Standardization is one of the important things before to deploy a product. Regulation such as national standard has important roles in industry. The roles of standard such as ensuring safety for consumer and producer, increasing product competitiveness, and reducing trade berries. Indonesia is currently in the stage of developing industry of electric vehicle, so that standard which is related to electric vehicle, one of it is standard for the electric vehicle battery. Besides that, Indonesia does not have a relevant standard to regulate. This study is intended to make a framework for standardization of lithium-ion battery module product using A Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard (FACTS) approach. There are three stages in FACTS approach, they are analysis, comparison, and testing. Based on the result of this research, the framework of lithium-ion battery module product standard consists of 8 parameters.
This document discusses Imprint Energy's printable battery technology. It begins with an overview of wearable electronics trends and Imprint Energy's business model of developing rechargeable zinc-based batteries. It then analyzes competitors and Imprint Energy's value proposition. Recommendations include developing complementary assets, adopting a licensing business model, focusing on health and IoT customers, and emphasizing sustainability and product improvements through R&D. The technology allows for printing thin, flexible, and recyclable batteries to enable new applications in wearable devices.
Optimization of EDM Process Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for...ijtsrd
The present work demonstrates the optimization process of material removal rate MRR of electrical discharge machining EDM by RSM Response Surface Methodology . The work piece material was EN31 tool steel. The pulse on time, pulse off time, pulse current and voltage were the control parameters of EDM. RSM method was used to design the experiment using rotatable central composite design as this is the most widely used experimental design for modeling a second–order response surface. The process has been successfully modeled using response surface methodology RSM and model adequacy checking is also carried out using Minitab software. The second order response models have been validated with analysis of variance. Finally, an attempt has been made to estimate the optimum machining conditions to produce the best possible responses within the experimental constraints. Dr. N. Mahesh Kumar | Mr. P. Chinna Rao ""Optimization of EDM Process Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for AISI D3 Steel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23535.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23535/optimization-of-edm-process-parameters-using-response-surface-methodology-for-aisi-d3-steel/dr-n-mahesh-kumar
The document discusses a marketing research project conducted on Yo Bykes, an electric scooter brand. The research aimed to understand customer awareness, buying behavior, and analyze the market situation and impact of promotions on sales. It found Yo Bykes was struggling to capture the market due to a lack of bank loans for purchase, low speed, and no registration or insurance available for the bikes. The research suggested Yo Bykes needs to focus on promotions and expanding outlets to make purchases easier for customers.
Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on thermal management methods for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. It compares air cooling and direct liquid cooling systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations analyzed temperature distribution in a battery cell model under static conditions, with air cooling, and with liquid cooling using ethanol glycol. Results showed liquid cooling reduced the maximum cell temperature the most, from 66.85°C without cooling to 35.85°C with liquid cooling, a decrease of over 30°C. Air cooling also reduced temperatures but not as effectively as liquid cooling. The research aims to optimize cooling strategies to maintain optimal battery operating temperatures and improve safety, lifespan and costs for electric vehicles.
An Indonesian Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell Ferro Phosphate for Electr...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In general, the process of developing new standards had problems in early the
development process. In particular to identify what steps are necessary to develop new
standards. Methodology of writing this article was conducted using the methodology of
Framework for Analysis, Comparison and Testing of the Standard (FACTS). The results of this
paper are the new standard for the Indonesian National Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell
Ferro Phosphate for Electric Vehicle Alications. The standard of development data is can be use
by automotive industrial and also for the government to decide new policy on electric vehicle
especially in Indonesia.
Electrical vehicle battery monitoring system with V2HIRJET Journal
This document discusses an electrical vehicle battery monitoring system with vehicle-to-home (V2H) technology. The proposed system monitors key battery parameters like voltage, current, and temperature using sensors to protect the lithium-ion battery from overcharging or deep discharge. It calculates the state of charge and state of health to increase battery life. The system also allows using the vehicle battery to power a home during power outages through V2H technology. It was simulated using Proteus software and experimental results showed the monitored parameters could be displayed on an LCD screen. Benefits included identifying weak battery cells, assuring battery performance, and increasing battery lifetime.
IRJET- Data Analysis of Electric Vehicle BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing battery data from electric vehicles to predict battery life. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles and batteries, explaining that batteries are key to EVs. The author then discusses how EVs generate large amounts of battery data daily from sensors. Parameters like voltage, current, temperature are analyzed to understand battery health and performance. The document describes using linear regression with R-squared values on NASA battery data to predict battery life. Graphs of parameter changes over time provide visualization of battery status. The goal is to predict battery life and identify high and low performance periods from real-world EV battery usage data.
This document discusses Imprint Energy's printable battery technology. It begins with an overview of wearable electronics trends and Imprint Energy's business model of developing rechargeable zinc-based batteries. It then analyzes competitors and Imprint Energy's value proposition. Recommendations include developing complementary assets, adopting a licensing business model, focusing on health and IoT customers, and emphasizing sustainability and product improvements through R&D. The technology allows for printing thin, flexible, and recyclable batteries to enable new applications in wearable devices.
