Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver which is commonly caused by viruses but can also be due to other factors like drugs, toxins, and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis - Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E usually cause acute (short term) illness while B, C and D often result in chronic infection. The viruses are transmitted through food, water, blood or sexual contact. Symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice and nausea. Treatment focuses on rest, nutrition, hydration and medications depending on the type and severity of hepatitis.
This document provides an overview of various types of hepatitis. It discusses hepatitis A-E viruses, describing their transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The major points are:
- Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, autoimmune disorders, and other factors. The five main types of viral hepatitis are A, B, C, D and E.
- Hepatitis A and E usually cause acute (short term) illness while B, C and D can sometimes result in chronic infection. Worldwide, hepatitis B and C are major public health problems.
- Transmission varies by type but can occur through food/water (A, E), blood/body fluids
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C, and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance, immunoglobulins, antivirals, and vaccination. Patient education focuses on prevention, risk factors, and symptom monitoring.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms are similar to the flu. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance and medications to treat the virus in some cases. Education is important to prevent transmission.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. The document discusses the different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), their symptoms, modes of transmission, potential for chronic infection and liver cancer, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the pathophysiology, incubation periods, and clinical presentations of hepatitis A, B, and C. Prevention methods include vaccination, hygiene practices, and immunoglobulin treatment for certain types.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses or toxins. There are five main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatitis A virus and spreads through the fecal-oral route, causing an acute self-limiting infection. Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus and spreads through blood and body fluids, causing both acute and chronic infections. While there is no treatment for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination.
Viral hepatitis is a major global public health concern, with hepatitis B being a significant cause of chronic liver disease and death worldwide. Hepatitis B virus causes both acute and chronic infections and is transmitted through blood, sexual contact and perinatal transmission from mother to child. It has an incubation period of 2-26 weeks and symptoms may include fever, fatigue, nausea and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms during acute infection and antiviral therapy for chronic cases. Prevention emphasizes vaccination, hand hygiene and safe injection practices.
Hepatitis C virus causes hepatitis C, an inflammation of the liver. It is a small enveloped RNA virus that is transmitted through exposure to infectious blood, such as receiving contaminated blood transfusions, injections with unclean needles, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C, but chronic cases are treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin medications. New oral protease inhibitor drugs are also being used to treat genotype 1 hepatitis C infections.
This document provides an overview of various types of hepatitis. It discusses hepatitis A-E viruses, describing their transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The major points are:
- Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, autoimmune disorders, and other factors. The five main types of viral hepatitis are A, B, C, D and E.
- Hepatitis A and E usually cause acute (short term) illness while B, C and D can sometimes result in chronic infection. Worldwide, hepatitis B and C are major public health problems.
- Transmission varies by type but can occur through food/water (A, E), blood/body fluids
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C, and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance, immunoglobulins, antivirals, and vaccination. Patient education focuses on prevention, risk factors, and symptom monitoring.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins and autoimmune diseases. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically acute but Hepatitis B, C and D can be acute or chronic. Chronic hepatitis B and C can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Symptoms are similar to the flu. Treatment depends on the cause but involves rest, proper nutrition, fluid maintenance and medications to treat the virus in some cases. Education is important to prevent transmission.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. The document discusses the different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), their symptoms, modes of transmission, potential for chronic infection and liver cancer, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the pathophysiology, incubation periods, and clinical presentations of hepatitis A, B, and C. Prevention methods include vaccination, hygiene practices, and immunoglobulin treatment for certain types.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses or toxins. There are five main types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatitis A virus and spreads through the fecal-oral route, causing an acute self-limiting infection. Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus and spreads through blood and body fluids, causing both acute and chronic infections. While there is no treatment for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination.
Viral hepatitis is a major global public health concern, with hepatitis B being a significant cause of chronic liver disease and death worldwide. Hepatitis B virus causes both acute and chronic infections and is transmitted through blood, sexual contact and perinatal transmission from mother to child. It has an incubation period of 2-26 weeks and symptoms may include fever, fatigue, nausea and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms during acute infection and antiviral therapy for chronic cases. Prevention emphasizes vaccination, hand hygiene and safe injection practices.
Hepatitis C virus causes hepatitis C, an inflammation of the liver. It is a small enveloped RNA virus that is transmitted through exposure to infectious blood, such as receiving contaminated blood transfusions, injections with unclean needles, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C, but chronic cases are treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin medications. New oral protease inhibitor drugs are also being used to treat genotype 1 hepatitis C infections.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by several viruses. The document discusses hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. It covers the causative agents of each, their modes of transmission including fecal-oral and blood-borne routes, associated signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention including immunizations and hygiene practices.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A and B. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes an acute infection, while hepatitis B can result in both acute and chronic infection and is transmitted through body fluids. Vaccination and improved hygiene are effective prevention strategies for both viruses.
Hepatitis A, Department of Physiotherapy, SHUATS, PrayagrajSurabhi Srivastava
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) which is primarily spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include jaundice, fever and abdominal discomfort. Almost everyone fully recovers from hepatitis A with lifelong immunity, though a small proportion may die from liver failure. Prevention efforts focus on improved sanitation, food safety and immunization through two doses of the hepatitis A vaccine six months apart.
The presentation is about the disease, hepatitis, its causing agent, symptoms, treatment and cure. the presentation focusses on the virus causing the disease, its morphology and life cycle. It has also discussed the different types of hepatitis disease and the virus causing them
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs/alcohol, or other factors. The main types are viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are usually acute while B, C, and D often become chronic. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids while A and E are usually food or water-borne. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and liver enzyme abnormalities. Diagnosis involves blood tests detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, antiviral medication, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
The document discusses hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, toxins, or chemicals. It describes the different types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), their causes, risk factors, transmission routes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and nursing management. The most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. Nursing care involves rest, maintaining nutrition/hydration, administering medications to reduce symptoms, preventing infections/reinfections, and providing client education.
