegged with bands
currency regimes and should consider an actual currency crisis such as the 1992 Black
Wednesday Crisis for the pound and its membership of the ERM.
o Single currencies – in relation to single currencies you should consider the pros and
cons of the Euro, you should bring in the Optimal Currency Area argument, and you
should in particular consider whether a nation like Greece in the aftermath of the
2008 Financial Crisis suffered more than it would have if it had not been a part of the
Eurozone (due to its inability to devalue its currency or implement a looser monetary
policy) and you should also consider whether the ECB has reponsed adequately to the
economic challenges of the current coronavirus crisis (i.e. should the ECB be
implementing a looser monetary policy in particular right now). You should consider
whether a one size monetary policy does fit all.
Report (40%)
You are asked to develop and write a final report to assess the case study of the transition to electric
mobility and its effects in global economics. Your work should come with in-depth reasoning and
justification with well founded facts, events, figures and academic arguments. Please also refer to
authors, models, themes and concepts learned in the course. You may define, evaluate and apply
these when needed. Critical thinking is welcomed when justyfiying your alternatives and answers.
Please read the following case study summary about the 2019 edition of the Global EV Outlook,
which is the flagship publication of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) within the IEA (International
energy agency), at the 10th Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) meeting that was held in Vancouver on 27
May 2019.
Electric car deployment has been growing rapidly over the past ten years, with the global stock of
electric passenger cars passing 5 million in 2018, an increase of 63% from the previous year. Around
Stas Nepomnyashchiy
45% of electric cars on the road in 2018 were in China – a total of 2..
2011 National Energy Policy Recommendations IEEE-USAJohn Ragan
The document provides recommendations for a national energy policy from IEEE-USA. It recommends increasing energy efficiency, transforming transportation through electrification and alternative fuels, greening the electric power supply through renewables, nuclear, and carbon capture, and building a stronger and smarter electrical infrastructure through a smart grid, transmission expansion, and large-scale electricity storage.
Similar to Hev lion r d activities cost in 2022 a2-02 (20)
This document presents a lumped electro-thermal model for lithium-ion battery cells in electric vehicle applications. The model includes reversible and irreversible heat sources and considers heat transfer mechanisms. An experimental setup is used to collect voltage, current, and temperature data from lithium-ion pouch cells under different conditions. An equivalent circuit model is used to model cell voltage and parameters are estimated using a hybrid pulse power characterization test. The thermal model accounts for heat generated internally and conductive and convective heat transfer. The models are evaluated offline and in real-time using hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
The document analyzes degradation mechanisms of lithium iron phosphate batteries through calendar and cycle tests. Key findings include:
1) Capacity loss increases under high temperature and high state of charge conditions, and is dominated by solid electrolyte interface formation during calendar tests.
2) Cycle capacity loss includes electrode structure disorder and interface growth. Testing found cycle capacity loss is related to cumulative current rather than cycle number.
3) Results below 15°C do not follow the same degradation trends, suggesting additional degradation mechanisms are present at low temperatures.
4) DC internal resistance increases over time for calendar tests but not cycle tests, indicating it is dominated by interface formation during calendar aging.
This document provides an overview of coupled mechanical-electrochemical-thermal modeling efforts for lithium-ion batteries being conducted at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The modeling aims to better understand the complex interactions between different physical phenomena occurring at different scales in batteries, in order to accelerate the design of improved batteries for electric vehicles. NREL has developed a multi-physics, multi-scale modeling framework called MSMD that accounts for electrochemical, electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical effects. The modeling work has included evaluating the impact of battery design parameters, understanding non-uniform utilization, and developing computer-aided engineering tools to simulate battery performance, life, and safety. Recent efforts have focused on coupled mechanical-electrochemical
This document summarizes research into optimizing the design of lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles to minimize costs. The researchers created a cell model that can flexibly simulate different electrode designs and materials. Their analysis shows that matching a cell's power-to-energy ratio to the requirements of an electric vehicle leads to the lowest costs. However, providing a unique cell for each vehicle model would be impractical for automakers. Therefore, the researchers use an algorithm to determine the optimal number and specifications of cell types that can cost-effectively meet the needs of a range of vehicles. This modular battery design approach aims to help automakers and suppliers develop the most cost-competitive lithium-ion cell strategies.
The MAX1830/MAX1831 are 3A, 1MHz step-down DC-DC converters with synchronous rectification and internal switches. They provide high efficiency conversion from 5V and 3.3V inputs to adjustable low-voltage outputs between 1.1V to the input voltage. The devices integrate a PMOS power switch and NMOS synchronous rectifier to deliver up to 3A continuous current with no external diode required. They offer efficiencies as high as 94% and operate over an input voltage range of 3V to 5.5V.
The MIC2545A/2549A are high-side power switches optimized for low loss DC power switching and power management applications. They feature a precision, resistor-programmable current limit and soft-start circuit to minimize inrush current. Thermal shutdown and adjustable current limit protect the switch and attached devices. An open-drain flag output indicates current limiting or thermal shutdown. The MIC2549A additionally has an internal latch to turn the output off during thermal shutdown, providing robust fault control. They are available in various package types with active-high or active-low enable options.
The LTC1760 is a dual smart battery system manager that allows simultaneous charging or discharging of two batteries. It implements all elements of a "Smart Battery System Manager" except for composite battery information. The device includes three SMBus interfaces to communicate with the batteries and host, and uses a proprietary PowerPath architecture to extend battery run times up to 10% while reducing charging times up to 50%. It can automatically switch between power sources in less than 10μs.