Optimization of EDM Process Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for...ijtsrd
The present work demonstrates the optimization process of material removal rate MRR of electrical discharge machining EDM by RSM Response Surface Methodology . The work piece material was EN31 tool steel. The pulse on time, pulse off time, pulse current and voltage were the control parameters of EDM. RSM method was used to design the experiment using rotatable central composite design as this is the most widely used experimental design for modeling a second–order response surface. The process has been successfully modeled using response surface methodology RSM and model adequacy checking is also carried out using Minitab software. The second order response models have been validated with analysis of variance. Finally, an attempt has been made to estimate the optimum machining conditions to produce the best possible responses within the experimental constraints. Dr. N. Mahesh Kumar | Mr. P. Chinna Rao ""Optimization of EDM Process Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for AISI D3 Steel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23535.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23535/optimization-of-edm-process-parameters-using-response-surface-methodology-for-aisi-d3-steel/dr-n-mahesh-kumar
The document discusses a marketing research project conducted on Yo Bykes, an electric scooter brand. The research aimed to understand customer awareness, buying behavior, and analyze the market situation and impact of promotions on sales. It found Yo Bykes was struggling to capture the market due to a lack of bank loans for purchase, low speed, and no registration or insurance available for the bikes. The research suggested Yo Bykes needs to focus on promotions and expanding outlets to make purchases easier for customers.
Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on thermal management methods for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. It compares air cooling and direct liquid cooling systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations analyzed temperature distribution in a battery cell model under static conditions, with air cooling, and with liquid cooling using ethanol glycol. Results showed liquid cooling reduced the maximum cell temperature the most, from 66.85°C without cooling to 35.85°C with liquid cooling, a decrease of over 30°C. Air cooling also reduced temperatures but not as effectively as liquid cooling. The research aims to optimize cooling strategies to maintain optimal battery operating temperatures and improve safety, lifespan and costs for electric vehicles.
An Indonesian Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell Ferro Phosphate for Electr...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In general, the process of developing new standards had problems in early the
development process. In particular to identify what steps are necessary to develop new
standards. Methodology of writing this article was conducted using the methodology of
Framework for Analysis, Comparison and Testing of the Standard (FACTS). The results of this
paper are the new standard for the Indonesian National Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Cell
Ferro Phosphate for Electric Vehicle Alications. The standard of development data is can be use
by automotive industrial and also for the government to decide new policy on electric vehicle
especially in Indonesia.
Electrical vehicle battery monitoring system with V2HIRJET Journal
This document discusses an electrical vehicle battery monitoring system with vehicle-to-home (V2H) technology. The proposed system monitors key battery parameters like voltage, current, and temperature using sensors to protect the lithium-ion battery from overcharging or deep discharge. It calculates the state of charge and state of health to increase battery life. The system also allows using the vehicle battery to power a home during power outages through V2H technology. It was simulated using Proteus software and experimental results showed the monitored parameters could be displayed on an LCD screen. Benefits included identifying weak battery cells, assuring battery performance, and increasing battery lifetime.
IRJET- Data Analysis of Electric Vehicle BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing battery data from electric vehicles to predict battery life. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles and batteries, explaining that batteries are key to EVs. The author then discusses how EVs generate large amounts of battery data daily from sensors. Parameters like voltage, current, temperature are analyzed to understand battery health and performance. The document describes using linear regression with R-squared values on NASA battery data to predict battery life. Graphs of parameter changes over time provide visualization of battery status. The goal is to predict battery life and identify high and low performance periods from real-world EV battery usage data.
This document describes a proposed system for an online customizable electric cycle (e-cycle). It discusses:
1) Developing a web application that allows users to customize and order an e-cycle, selecting different battery, motor, and part options.
2) Designing the e-cycle to include sensors that monitor speed and battery level displayed on an LCD screen, and use ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and stop the cycle if needed.
3) Connecting the e-cycle components like sensors and battery to an Arduino, and using a Node MCU WiFi module to transmit data to an IoT platform where users can track the cycle's location, speed, and battery status through an application.
Design & Simulation of Battery management system in Electrical Vehicles Using...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a battery management system for electric vehicles using MATLAB. It describes developing an electrical circuit model of a lithium-ion battery in MATLAB and using it to simulate battery parameters like state of charge, voltage, and current under different operating conditions. The goal is to understand the mathematical relationship between input and output battery parameters and evaluate the battery's charging and discharging behavior.
A Technical Review of BMS Performance Standard for Electric Vehicle Applicati...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of Battery Management System (BMS) standards in Indonesia has been
carried out causing the FACTS approach. That's approach makes it possible to accommodate all
stakeholder requirements. However, the approach has not yet considered a technical review of the
regulated standards. Based on this, this study undertook a comprehensive review of BMS performance
parameters set out in the standard. In order that the regulated standard s not only accommodate the needs
of stakeholders but also consider BMS technical studies in order not to impede the future development of
BMS.
Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EVvivatechijri
Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
A Review on Electric Vehicle Charging SystemsIRJET Journal
This document reviews electric vehicle charging systems. It discusses different types of chargers and charging methods, including onboard and off-board chargers. It also covers battery management systems and their functions in monitoring battery state, balancing cells, and ensuring safety. The document reviews literature on electric vehicle charger topologies and control algorithms. It aims to understand lithium-ion battery operation and charging, accurately determine state of charge, and design an intelligent onboard level 1 charging system and automatic payment system. Level 1 charging uses a standard outlet but is slow, making it suitable for multi-unit dwellings and backup charging. Pricing strategies can influence when drivers remove fully charged vehicles from stations.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Development of Electric Motorcycle Prod...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the risks associated with developing electric motorcycle products and proposes mitigation strategies. It identifies 13 primary risks: limited range, charging infrastructure issues, battery technology problems, high initial costs, safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, low market awareness, perceived performance limitations, supply chain disruptions, uncertain resale value, environmental impacts, inconsistent policies/incentives, and technical challenges. It evaluates each risk's likelihood and impact to determine risk levels. It then proposes strategies to mitigate high-risk issues like improving battery/charging technology, increasing awareness, and advocating for supportive policies and standards. The document emphasizes the importance of a collaborative, proactive approach to addressing these challenges to ensure sustainable growth of the electric motorcycle market.
Future Advancements of Electric Vehicles in India: A Technological ReviewIRJTAE
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining significant traction globally as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles. In the context of India, the adoption of EVs is seen as crucial for reducing air
pollution, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and achieving long-term sustainability goals. This review paper
explores the current state of electric vehicles in India, analyzes the challenges hindering their widespread
adoption, and discusses potential future advancements that could propel the EV industry forward in the country.
By examining technological innovations, policy initiatives, infrastructure development, and market trends, this
paper provides insights into the promising future of electric mobility in India
Evaluation of lightweight battery management system with field test of elect...IJECEIAES
A battery management system is a crucial part of a battery-powered electric vehicle, which functions as a monitoring system, state estimation, and protection for the vehicle. Among these functions, the state estimation, i.e., state of charge and remaining battery life estimation, is widely researched in order to find an accuracy estimation methodology. Most of the recent researches are based on the study of the battery cell level and the complex algorithm. In practice, there is a statement that the method should be simple and robust. Therefore, this research work is focused on the study of lightweight methodology for state estimation based on the battery pack. The discrete Coulomb counting method and the data-driven approach, based on the Palmgren-Miner method, are proposed for the estimation of the state of charge and remaining battery life, respectively. The proposed methods are evaluated through a battery-powered electric bus under real scenario-based circumstances in the campus transit system. In addition, the battery life-cycle cost analysis is also investigated. The tested bus has currently been in operation in the transit system for more than one year.
Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for El...Md. Faishal Rahaman
"Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for Electric Vehicles" is a review paper published in The International Conference on Energy and Green Computing (ICEGC’ 2023).
To read the full short review paper go through the ResearchGate account below: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Rahaman-106
Prediction of li ion battery discharge characteristics at different temperatu...eSAT Journals
Abstract State of charge (SOC) is an important battery parameter which provides a good indication of the useful capacity that can be derived out of a battery system at any given point of time. Li-ion has become state of the art technology for commercial and aerospace applications due to the various advantages that they offer. For spacecrafts requiring long lifetime, SOC estimation is crucial for on-orbit as well as offline data analysis. On-orbit estimation of SOC should be carefully addressed, as this provides information on survivability of battery and also serves as input to Battery Management System (BMS). In addition, detailed offline data analysis of battery electrical characteristics, which indicate the SOC-Voltage relationship is important to assess the performance of the battery under various mission scenarios at both Beginning of life (BOL) and End of Life (EOL) of a spacecraft system. In this work, a hybrid SOC estimation method, incorporating coulomb counting and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is used, to predict the BOL discharge behaviour of an 18650 commercial Li-ion cell at different temperatures and discharge rates. The experimental results are encouraging and the approach gives a prediction error of less than 10%. The study will serve as basis for life assessment of Li-ion cells and batteries used for GEO and LEO missions. Key Words: Li-ion, State of Charge, Unscented Kalman Filter etc…
Conversion of an I.C. engine powertrain to Electric powertrain of an All- Ter...IRJET Journal
The document discusses converting the powertrain of an all-terrain vehicle from an internal combustion engine to an electric powertrain, including installing a battery management system. It provides details on the components of the electric powertrain system, such as the battery, motor, motor controller, gearbox, and how they interact. It also discusses advantages and limitations of battery management systems, presents analytical results of the system design, and concludes that the converted all-terrain vehicle can run for approximately 4 hours and 10 minutes on a fully charged battery.
Smart Battery Management System for Lithium Ion BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses a smart battery management system for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of battery management systems in ensuring battery safety through functions like state monitoring, charge regulation, and cell balancing. It then discusses lithium-ion battery chemistry and different cell types like cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The document focuses on battery management systems, explaining that they monitor battery health metrics like state of charge, state of health, and state of life. It also covers cell balancing techniques and battery cell monitoring systems. Methodologies for determining state of charge and state of health are then outlined.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
The document summarizes the key discussions from an expert focus group discussion on policies and regulations for enabling electric vehicle battery reuse and recycling in India. The group identified several challenges in India's current ecosystem including issues with the unorganized recycling sector, lack of battery data management and tracking, safety concerns around transportation and storage, and the need for standardized remaining useful life assessments. They also analyzed the growing global demand for battery materials, potential for battery reuse and recycling to reduce mining needs, and examples of policies in other countries and Indian states that promote recycling. Recommendations focused on developing formal sector standards, safety protocols, data sharing systems, and incentives to establish a robust battery reuse and recycling market in India.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Battery technologies are central to delivering significant advances in a wide range
of industries, from electric vehicles to renewable power. This has catapulted
battery technology to the top of the priority list for many players, leading to a huge
boom in investment, as companies try to build key positions in the market.