The document provides information about Clyde Space's 1.5U EPS (Electronic Power System), including:
- An overview of the system and its features such as autonomy, redundancy, and mass.
- Interfacing instructions and descriptions of connectors, switches, and buses.
- Technical descriptions of the charge method, power stages, and protection features.
- Testing procedures and requirements for developers.
- Compatibility with other Clyde Space systems and CubeSat specifications.
1. The document presents an improved maximum power point tracker system for photovoltaic energy systems. The system consists of a DC-DC boost converter, PWM inverter, and MPPT control system.
2. The MPPT control system adjusts the duty cycle of the boost converter to force the PV array to operate at its maximum power point. It also controls the modulation index of the PWM inverter to transfer maximum available power from the PV array to the grid.
3. Simulation results show the control system efficiently tracks the maximum power point and achieves a clean power interface with the grid, demonstrated by the high quality sinusoidal grid current waveform.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program by Kevin MillerForth
Kevin Miller, Senior Advisor, Business Models of the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
At ASP Cranes, we understand the importance of reliable and efficient crane operations in various industries, from construction and manufacturing to logistics and infrastructure development. That's why we strive to deliver top-notch solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness for our clients.
Our services include:
Crane Rental: Whether you need a crawler crane for heavy lifting or a hydraulic crane for versatile operations, we have a diverse fleet of well-maintained cranes available for rent. Our rental options are flexible and can be customized to suit your project requirements.
Crane Sales: Looking to invest in a crane for your business? We offer a wide selection of new and used cranes from leading manufacturers, ensuring you find the perfect equipment to match your needs and budget.
Crane Maintenance and Repair: To ensure optimal performance and safety, regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential for cranes. Our team of skilled technicians provides comprehensive maintenance and repair services to keep your equipment running smoothly and minimize downtime.
Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
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At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
1. EVS28
KINTEX, Korea, May 3-6, 2015
An Overview of Current U.S. DOE Hybrid Electric
Systems R&D Activities
David Howell1
1
Vehicle Technologies Program, EE-2G, U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585, USA
E-mail: David.Howell@ee.doe.gov
Abstract
Electric and hybrid vehicle technologies are critical to attaining the long-term U.S. objectives of energy
independence and its associated benefits. The U.S. has actively supported the development of cleaner, more
efficient automotive technologies over the long term. Further impetus for these efforts comes from several
legislative mandates – including parts of the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act and its successive
Acts. Over time, the U.S. has adopted specific strategies and policy initiatives to meet the goals set by such
mandates. Accordingly, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through its Vehicle Technologies Office
(VTO) has supported the development and deployment of advanced vehicle technologies with electric drive
systems –often in close partnership with industry. This paper provides an overview of the current market
adoption of HEV and EV vehicles in the U.S. and the associated VTO R&D and Deployment initiatives for
accelerating their commercialization. It also highlights the many significant research breakthroughs
resulting from R&D in the hybrid vehicle systems areas of research (with special emphasis on the advanced
automotive battery research activities) funded directly or via collaboration by VTO.
Keywords: EV, Energy Storage, HEV, R&D, Batteries
1 Introduction
This paper provides an overview of the Fiscal
Years (FYs) 2014–2015 Hybrid and Electric
Systems (HES) R&D activities – with special
emphasis on its advanced automotive battery
research – funded by the Vehicles Technologies
Office (VTO) of the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE). VTO spearheads the R&D needed for a
new generation of electric-drive vehicles, by
following a comprehensive research plan [1]
which covers battery R&D, electric drive
components, and vehicle & systems simulation &
testing. Status updates on the Hybrid Electric
Systems (HES) program R&D have been
regularly provided at prior EVS meetings [e.g., 2-
4]. VTO leverages significant resources to address
the technical barriers which are preventing
commercialization of electric drive vehicles
(EDVs). VTO works with automakers and other
industry stakeholders through partnerships such as
the U.S. DRIVE (United States Driving Research
and Innovation for Vehicle efficiency and Energy
sustainability) to fund high-reward/high-risk
research and enable improvements in critical
components to enable more fuel efficient and
cleaner vehicles. As shown in Table 1, there is
significant U.S. commitment to HES – and its FY
2015 budget of $142 million is nearly two and half
times in size compared to its FY 2004 budget.
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 1
2. Table 1: Recent HES R&D budgets.
Fiscal Year (FY) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
HES Budget ($, Million) $57.3 $57.1 $55.6 $72.3 $92.1 $122.7
Fiscal Year (FY) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
HES Budget ($, Million) $142.3 $145.8 $164.9 $156.4 $148.3 $142.0*
*Presidential request
2 Goals, Barriers, and Strategies
2.1 Goals and Technical Barriers
The commercialization of plug-in electric
vehicles (PEVs) by making them cost-
competitive with conventional internal
combustion engine vehicles is an important VTO
goal. This requires reducing the production cost
of market-ready, high-energy, high-power
batteries by 70% in near term and that of
associated market-ready electric drive technology
(EDT) systems at least 60% in the mid-term
(compared with the 2009 costs). Technical
targets for individual battery applications have
been developed in collaboration with the United
States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC).