However, this investment frenzy threatens to lead companies to rush forward
without asking themselves key questions. What will the landscape look like when
the dust settles? Which technology will dominate the battery space in the future,
and what are the potential scenarios for future growth? How do I (as a chemical
company, utility, investor, battery manufacturer, automotive manufacturer, mobility
provider or government / regulator) prepare for the future and position myself to
benefit?
There is no simple answer to these questions, as they depend on a range of
factors, from the speed of new innovation to the ability to reduce costs of existing
technologies.
A paper on barriers and challenges of electric vehicles to grid optimizationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a paper on the barriers and challenges of integrating electric vehicles with the power grid to optimize it. It discusses various optimization strategies that have been studied for electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid technologies. A key challenge discussed is the lack of sufficient charging infrastructure in developing countries like India. The document also provides an overview of electric vehicles and their components, and analyzes optimization techniques that have been applied for electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid systems.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for a bio-battery. Bio-batteries store energy with organic compounds often with glucose. Because glucose has ten times the theoretical energy density as does li-ion batteries, there is a high potential for bio-batteries. Already dramatic improvements have been made in this energy density. We recommend that firms initially target implants such as pacemakers. The bio-compatibility of bio-batteries can reduce the frequency of battery replacements, which are expensive and non-trivial. Other potential markets include the military, electric vehicles, and portable devices.
Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Conventional and Electrical Constructio...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the effectiveness of conventional and electrical construction equipment. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the research objectives to compare productivity data from electrical and conventional equipment firms and evaluate available electrical equipment.
The introduction provides background on construction machinery and outlines the research aims to explore feasibility and benefits of electric equipment over conventional options in terms of performance, energy use, and environmental impact. It also discusses potential barriers to electric equipment adoption and an evaluation framework.
The literature review covers past research on construction equipment emissions and viewpoints from experts on opportunities for electric vehicles to reduce the construction sector's carbon footprint and local air pollution.
The methodology, data collection, and case studies describe how quantitative and qualitative data
Project Dissertation -Standardization of BEV Battery Module for circular econ...Othman Laraqui
This document summarizes a study on standardizing external features of battery electric vehicle (BEV) battery modules to increase feasibility of circular economy for batteries. The study analyzes literature on lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, and circular economy models. It proposes standards for electrical, cooling, interfacing, and packaging aspects of battery modules. The standards are intended to positively impact downstream stakeholders in battery reuse, remanufacturing and recycling after a battery's first life in a vehicle. Some negative impacts on upstream stakeholders are also possible. The study recommends quantification of costs and priorities to improve standardization efforts.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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This document describes a proposed system for an online customizable electric cycle (e-cycle). It discusses:
1) Developing a web application that allows users to customize and order an e-cycle, selecting different battery, motor, and part options.
2) Designing the e-cycle to include sensors that monitor speed and battery level displayed on an LCD screen, and use ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and stop the cycle if needed.
3) Connecting the e-cycle components like sensors and battery to an Arduino, and using a Node MCU WiFi module to transmit data to an IoT platform where users can track the cycle's location, speed, and battery status through an application.
Design & Simulation of Battery management system in Electrical Vehicles Using...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a battery management system for electric vehicles using MATLAB. It describes developing an electrical circuit model of a lithium-ion battery in MATLAB and using it to simulate battery parameters like state of charge, voltage, and current under different operating conditions. The goal is to understand the mathematical relationship between input and output battery parameters and evaluate the battery's charging and discharging behavior.
A Technical Review of BMS Performance Standard for Electric Vehicle Applicati...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of Battery Management System (BMS) standards in Indonesia has been
carried out causing the FACTS approach. That's approach makes it possible to accommodate all
stakeholder requirements. However, the approach has not yet considered a technical review of the
regulated standards. Based on this, this study undertook a comprehensive review of BMS performance
parameters set out in the standard. In order that the regulated standard s not only accommodate the needs
of stakeholders but also consider BMS technical studies in order not to impede the future development of
BMS.
Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EVvivatechijri
Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
A Review on Electric Vehicle Charging SystemsIRJET Journal
This document reviews electric vehicle charging systems. It discusses different types of chargers and charging methods, including onboard and off-board chargers. It also covers battery management systems and their functions in monitoring battery state, balancing cells, and ensuring safety. The document reviews literature on electric vehicle charger topologies and control algorithms. It aims to understand lithium-ion battery operation and charging, accurately determine state of charge, and design an intelligent onboard level 1 charging system and automatic payment system. Level 1 charging uses a standard outlet but is slow, making it suitable for multi-unit dwellings and backup charging. Pricing strategies can influence when drivers remove fully charged vehicles from stations.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation in the Development of Electric Motorcycle Prod...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the risks associated with developing electric motorcycle products and proposes mitigation strategies. It identifies 13 primary risks: limited range, charging infrastructure issues, battery technology problems, high initial costs, safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, low market awareness, perceived performance limitations, supply chain disruptions, uncertain resale value, environmental impacts, inconsistent policies/incentives, and technical challenges. It evaluates each risk's likelihood and impact to determine risk levels. It then proposes strategies to mitigate high-risk issues like improving battery/charging technology, increasing awareness, and advocating for supportive policies and standards. The document emphasizes the importance of a collaborative, proactive approach to addressing these challenges to ensure sustainable growth of the electric motorcycle market.
Future Advancements of Electric Vehicles in India: A Technological ReviewIRJTAE
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining significant traction globally as a sustainable alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles. In the context of India, the adoption of EVs is seen as crucial for reducing air
pollution, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and achieving long-term sustainability goals. This review paper
explores the current state of electric vehicles in India, analyzes the challenges hindering their widespread
adoption, and discusses potential future advancements that could propel the EV industry forward in the country.
By examining technological innovations, policy initiatives, infrastructure development, and market trends, this
paper provides insights into the promising future of electric mobility in India
Evaluation of lightweight battery management system with field test of elect...IJECEIAES
A battery management system is a crucial part of a battery-powered electric vehicle, which functions as a monitoring system, state estimation, and protection for the vehicle. Among these functions, the state estimation, i.e., state of charge and remaining battery life estimation, is widely researched in order to find an accuracy estimation methodology. Most of the recent researches are based on the study of the battery cell level and the complex algorithm. In practice, there is a statement that the method should be simple and robust. Therefore, this research work is focused on the study of lightweight methodology for state estimation based on the battery pack. The discrete Coulomb counting method and the data-driven approach, based on the Palmgren-Miner method, are proposed for the estimation of the state of charge and remaining battery life, respectively. The proposed methods are evaluated through a battery-powered electric bus under real scenario-based circumstances in the campus transit system. In addition, the battery life-cycle cost analysis is also investigated. The tested bus has currently been in operation in the transit system for more than one year.
Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for El...Md. Faishal Rahaman
"Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for Electric Vehicles" is a review paper published in The International Conference on Energy and Green Computing (ICEGC’ 2023).
To read the full short review paper go through the ResearchGate account below: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Rahaman-106
Prediction of li ion battery discharge characteristics at different temperatu...eSAT Journals
Abstract State of charge (SOC) is an important battery parameter which provides a good indication of the useful capacity that can be derived out of a battery system at any given point of time. Li-ion has become state of the art technology for commercial and aerospace applications due to the various advantages that they offer. For spacecrafts requiring long lifetime, SOC estimation is crucial for on-orbit as well as offline data analysis. On-orbit estimation of SOC should be carefully addressed, as this provides information on survivability of battery and also serves as input to Battery Management System (BMS). In addition, detailed offline data analysis of battery electrical characteristics, which indicate the SOC-Voltage relationship is important to assess the performance of the battery under various mission scenarios at both Beginning of life (BOL) and End of Life (EOL) of a spacecraft system. In this work, a hybrid SOC estimation method, incorporating coulomb counting and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is used, to predict the BOL discharge behaviour of an 18650 commercial Li-ion cell at different temperatures and discharge rates. The experimental results are encouraging and the approach gives a prediction error of less than 10%. The study will serve as basis for life assessment of Li-ion cells and batteries used for GEO and LEO missions. Key Words: Li-ion, State of Charge, Unscented Kalman Filter etc…
Conversion of an I.C. engine powertrain to Electric powertrain of an All- Ter...IRJET Journal
The document discusses converting the powertrain of an all-terrain vehicle from an internal combustion engine to an electric powertrain, including installing a battery management system. It provides details on the components of the electric powertrain system, such as the battery, motor, motor controller, gearbox, and how they interact. It also discusses advantages and limitations of battery management systems, presents analytical results of the system design, and concludes that the converted all-terrain vehicle can run for approximately 4 hours and 10 minutes on a fully charged battery.
Smart Battery Management System for Lithium Ion BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses a smart battery management system for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of battery management systems in ensuring battery safety through functions like state monitoring, charge regulation, and cell balancing. It then discusses lithium-ion battery chemistry and different cell types like cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The document focuses on battery management systems, explaining that they monitor battery health metrics like state of charge, state of health, and state of life. It also covers cell balancing techniques and battery cell monitoring systems. Methodologies for determining state of charge and state of health are then outlined.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
The document summarizes the key discussions from an expert focus group discussion on policies and regulations for enabling electric vehicle battery reuse and recycling in India. The group identified several challenges in India's current ecosystem including issues with the unorganized recycling sector, lack of battery data management and tracking, safety concerns around transportation and storage, and the need for standardized remaining useful life assessments. They also analyzed the growing global demand for battery materials, potential for battery reuse and recycling to reduce mining needs, and examples of policies in other countries and Indian states that promote recycling. Recommendations focused on developing formal sector standards, safety protocols, data sharing systems, and incentives to establish a robust battery reuse and recycling market in India.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Battery technologies are central to delivering significant advances in a wide range
of industries, from electric vehicles to renewable power. This has catapulted
battery technology to the top of the priority list for many players, leading to a huge
boom in investment, as companies try to build key positions in the market.
However, this investment frenzy threatens to lead companies to rush forward
without asking themselves key questions. What will the landscape look like when
the dust settles? Which technology will dominate the battery space in the future,
and what are the potential scenarios for future growth? How do I (as a chemical
company, utility, investor, battery manufacturer, automotive manufacturer, mobility
provider or government / regulator) prepare for the future and position myself to
benefit?
There is no simple answer to these questions, as they depend on a range of
factors, from the speed of new innovation to the ability to reduce costs of existing
technologies.