Current targets for PEV batteries are included in
the VTO program plan [1]. Additional
performance targets (e.g., those for HEVs, EVs,
and ultracapacitors) are available at the USABC
website [5] and also in the VTO Energy Storage
R&D annual progress report [6]. For the EDT
and Vehicle Systems and Simulation Testing
(VSST) the technical targets for peak power,
costs, etc. can be found in the corresponding
sections of the VTO multi-year program plan [1].
2.2 Strategies
Technology development in collaboration with
industry partners can enable the rapid adoption of
new technologies into production vehicles. VTO
works with industry, universities, and national
laboratories to support research on the next-
generation energy storage and electric-drive
technologies. To meet its EV/PEV goals and to
speed up their commercialization, VTO utilizes a
multi-pronged approach involving both near-term
and long-term measures. An example of its near-
term measures includes its emphasis on clean
energy initiatives like the EV Everywhere Grand
Challenge [7] which focuses on the domestic
production of cost-competitive PEVs. Over the
longer term, the VTO R&D strategy involves
funding topical research at national laboratories
and technology development efforts by industry
via cost-shared battery development efforts. These
short- and long-term measures are described in
greater detail in the next sections.
3 The EV Everywhere Grand
Challenge
DOE has in place a 10-Year Vision Plan entitled
“EV Everywhere Grand Challenge” for facilitating
the market feasibility of EDVs. EV Everywhere
would enable American innovators to rapidly
develop and commercialize the next generation of
technologies achieve levels of cost, range, and
charging infrastructure necessary for widespread
EDV deployment. VTO collaborates with outside
stakeholders and the DOE Office of Science,
Office of Electricity, and the Advanced Research
Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E). The EV
Everywhere Blueprint [7] describes the steps
needed to meet its overall goal and additional
technology-specific aggressive “stretch goals”
developed in consultation with stakeholders across
the industry. Figure 1 identifies the battery
advancements necessary for commercial feasibility
in EDV application.
4 Advanced Batteries R&D
DOE supports energy storage R&D at multiple
offices. These include the Office of Basic Energy
Sciences (BES) (which does fundamental research
to understand, predict, and control matter and
energy at electronic, atomic, and molecular levels),
ARPA-E (which conducts high-risk, translational
research with potential for significant near-term
commercial impact), the Office of Electricity
Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) (doing R&D
on modernizing the electric grid, enhancing energy
infrastructure, and mitigating impacts of supply
disruptions), and the Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy (EERE) (supporting work
on advanced clean, reliable, sustainable, and
affordable technologies which would reduce
energy consumption).
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2
3. 2022 Battery Technology
$125/kWh, 250 Wh/kg, 400 Wh/l, 2,000 W/kg
Lithium-ion batteries in today’s electric
drive vehicles use a combinationof
positive active materials based on nickel,
manganese,or iron; matched with a
carbon or graphite negative electrode.
New concepts in lithium-ion technologies have the
potentialto more than double the performanceand
significantlyreduce the cost. Beyond lithium-ion
technologies (lithium metal,lithium sulfur, and
lithium air) may also meet the challenge.
2012 Battery Technology
$600/kWh, 100 Wh/kg, 200 Wh/l, 400 W/kg
4X Cost
Reduction
2X Size
Reduction
>2X Weight
Reduction
Figure 1: Battery advancements needed to enable a large market penetration of PEVs.
The R&D postures of various DOE offices are
consistent with the applicable technology
readiness levels (TRLs) of the supported
technologies. Technologies at a lower TRL
generally fall within the domain of BES and
ARPA-E, whereas those at higher TRLs would
generally be tackled by EERE. The EERE energy
storage R&D projects (Table 2) cover a range of
activities, from hardware development with
industry to mid-term R&D and focused
fundamental research – all organized to
complement each other. DOE maintains
partnerships with the automotive industry through
the USABC to support the development of such
technologies. The goal is to help develop a U.S.
domestic advanced battery industry making
products which meet USABC goals. More
information on individual energy storage R&D
projects is available in the VTO Energy Storage
R&D annual progress report [6].
4.1 Advanced Battery Development
A significant part of DOE energy storage R&D
includes advanced battery development which
includes systems and materials development
projects. Private battery developers receive cost-
shared funding for technology development.
Several technologies developed partially under
VTO-sponsored projects have moved into
commercial applications over time.
4.2 Battery Testing, Analysis, and
Design
Another significant part of DOE energy storage
R&D includes battery testing, analysis, and
design. Battery technologies are evaluated
according to the USABC Battery Test Procedures
Manual (for EV batteries) [8], the Partnership for
a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) Battery
Test Procedures Manual (for HEV batteries) [9],
or the PEV test procedure manual [10].
4.3 Applied Battery Research
The R&D program entitled Applied Battery
Research (ABR) assists industrial developers of
high-energy/high-power lithium-ion batteries
meet the US-DRIVE long-term battery-level PEV
energy density (~200 Wh/kg) goal, while
satisfying cost, life, abuse tolerance, and low-
temperature performance goals. ABR projects
cover materials development, calendar and cycle
life studies, and abuse tolerance studies, utilizing
the expertise of national laboratories, industry
partners, and several universities toward this end.
4.4 Focused Fundamental Research
The research activity called Focused Fundamental
Research – also called Batteries for Advanced
Transportation Technologies (BATT) – addresses
fundamental issues of chemistries and materials
associated with lithium batteries.
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 3
4. Table 2: An overview of EERE energy storage R&D projects in FY 2014 (from [6]).
Project Area Project Topic Participants
Advanced
Battery
Development
USABC Battery Develoment Projects ENTEK, Envia Systems, JCI, Leyden Energy,
LG Chem MI, Maxwell Technologies, Saft, SKI,
Xerion
Advanced Lithium Battery Cell
Technology
3M, Amprius, Denso, OneD Material, PSU, Seeo,
XALT Energy
Low-cost Processing Research Applied Materials, JCI, Miltec UV International,
Navitas, Optodot Corporation, SBIR
Battery
Testing,
Analysis, and
Design
Cost Assessments and Requirements
Analysis
ANL (2 proj), NREL (3 proj)
Battery Testing Activities ANL, INL, NREL, SNL
Battery Analysis and Design Activities CD-Adapco, EC Power (2 proj), GM, NREL (5 proj),
ORNL, SNL
Applied Battery
Research for
Transportation
Core Support Facilities ANL (3 proj), SNL
Critical Barrier Focus: Voltage Fade in
Lithium-, Manganese-Rich Layered-
Layered Oxide Active Cathode Materials
ANL (5 proj), ORNL
High Capacity Cell R&D: Improvments
in Cell Chemistry, Composition, and
Processing
3M, ANL, Envia, Farasis, PSU, TIAX
Process Development and Manufacturing
R&D
ANL (2 proj), ORNL (3 proj), NREL
Focused
Fundamental
Research
Cathode Development ANL, BNL, LBNL (2 proj), ORNL (2 proj), ORNL,
PNNL, UC San Diego, U. Texas
Anode Development ANL, Binghamton U., Drexel U., GM, LBNL, NETL,
NREL, Penn State U., PNNL, Stanford U., Texas
A&M U., UC Berkeley, U. Pittsburgh, SLAC
Electrolyte Development ANL, Daikin, URI, Wildcat
Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Fabrication BYU, HydroQuebec, LBNL (3 proj), MIT (2 proj)
Diagnostics ANL, BNL, LBNL (2 proj), PNNL, U. Cambridge
Beyond Lithium-Ion Battery
Technologies
ANL (2 proj), ORNL, PNNL (3 proj), UC Berkeley,
U. Texas, BNL/Univ Boston, BNL, SLAC
It attempts to gain insight into system failures and
models to predict them, optimizes systems, and
researches new and promising materials. It
emphasizes the identification and mitigation of
failure modes, materials synthesis and evaluation,
advanced diagnostics, and improved models.
Battery chemistries are monitored continuously
with periodic substitution of more promising
components based on advice from within this
activity, from outside experts and based on
assessments of world-wide battery R&D. The
work is carried out by a team which includes the
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
and several other national labs, universities, and
commercial entities. More information on BATT
appears at its website [11]. BATT has recently
been reorganized and is transitioning into a new
activity named the advanced battery materials
research (BMR), more information on which will
appear in future reports.
4.5 Energy Storage Collaborative R&D
In addition to the R&D described above, many
VTO-funded small business innovation research
(SBIR) projects focused on new battery materials
and components provide valuable support to EV
and HEV battery development efforts. DOE also
conducts extensive ongoing coordination efforts
with other government agencies, e.g., the
Chemical Working Group of the Interagency
Advanced Power Group (IAPG) and technical
meetings sponsored by other government
agencies. DOE is a member of the Executive
Committee of the International Energy Agency
(IEA) Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and
Electric Vehicles and participates in various
Annexes of the Implementing Agreement. It
attends the IEA Executive Committee meetings
held in various countries and provides status
updates on other implementing agreements.
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 4
5. 5 Recovery Act Projects
5.1 ARRA Manufacturing Projects
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 (ARRA) (Public Law 111-5) was an
economic stimulus package enacted by the 111th
United States Congress in February 2009. As part
of its implementation, the U.S. provided $2.4
Billion in one-time manufacturing grants [12] to
accelerate the manufacture and deployment of the
next generation of U.S.-made batteries and EDVs.
The awards, distributed across the U.S., included
$1.5 billion in grants to U.S.-based manufacturers
to produce batteries and components and expand
battery recycling capacity. The manufacturing
areas for these ARRA projects included material
supply, cell components, cell fabrication, pack
assembly, and recycling. Table 3 lists some of the
facilities where these manufacturing projects are
located.
5.2 Current Status of ARRA Projects
Most ARRA manufacturing facility projects for
battery/materials have been completed and
production has begun at the associated facilities.
Figure 2 shows a geographical distribution of the
various U.S. advanced battery manufacturing-
associated domestic capabilities developed over
the last six years. It is observed that the number of
large-scale manufacturers for such batteries went
up from zero to eight. Similarly impressive gains
are observed in the number of battery materials
producers, start-up battery companies as well as
major battery R&D facilities.
Table 3: Current Production Status for Some Battery Facilities Funded by ARRA Grants.