A paper on barriers and challenges of electric vehicles to grid optimizationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a paper on the barriers and challenges of integrating electric vehicles with the power grid to optimize it. It discusses various optimization strategies that have been studied for electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid technologies. A key challenge discussed is the lack of sufficient charging infrastructure in developing countries like India. The document also provides an overview of electric vehicles and their components, and analyzes optimization techniques that have been applied for electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid systems.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for a bio-battery. Bio-batteries store energy with organic compounds often with glucose. Because glucose has ten times the theoretical energy density as does li-ion batteries, there is a high potential for bio-batteries. Already dramatic improvements have been made in this energy density. We recommend that firms initially target implants such as pacemakers. The bio-compatibility of bio-batteries can reduce the frequency of battery replacements, which are expensive and non-trivial. Other potential markets include the military, electric vehicles, and portable devices.
Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Conventional and Electrical Constructio...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the effectiveness of conventional and electrical construction equipment. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the research objectives to compare productivity data from electrical and conventional equipment firms and evaluate available electrical equipment.
The introduction provides background on construction machinery and outlines the research aims to explore feasibility and benefits of electric equipment over conventional options in terms of performance, energy use, and environmental impact. It also discusses potential barriers to electric equipment adoption and an evaluation framework.
The literature review covers past research on construction equipment emissions and viewpoints from experts on opportunities for electric vehicles to reduce the construction sector's carbon footprint and local air pollution.
The methodology, data collection, and case studies describe how quantitative and qualitative data
Project Dissertation -Standardization of BEV Battery Module for circular econ...Othman Laraqui
This document summarizes a study on standardizing external features of battery electric vehicle (BEV) battery modules to increase feasibility of circular economy for batteries. The study analyzes literature on lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, and circular economy models. It proposes standards for electrical, cooling, interfacing, and packaging aspects of battery modules. The standards are intended to positively impact downstream stakeholders in battery reuse, remanufacturing and recycling after a battery's first life in a vehicle. Some negative impacts on upstream stakeholders are also possible. The study recommends quantification of costs and priorities to improve standardization efforts.
Similar to Designing Framework for Standardization Case Study: Lithium-Ion Battery Module in Electric Vehicle Application (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
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Regulation such as national standard has important roles in industry, the roles such as:
a. Ensuring safety for consumer and producer
b. Increasing product competitiveness
c. Reducing trade berries
Process to establish a standard is called as standardization. Standardization is defined as process of
formulating, defining, applying, maintaining, imposing, and supervising standard which is done orderly and
involves roles of relevant stakeholders [11]. Standardization is done by government through a national
standardization organization. In Indonesia, government regulates standard product through by national
organization which is called National Standard Agency (BSN) [12].
Given the important roles standard and unavailability of lithium-ion battery standard for electric
vehicle application, this research tried to figure out how to make a framework for standard of lithium-ion
battery in electric vehicle by using FACTS approach. Standardization for lithium-ion battery in electric
vehicle is done gradually, that means the standard is made for the smallest part to the whole battery system in
electric vehicle. The whole battery system in electric vehicle consists of battery cell, battery module, battery
pack, and battery management system. Figure 1 shows the detail of battery system of electric vehicle.
Figure 1. Battery system of electric vehicle [10]
Case of this research is how to make a framework for product standard of lithium-ion battery in
electric vehicle especially in module level. According to IEC 62620, module battery is group of cells
connected together either in a series and/or parallel configuration with or without protective devices (e.g. fuse
or PTC) and monitoring circuitry [13], [14]. Every battery module in assembly process consists of battery
cells, the cell to cell interconnection, and the battery cell insulation, sensors, the cooling components, the
Battery Module Controller (BMC) and the housing [15]. Figure 2 shows the battery module product. The
framework for standard of lithium-ion battery module is done by using FACTS approach (A Framework for
Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard). FACTS approach analyzes, compares, and tests standard
[16]. This approach is partially based on the Zachman Framework, which is used to bridge the perceived gap
between standards as developed by domain expert and those standards as understood by stakeholders [16].
Figure 2. Module battery product [17]
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FACTS concept considers stakeholder requirements when designing standard framework, it is in
line with BSN’s consensus principle which considers relevant stakeholder opinions or requirements and does
not side with a certain party or stakeholder to get the decision. Based on these, one of stages in FACTS
namely, verification test is done by focus group discussion. In this research, the FGD involved the relevant
stakeholders as participant.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The object of this study is lithium-ion rechargeable battery which is used in electrical vehicle
especially in module level. There are 3 stages in FACTS approach, they are analysis, comparison, and
testing. The detail stages in FACTS can be seen in Figure 3. The analysis consists of a stakeholder and
technical analysis [16]. The stakeholder analysis must be done to get stakeholder’s requirements. Each
stakeholder may also have multiple perspectives, for examples a manufacturing company can be either a
buyer or a producer [16]. After doing stakeholder analysis, the next step which is done in stage of analysis is
technical analysis. The technical analysis is intended to convert stakeholder’s requirements into technical
requirements by using Zachman framework which is used 6 based questions and they are What, How, When,
Where, Who and Why (5W1H) [16].
Figure 3. Stages of FACTS Approach
The Comparison is intended to do identification of gaps and overlaps between two or more analysis
results [14]. The last stage of FACTS is testing. Testing is done by doing verification and validation.
Verification is done through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and interview by using questionnaire.