Type Company Facility Location (Status)
Cell &
Pack
Production
A123Systems Cathode, cell, pack assembly, Livonia & Romulus, MI (in production)
Dow Kokam Cell & pack assembly, Midland, MI (Production in pre-buy-off run)
East Penn Advanced Lead Acid battery in PA (in production)
EnerDel Cell production & pack assembly at Fishers & Mt Comfort, IN
(Commercial pack assembly – cells sourced from Korean affiliate)
Exide Advanced lead acid battery, Columbus, GA (in production)
General Motors Battery pack assembly at Brownstown, MI (Successful start of regular
production for the Chevrolet Volt EREV battery pack)
JCI Cell production & pack assembly, Holland, MI (in production)
LG Chem, MI Cell & pack capability, Holland, MI (Phase I facility in production)
SAFT Cell production, Jacksonville, FL (in production)
Cathode TODA Battle Creek, Michigan (in production)
BASF Elyria, OH (in production)
Anode EnerG2 Albany, OR (in production)
FutureFuel Batesville, AR (in production)
Pyrotek Sanborn, NY (in production)
Separator Celgard Charlotte, NC & Concord, NC (in production)
Entek Lebanon, OR (engineering scoping completed)
Electrolyte Honeywell Buffalo, NY & Metropolis, IL (Li-salt pilot plant operational)
Novolyte
(BASF)
Zachary, LA (equipment installation)
Lithium Rockwood
Lithium
Silver Peak, NV & Kings Mountain, NC (lithium hydroxide in
production)
Cell
Hardware
H&T
Waterbury
Waterbury, CT (in production)
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 5
6. Figure 2: Progress in U.S. domestic advanced battery manufacturing capabilities (from 2008 – 2013).
6 Recent Highlights
The following is a brief summary of the key
battery R&D-related technical accomplishments
resulting from funding by HES – which are
described in greater detail in the corresponding
section of the VTO Energy Storage R&D annual
progress report [6].
6.1 Electric Drive Vehicle Market
6.1.1 U.S. Electric Drive Vehicle Sales
The U.S. represents the world’s leading market
for electric vehicles and is producing some of the
most advanced PEVs available today. Consumer
excitement and interest in PEVs is growing, with
sales continuing to increase, despite the recent
drop in gasoline prices. In 2012, PEV sales in the
U.S. tripled, with more than 50,000 cars sold. In
2013, PEV sales increased by 85% with over
97,000 vehicles sold. In 2014, PEV sales
increased by 23% with annual sales of 118,773
PEVs recorded.
6.1.2 PEV Recognition Awards
PEVs also have won critical acclaim with awards
such as 2011 World Car of the Year (Nissan
Leaf), 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year (Tesla
Model S), the 2012 Green Car Vision Award
Winner (Ford C-MAX Energi), and a plug-in
electric vehicle (Chevrolet Volt) beat all other
vehicle models in Consumer Reports’ owner
satisfaction survey for two consecutive years.
6.1.3 Commercialization Linkages
A 2013 analysis by RTI International in Research
Triangle Park, NC determined that DOE’s $971
million R&D investment in advanced battery
technology for electric drive of vehicles (EDVs)
from 1991-2012 directly led to the
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 6
7. commercialization of the 2.4 million EDVs sold
between 1999-2012 that incorporate nickel metal
hydride and Li- ion batteries, which are projected
to reduce U.S. fuel consumption by $16.7 billion
through 2020. The study also found that VTO-
funded research contributed to knowledge base in
energy storage that resulted in 112 patent families
in energy storage over the timeframe 1976 to
2012 and is ranked first in patent citations among
the top-ten companies.
6.2 Advanced Batteries
6.2.1 Commercial Applications
Several technologies, developed partially under
VTO-sponsored projects, have moved into
commercial applications. Hybrid electric vehicles
on the market from BMW and Mercedes are using
Li-ion technology developed under projects with
Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI). JCI will also supply
Li-ion batteries to Land Rover for hybrid drive
sport utility vehicles. Li-ion battery technology
developed partially with DOE funding of a
USABC project at LG Chem is being used in
GM’s Chevrolet Volt extended-range electric
vehicle (EREV), the Cadillac ELR EREV, and
also in the Ford Focus EV battery. LG Chem will
also supply Li-ion batteries to Eaton for hybrid
drive heavy vehicles.
6.2.2 PEV Battery Cost Reduction
The 2014 DOE PHEV Battery Cost Reduction
Milestone of $300/kWh has been accomplished.
DOE-funded research has helped reduce the
current cost estimates from three DOE-funded
battery developers for a PHEV 40 battery average
$289 per kilowatt-hour of useable energy. This
cost projection is derived using material costs and
cell and pack designs, provided by the developers,
input into ANL’s Battery Production and Cost
model (BatPaC); the cost is based on a production
volume of at least 100,000 batteries per year. The
battery cost is for batteries that meet the
DOE/USABC system performance targets. The
battery development projects focus on high
voltage and high capacity cathodes, advanced
alloy anodes, and processing improvements.
Proprietary details of the material and cell inputs
and cost models are available in spreadsheet form
and in quarterly reports. DOE’s goals are to
continue to drive down battery cost to $125/kWh
by 2022.
6.2.3 Si Nanowaire Breakthrough
Amprius Inc’s Li-ion battery cells containing
silicon nanowire anodes (and following the
strategy shown in Figure 3) provided 260Wh/kg
(~50% more specific energy than SOA cells) and
demonstrated good cycle life (less than 5-7% fade
after 290 cycles).
Figure 3: Amprius’ nanowires address swelling issue
by allowing Si to swell.
6.2.4 Battery design Software
GM/Ansys/ESim/NREL developed and released a
battery design software suite to reduce battery
development time and cost. The software package
permits thermal response, cycle life modeling,
abuse response modeling of battery cells and
packs (Figure 4). Customers are currently using
this tool for battery design.
ANSYS BATTERY DESIGN TOOL (ABDT)
Field Simulation
(Fluent)
System Simulation
(Simplorer)
Reduced-Order
Models (ROM)
Workbench Framework and UI
templates templates
hAS files
Simplorer UI
(other
tools)
Figure 4: Conceptual view – ANSYS battery design
tool.
6.2.5 Cathode Slurry Processing
Johnson Controls Inc. demonstrated certain novel
cathode slurry processing techniques (Figure 5)
that reduced N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 7
8. use by 32% and increased coated electrode
density by 31%.
Figure 5: JCI’s cathode slurry processing technique: a)
Inline mixer b) Calendared electrode (inline mixed).
6.2.6 Novel Binders
Miltec International Inc. developed stable, first-
of-its-kind, UV curable binders for Li-ion
cathodes and demonstrated novel cathode slurry
processing techniques. The process reduced NMP
solvent use by 100%, achieved cathode containing
87% NMC, and achieved cathode thickness and
porosity similar to those of conventional
electrodes (~60 mm and ~25%). Prototype cells
retained 50% of their capacity after 2,000 1C/1C
cycles.
6.2.7 R&D Funding Awards
In January 2014, DOE released a Funding
Opportunity Announcement (FOA) that solicited
proposals in the areas of energy storage, electric
drive systems, lightweight materials, and auxiliary
load reductions in support of the EV Everywhere
Grand Challenge. In August 2014, DOE
announced the selection of 19 new projects. The
nineteen projects are aimed at reducing the cost
and improving the performance of key PEV
components. These include improving “beyond
Li-ion technologies” that use higher energy
storage materials, and developing wide bandgap
(WBG) semiconductors that offer significant
advances in performance while reducing the price
of vehicle power electronics. Other projects focus
on advancing lightweight materials research to
help EVs increase their range and reduce battery
needs, and developing advanced climate control
technologies that reduce energy used for
passenger comfort and increase the drive range of
plug-in electric vehicles. Specifically, in the area
of advanced batteries, 9 projects totaling $11.3
million, were awarded for beyond-lithium-ion
battery technologies, including polycrystalline
membranes, nanomaterials, high-capacity
cathodes, Li-air batteries, Li-sulfur batteries, and
electrolyte chemistries. All these projects were
initiated in September 2014.
In August 2014, DOE awarded 14 projects under
its “Incubator Program” with small businesses and
universities. Specifically, in the area of energy
storage, DOE awarded 6 projects totaling $7.4
million related to battery design and
manufacturing advancements.
7 Future R&D Directions
Battery development projects on transformational
technologies have the potential to significantly
reduce the cost of HEV and micro-hybrid vehicle
batteries and are therefore expected to continue.
These include development of robust prototype
cells containing new materials and electrodes
offering a significant reduction in battery cost
over existing technologies. R&D will also
continue to expedite the development of more
efficient electrode and cell designs and fabrication
processes to reduce the cost of production of large
format lithium-ion batteries. Pack-level
innovations will continue to be sought to reduce
the weight and cost of thermal management
systems, structural and safety components, and
system electronics (currently, “non-active”
components of a battery can increase the volume
and account for up to 70% of the battery weight),
and to reduce the cost of the finished product. To
further accelerate the market entry of advanced
batteries, DOE will continue to support the scale-
up, pilot production, and commercial validation of
new battery materials and processes. (New
materials for advanced cathodes, anodes, and
electrolytes developed by universities, national
laboratories, and industry are often limited in
scope because of inability to commercially scale-
up such materials.) Studies of recycling and reuse
of lithium batteries will also continue.
A larger portion of battery research will focus on
beyond-lithium-ion battery technologies with the
potential of having very high energy and low cost.
Examples include solid-state (lithium metal with
solid electrolytes), lithium sulfur and lithium air
batteries. These promise two to five times higher
theoretical energy densities than traditional Li-
ion. Research is also needed to advance certain
next generation non-lithium couples technologies
(e.g., magnesium, zinc) from university/
laboratory arena to industrial development by
developing/testing full cells. Table 4 contains a
list of the many technologies being investigated or
likely to be investigated as part of future R&D on
advanced batteries. The two research areas listed
in that table are described in greater detail below.
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 8
9. Table 4: List of future research topics for R&D related to advanced batteries.
Research Area Research Topics
Next generation Li-
ion batteries
• New high voltage/high capacity cathodes
• High energy alloy anodes
• New and improved alloy anodes
• Advanced and novel electrolytes
• Separators
• Manufacturing innovations
• Enhanced abuse tolerance
• Improved thermal management
• Computer aided battery designs
Beyond Li-ion
batteries
• Fundamental issues associated with cycling Li metal anodes and potential
solutions to those issues (coatings, novel oxide- and sulfide-based glassy
electrolytes, and in situ diagnostics approaches)
• Additional issues for cathodes (stabilizing, polysulfides, smaller hysteresis,
better rate, and better reversibility), anodes (Li metal interface, combatting
formation of mossy lithium), and electrolytes (flammability, stability, solid
electrolyte, etc.).
• Other beyond-lithium-ion research areas
7.1 Next Generation Li-ion Battery
R&D
This area’s goal is to advance the performance of
materials, designs, and processes that significantly
improve the performance and reduce the cost of
Li-ion batteries using a non-metallic anode.
Specific areas of investigation include high-
energy anodes (e.g., containing Si or Sn), high
voltage cathodes, high voltage and non-flammable
electrolytes, novel processing technologies, high
energy and low cost electrode designs, and others.