Validation is done by testing the product (Lithium-ion rechargeable battery) in accordance with the tests
which have been decided.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Analysis
Stakeholder analysis was intended to define stakeholder requirements. In this research, the
stakeholders which involved are government, battery tester laboratory, battery manufacture, the relevant
experts, electric vehicle manufacture, and consumer. Table 1 shows the requirements of each stakeholder.
Technical analysis was intended to convert each stakeholder requirements into technical
requirements. It help to define tests which needed for lithium-ion rechargeable battery in electric vehicle
application. Technical analysis was done by using Zachman framework which used 6 basics questions (what,
how, when, who, where, and why). Table 2 shows technical requirements of each stakeholder.
FACTS
(Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard)
Stakeholder analysis
Technical analysis
Comparison
Testing
Analysis
1. Determining the relevant
stakeholders
2. Identifying every needs/
requirements of each stakeholders
Zachman framework:
(What, How, When, Who, Where,
Why)
Identification of gaps between
standards
1. Verification
2. Validation
1
2
3
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Table 1. Stakeholder Requirements
No Stakeholder Stakeholder Requirements
1 Government high energy, small size, environmental friendliness, low
emission, electric car can reach long distance (300 km),
fast charging and safe
2 Battery testing laboratory Low emission level, high safety, high power density, fast
charging, high energy density, high safety, heat/ thermal
resistance, good capacity, environmental friendliness
3 Battery manufacture
high energy density, high safety, heat/ thermal
resistance,no over heated, long life cycle
4 The relevant experts small size, light weight, fast charging, heat resistance,
good capacity, long life cycle, save energy, good energy
density
5 Electric vehicle
manufacture
supporting to reach long distance (120 km/ hour), high
power, supporting in fast speed, fast charging, water
resistance (can be operated when the rain and flood are
coming)
6 Consumer
environmental friendliness, supporting to reach long
distance, low cost electric vehicle
Table 2. Techical requirements and comparison references standard
No
Stakeholder
Requirements
Technical
requirements
Comparison of referenced standard
ISO 12405-1 ISO12405-2 ISO 12405-3
1 High energy, good
capacity :
(government), high
energy density :
(Battery testing
laboratory, Battery
manufacture, The
relevant experts)
Energy density
(Wh/kg)
measurement
through a test is
needed
sub-section 7.1 and 7.2
(energy and capacity test at
different temperature and
different discharge rate)
sub-section 7.1 and
7.2 (energy and
capacity test at
different
temperature and
different discharge
rate)
2 high power density:
(Battery testing
laboratory), high
power: ( Electric
vehicle manufacture)
Power (Watt)
measurement
through a test is
needed
sub-section 7.3 (power and
internal resistant test)
sub-section 7.3
(power and internal
resistant test)
3 save energy: (The
relevant experts)
Energy efficiency
test is needed
sub-section 7.8 (energy
efficiency test only for
system)
sub-section 7.4
(energy efficiency
test at fast charging
only for system)
4 long life cycle :
(Battery manufacture,
The relevant experts)
Cycle life test is
needed
sub-section 7.9 (cycle life test
only for system)
sub-section 7.7
(cycle life test only
for system)
5 high safety : (Battery
testing laboratory,
Battery manufacture)
Vibration test is
needed
sub-section 8.3 (vibration test
for high power applications)
sub-section 8.2
(vibration test for
high energy
applications)
sub-section 7.2
(mechanical test
in form a
vibration test)
Mechanical shock
test is needed
sub-section 8.4 (mechanical
shock test for high power
applications)
sub-section 8.4
(mechanical shock
test for high energy
applications)
sub-section 6.2
(mechanical test
in form a
mechanical shock
Electrical test and
abuse test
sub-section 9.2 (short circuit
protection)
sub-section 9.2
(short circuit
protection)
sub-section 9.1
(short circuit
protection)
sub-section 9.3 (overcharge
protection only for system )
sub-section 9.3
(overcharge
protection only for
system )
sub-section 10.1
(overcharge
protection only for
system )
sub-section 9.4
(overdischarge protection
only for system )
sub-section 9.4
(overdischarge
protection only for
system )
sub-section 10.2
(overdischarge
protection only for
system )
7 fast charging : (Battery
testing laboratory,
Battery manufacture)
energy efficiency
test at fast is needed
sub-section 7.4
(energy efficiency
test at fast charging
only for system)
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No
Stakeholder
Requirements
Technical
requirements
Comparison of referenced standard
ISO 12405-1 ISO12405-2 ISO 12405-3
8 thermal resistance :
(Battery testing
laboratory, Battery
manufacture)
performance test at
low and high
temperature
sub-section 7.6 and 7.7
(cranking power at high and
low temperature only for
system)
reliability and
climatic test which
is related to thermal
is needed
sub-section 8.1 ( Dewing -
temperature change test) sub-
section 8.2 (thermal shock
cycling)
sub-section 8.1
( Dewing -
temperature change
test) sub-section 8.2
(thermal shock
cycling)
sub-section 7.1
(climatic test in
form dewing test)
sub-section 7.2
(climatic test in
form thermal
shock cycling test)
3.2. Comparison
Comparison was intended to know the gap between each standard which was used as reference. The
standards which were used in this research is ISO 12405 series 1, 2 and 3. ISO 12405-1 provides specific test
procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and systems specially developed for propulsion of road vehicles
especially for high-power applications [40]. There are 4 main tests, namely general test, performance test,
reliability test and abuse test. ISO 12405-2 provides specific test procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and
systems specially developed for propulsion of road vehicles especially for high-energy applications [41]. ISO
12405-3 provides specific test procedures and related requirements to ensure an appropriate and acceptable
level of safety of lithium-ion battery systems specifically developed for propulsion of road vehicles [42]. The
other test is consisting of 5 steps, namely mechanical test, climatic tests, simulated vehicle accidents,
electrical tests and system functionality tests. Subsequently, the comparison result between each test in the
reference standards was associated to the result of technical analysis. Table 2 shows the result of technical
analysis and comparison of standards.