7.1.1 High Voltage Cathodes
The work on advanced cathodes primarily focuses
on the Li-Mn rich oxide materials of general
formula xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2 (M = Ni, Mn,
Co), the 5V spinel materials (LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4),
traditional NMC operated at higher voltages, and,
to a lesser extent, on the higher voltage silicates
and phosphates. Figure 6 shows the theoretical
specific energies of some of the main cathode
materials under investigation.
7.1.2 Advanced and Novel Electrolytes
Current electrolytes typically include a blend of
cyclic and linear carbonate solvents and LiPF6
salt, and provide good performance and stability.
However, the solvents are highly flammable with
typically a high vapor pressure, causing them to
out gas at elevated temperatures, building up
pressure within cells over time. Also, the LiPF6
salt is known to react almost instantly with water,
producing HF, which in turn attacks nearly all
elements of the cell. This reaction contributes to
the challenges in Li-ion cells’ high temperature
capability. Work on new electrolytes and
additives is focused on one or more of the
following possible improvement areas: high
voltage stability; high temperature stability, low
temperature operation; abuse tolerance; lower
cost; and possibly longer life through SEI
stabilization.
Figure 6: Theoretical Cathode Energy Densities (LFP =
Li iron phosphate, NMC = nickel, manganese, cobalt
oxide, LNMO = 5V Ni Mn spinel, LCP = lithium
cobalt phosphate, Li-Mn rich oxides).
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 9
10. The exploratory materials program is supporting
seven electrolyte projects which are developing
plastic-like glassy electrolytes; flame retardant
liquid electrolytes; single ion conductor
electrolytes (which would enable the use of much
thicker electrodes); new salts providing better
high temperature stability; and electrolytes that
enable much lower temperature operation (see
Figure 7) as well as theoretical investigation into
high voltage stability and electrolyte blends that
may lead to more stable SEIs on graphite.
Work will continue on new flame retardant
electrolyte additives, new inflammable solvents,
and new salts that offer improved high
temperature stability. Specific additives will be
sought to help stabilize the SEI on alloy anodes,
and to stabilize the surface of high voltage
cathodes like LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4.
Figure 7: Discharge Capacity for a Baseline Electrolyte (left) and an Improved Methyl Proprionate Electrolyte (right)
for Cells Cycled from C/10 to 5C.
7.1.3 Separators
Current work is focusing on developing separators
that provide enhanced abuse tolerance, better high
voltage stability, and improved low temperature
operation. Some of the technologies being
developed include a ceramic impregnated
separator that shows much improved low
temperature performance and greatly increased
high temperature melt integrityand a separator and
process to permit direct deposition onto anode
and/or cathode sheets.
7.1.4 Manufacturing Innovations
Manufacturing costs can be a significant fraction
of cell and system costs. DOE and U.S. DRIVE
are investigating manufacturing techniques that
have potential to increase cell performance while
reducing cost, including: new UV and EV curable
binders to permit faster and less expensive slurry
drying; use of aqueous or dry binding
technologies; and fast formation techniques. In
the laboratory programs, researchers are
investigating technologies to produce very thick
(1 mm vs. 100 µm) electrodes with aligned pores;
spray pyrolysis techniques for active material
production; and new diagnostic technologies to
investigate manufacturing techniques in situ.
7.1.5 Enhanced Abuse Tolerance
The design of abuse tolerant energy storage
systems begins with the specification of relevant
abuse conditions and the desired responses to
those conditions. The advanced material and cell
programs fund projects to improve the intrinsic
stability of Li-ion battery chemistries through
development of new materials, and
characterization of advanced commercial
materials. Some of those research topics include
coated cathodes and anodes, non-flammable
electrolytes, solid polymer and glassy electrolytes,
ceramic coated or impregnated separators, and
overcharge shuttles and polymer overcharge
protection materials. Researchers are also
evaluating polymer materials that conduct
electricity above a certain potential, thus
providing an overcharge protection mechanism.
An overcharge shuttle appropriate for Li iron
phosphate batteries has been developed and
licensed by Argonne. Coatings and concentration
gradient cathode materials are also being
developed with the goal of enabling higher
voltage operation and enhancing abuse tolerance
of Li-ion batteries. Also, phosphazene based
electrolytes are being developed at INL and tested
at SNL and are showing promise in reducing the
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 10
11. heat released during thermal runaway. Developers
have developed a heat resistant layer to enhance
the cells’ ability to avoid internal shorts; coated
and ceramic impregnated separators to guard
against internal short circuits; and novel thermal
management technologies to closely control the
temperatures that cells are exposed to. There are
certain additional activities also, e.g.: preparing a
“Permanent SEI”. The use of novel thermal
management approaches could both manage the
battery’s temperature and potentially reduce
overall cost.
7.1.6 Computer Aided Battery Design
(CAEBAT)
DOE has supported the development of Computer
Aided Battery Design software with the goal of
developing an integrated suite of battery design
software tools. Electrochemical performance
simulations and thermal design software are being
improved and integrated to form a full battery
design suite.
7.2 Beyond Li-Ion Battery R&D
“Beyond Li-ion” technologies, such as Li/sulfur,
and Li/air, offer a further increase in energy and
potentially greater reductions in $/Wh compared
to next-gen lithium ion batteries. However, these
systems require many more breakthroughs, some
on a fundamental material level, before they can
be considered for real-world use. DOE is
investigating the fundamental issues associated
with cycling Li metal anodes as well as potential
solutions to those issues. The main research
topics for these investigation include: coatings,
novel oxide and sulfide-based glassy electrolytes,
and in-situ diagnostics approaches to characterize
and understand Li metal behaviour during
electrochemical cycling.
Researchers are developing two separate
electrolytes for Li/air systems; investigating the
role of catalysts on Li/air cathode reversibility and
hysteresis; novel carbons for Li/air cathode
applications; novel sulfur cathode architectures
based on mesoporous carbons; and polysulfide
solvents to manage polysulfide concentrations in
the electrolyte. Researchers in the advanced cell
R&D program are also developing and testing a
series of organosilicon electrolytes in Li air cells.
Work by developers is focused on
commercializing a block copolymer electrolyte
that impedes Li dendrite formation (this
technology has shown thousands of cycles with
little capacity degradation, and has also shown
good abuse tolerance through testing by
independent third parties). Other work is
progressing on a nanocomposite sulfur cathode
(with accompanying electrolyte) (see Figure 8);
and on a silane based electrolyte for use in Li/S
cells.
Figure 8: Performance of a Li/S Cell with a New
Electrolyte Developed by the Team of Penn State
University, EC Power, Johnson Controls Inc., and
Argonne National Laboratory.
The challenges facing beyond lithium-ion battery
systems are numerous, with issues remaining on
the cathode, the anode, and the electrolyte. Some
of the research that will be pursued in coming
years includes:
• Efforts to stabilize the lithium metal interface
during cycling. (Options to be evaluated
include coatings, dopants, solid glassy
electrolytes, electrolyte dopants, and others.)
• Expand and evaluate options for stabilizing
the sulfur cathode. Recent attempts in the
literature include core/shell like approaches
and egg/yolk structures to isolate the
polysulfides from direct contact with the
electrolyte, the use of mesoporous carbon to
slow the dissolution of polysulfides, and
search for solvents to remove lithium sulfides
from the anode interface.
• Fundamental investigation of reaction
mechanisms and dynamics on the air cathode
(likely in collaboration with the recently
awarded Energy Storage Hub team).
• Impact of carbon structure and pore
distribution on air cathode performance.
• Low cost catalysts for air cathodes.
• New electrolytes for air and sulfur batteries
• Use of highly volatile liquid electrolytes.
• In addition to the specific technical topics
listed above, multi-valent materials, like Mg,
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 11
12. may be investigated along with other non-Li
systems like Na, Zn, or Al.
8 Conclusions
DOE Vehicle Technologies R&D activities for
hybrid electric systems include advanced batteries
(which this paper focuses on), electric drive
components, and simulation and testing for
transportation applications and currently
emphasize PEVs. The past successful
commercialization of DOE-funded batteries is a
testimony to the success already achieved by its
cooperative programs. Future advances in HES
technologies will be leveraged with progress in
other enabling technologies (e.g., heat engines,
lightweight materials, and fuels) to accomplish
challenging VTO goals. The Program will
continue to reassess longer-term candidate
technologies for propulsion systems promising
performance, life, and cost benefits.
References
[1] Office of Vehicle Technologies, Vehicle
Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan, 2011-
2015 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfu
els/pdfs/program/vt_mypp_2011-2015.pdf,
accessed on 2015-01-20.
[2] Howell, D., Current Fiscal Year (2012 – 2013)
Status of the Hybrid and Electric Systems R&D at
the U.S. – DOE, the 27th International Battery,
Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
Symposium (EVS27), Barcelona, Spain,
November 17-20, 2013.
[3] Howell, D., Hybrid and Electric Systems R&D at
DOE: Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Status, the 26th
International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS26), Los
Angeles, California, May 6-9, 2012.
[4] Howell, D., FY 2009 Status Overview of D.O.E.
Hybrid and Electric Systems R&D, the 25th
World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric
Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition, Shenzhen,
China, Nov. 2010.
[5] United States Advanced Battery Consortium
(USABC)/
USCAR, http://www.uscar.org/guest/teams/12/U-
S-Advanced-Battery-Consortium-LLC, accessed
on 2015-01-20.
[6] Vehicle Technologies Office, Energy Storage
R&D, Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Progress Report,
United States Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, January 2014.
[7] The EV Everywhere Grand Challenge
Blueprint, http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downlo
ads/ev-everywhere-grand-challenge-blueprint,
accessed on 2015-01-20.
[8] United States Advanced Batteries Consortium,
USABC Electric Vehicle Battery Test Procedure
Manual, Rev. 2, U.S. D.O.E., DOE/ID 10479,
January 1996.
[9] U.S. Department of Energy, PNGV Battery Test
Procedures Manual, Rev. 2, August 1999,
DOE/ID-10597.
[10] U.S. Council for Automotive Research, RFP and
Goals: Advanced Battery Development for
PEVs, http://www.uscar. org/, accessed on 2015-
01-20.
[11] Berkeley Electrochemical Research Council,
Batteries for Advanced Transportation
Technologies, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, http://batt.lbl.gov/home/, accessed on 2015-
01-20.
[12] The White House Press Release, Grants to
Accelerate the Manufacturing and Deployment of
the Next Generation of U.S. Batteries and
Electric Vehicles, August 5,
2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-
office/24-billion-grants-accelerate-
manufacturing-and-deployment-next-generation-
us-batter, accessed on 2015-01-20.
Author
David Howell
Program Manager
Hybrid Electric Systems
Vehicle Technologies Office
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20585 (USA)
Tel: 202-586-3148
Fax: 202-586-2476
Email: David.Howell@ee.doe.gov
EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 12