3.3. Testing
There are two primary phases to test, first is verification and second is validation. Verification was
done by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the stakeholders and interviewing the stakeholders using
questionnaire. Verification was intended to know whether the standard had captured all the stakeholder
requirements or not [16]. The verification through by FGD was done twice. The first is internal FGD which is
done by drafters who consisted of battery testing laboratory, battery manufacture and the relevant experts.
First FGD gave result that there were only 2 tests which were relevant to module battery lithium-ion, they
were energy & capacity test and power and internal test which reference on ISO 12405-1 and ISO 12405-2.
There were only 2 tests because the cost of module battery is expensive so the participants of FGD agreed
that tests which have destructive character such as vibration, mechanical shock and short circuit were only to
be done in cell level.
The second verification is external FGD, which was attended by all of the stakeholders in Indonesia.
The FGD gave result that the national standard of lithium-ion battery module for electric vehicle still needed
other tests which is intended to test the connection between cells in module form (assembled cell), ability of
battery module in water environment, and the function of cooling system in battery module. Besides that, the
stakeholders agreed that the cells which are used in module should be tested in accordance with cell standard.
Besides doing FGD, the verification tests also have done by interviewing stakeholders by using
questionnaire. Table 3 shows the questionnaire result.
Based on FGD and questionnaire, the new frameworks for module test have been done. The result is
there are 8 parameters in standard. They related to battery cell performance, density energy of battery
module, power of battery module, vibration, mechanical shock, water immersion, loss of thermal
control/cooling, and short circuit. Figure 4 shows the detail of new framework for lithium-ion battery module
in electric vehicle application.
The next steps after verification test is validation test. Validation test is going to be done by testing
the module battery accordance with parameters in standard which have been agreed by all of the
stakeholders.
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Table 3. Recapitulation of questionare result
Framework of Module Battery Standard
Stakeholders
1 2 3 4 5 6
The standard regulates the current value of
energy density (Wh/kg)
* Yes No Yes * *
The standard regulates the current value of power
(Watt)
* Yes No Yes * *
Vibration test * Yes Yes Yes * *
Mechanical shock test * Yes No Yes * *
Thermal shock cycling test * Yes No No * *
Short circuit test * Yes No Yes * *
Note:
1. Government
2. Battery testing laboratory
3. Battery manufacture
4. The relevant experts (R&D battery)
5. Electric vehilce manufacture
6. Consumer
*still under discussion
Every cells in module level should passed every
tests in battery cell level
Has passed every tests in
battery cell level
YES
NO failed
Module requirements
1. Fulfill the energy density value (Wh/kg) (ISO 12405-1 & ISO
12405-2)
2. Fulfill the power value (Watt) (ISO 12405-1 & ISO 12405-2)
3. Pass the vibration test (ISO 12405-1 & ISO 12405-2)
4. Pass the mechanical test (ISO 12405-1 & ISO 12405-2)
5. Pass the water immersion test (ISO 12405-3)
6. Pass the loss of thermal control/ cooling test (ISO 12405-3)
7. Pass the short circuit test (ISO 12405-1 & ISO 12405-2)
Has passed every tests in
battery module level
YES
NO failed
success
Figure 4. Framework of standard for lithium-ion battery module in electric vehicle application
4. CONCLUSION
This research used FACTS model to approach and make a framework for national standard of
lithium-ion battery module in electric vehicle application. The content of standard shall consider the
requirement of stakeholder. There are 6 stakeholders which are involved in standardization. Namely are
government, battery testing laboratory, battery manufacture, the relevant experts, electric vehicle
manufacture, and consumer. Based on the last FGD there are 8 parameters which must be fulfilled by
lithium-ion battery module standardization.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported under Minister of Higher Education of Indonesia through University
Sebelas Maret Research Grant.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Wahyudi Sutopo received his Master of Engineering and PhD in Industrial Engineering. He is currently
a Associate Professor in Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. His research is related to the battery and
standardization of lithium battery and gets funded from ministry of higher education of Indonesia.
Beside research his also active in professsiiional conclutancy in various if automotive industry in
Indonesia and International.
Evizal Abdul Kadir received his Master of Engineering (M.Eng) and PhD in Wireless Communication
from Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia in 2008 and 2014. He is
currently a Senior Lecturer in Universitas Islam Riau (UIR), Indonesia. He have been worked in several
companies that provide system solution in telecommunication and radio frequency identification (RFID),
currently is continuing his research activity related to the wireless communication, computer networking
and information system, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).
His research interest is in the field of antenna design, smart system, RFID, wireless sensor network and
computer networking.