Hepatitis B and D viruses can cause both acute and chronic liver infections. Hepatitis D virus requires Hepatitis B virus to replicate and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Coinfection or superinfection with Hepatitis B and D viruses can lead to severe liver disease and even fulminant hepatic failure. While no treatment directly eliminates Hepatitis D virus, interferon alpha may improve disease conditions in some patients.
Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs like alcohol, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The most common viral causes are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis inflammation can be acute and last less than 6 months, or chronic and last longer. Chronic infections can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antiviral drugs, immune system modulators, and supportive care.
Viral Hepatitis ( Presentation ) Hepatology ( Medicine )NoorUlAmin70
This document defines and classifies viral hepatitis, discussing the causes, types, and features of both acute and chronic viral hepatitis. It outlines the organisms, transmission, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are generally acute and self-limiting, while hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, leading to complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if not properly treated and managed. The types of viral hepatitis are differentiated based on their causative viruses, incubation periods, modes of transmission, presentations, and recommended treatment approaches.
Chronic hepatitis B and C are inflammatory conditions of the liver that persist for at least 6 months. Hepatitis B and C viruses are the most common causes. Chronic hepatitis B can progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer over many years if left untreated. Treatment aims to suppress viral replication and reduce liver inflammation. For hepatitis C, the goal is to eradicate the virus using direct-acting antiviral drugs, which now cure over 99% of patients. Both conditions require long-term management to prevent progressive liver disease.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection affecting the liver. The disease goes through different phases, which can be diagnosed by serology. Diagnostic testing comprises the three most important parameters: HBs antigen, anti-HBs antibody, and anti-HBc antibody. These three parameters can be used to identify active infection, previous infection, and status after vaccination. In addition, anti-HBc IgM antibody can be used to confirm acute infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus which is capable of integrating into the host genome and causes various liver diseases most notably liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
-Introduction to Hepatitis
– Viral Hepatitis Transmission
– Symptoms & acute vs. chronic
5:35 - Laboratory Tests and Councilman Bodies
– Hep B Serology (HBsAg & Anti-HBs)
– Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
- Vaccines
The rate of deaths due to liver cancer is increasing faster than any other type of cancer. Hepatitis B and C are major contributing factors to liver cancer. At this seminar, learn the critical importance of hepatitis prevention and treatment.
The document discusses infectious hepatitis and its management. It defines different types of hepatitis including acute, chronic, and fulminant hepatitis. It describes the etiology of hepatitis including viral causes from Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-viral causes. It provides details about Hepatitis A including epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also provides details about Hepatitis B including epidemiology, transmission, at risk groups, pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, treatment approach and management of chronic hepatitis B.
1. The document provides information about various types of viral hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It discusses the causative viruses, modes of transmission, clinical features of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, and treatment.
2. Key points covered include that hepatitis A and E typically cause acute, self-limiting infections while hepatitis B and C can become chronic. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viral antigens, antibodies, and RNA. Treatment differs between acute and chronic cases.
3. Chronic hepatitis B and C can be treated with antiviral drugs while acute cases usually only require supportive care.
This document provides guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis. It defines acute viral hepatitis and outlines the key viruses that cause it, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It describes the pathogenesis and typical presentation of hepatitis A, including that it is usually self-limiting. The diagnosis of hepatitis A involves detecting hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Treatment is conservative and supportive as there is no medication, with prevention through vaccination of at-risk groups and contacts.
Hepatitis" means inflammation of the liver and also refers to a group of viral infections that affect the liver .
The most common types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation.
An estimated 4.4 million Americans are living with chronic hepatitis; most do not know they are infected
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is usually caused by a viral infection. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. While hepatitis A only causes a short-term illness, hepatitis B and C can develop into chronic conditions that lead to serious liver problems like cirrhosis and cancer. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis and detect the specific virus, and nursing care focuses on rest, diet, medication management, and health education to prevent transmission and complications.
EVASION OF APOPTOSIS powerpoint presentationJeenaRaj10
Tumor cells evade apoptosis through two major mechanisms: losing the function of the TP53 gene which regulates apoptosis, allowing cells to survive without regulation, or overexpressing anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members like BCL2 itself, protecting tumor cells from apoptosis and enabling survival and drug resistance. Mutations in genes involved in apoptosis pathways are common in cancers and help tumor cells resist programmed cell death.
This document discusses the limitless replicative potential of cancer cells. Normal cells have a limited ability to divide, typically 60-70 times, before reaching senescence. Cancer cells bypass this limitation through several factors. They evade senescence by accumulating genetic changes that deregulate cell cycle controls. They evade mitotic crisis, which is caused by telomere shortening, by expressing telomerase or using alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanisms. Cancer cells also have the property of self-renewal like stem cells, allowing them to perpetually replenish themselves through asymmetrical cell division producing more cancer stem cells.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by several viruses. The document discusses hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. It covers the causative agents of each, their modes of transmission including fecal-oral and blood-borne routes, associated signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention including immunizations and hygiene practices.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A and B. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes an acute infection, while hepatitis B can result in both acute and chronic infection and is transmitted through body fluids. Vaccination and improved hygiene are effective prevention strategies for both viruses.
Hepatitis A, Department of Physiotherapy, SHUATS, PrayagrajSurabhi Srivastava
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) which is primarily spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include jaundice, fever and abdominal discomfort. Almost everyone fully recovers from hepatitis A with lifelong immunity, though a small proportion may die from liver failure. Prevention efforts focus on improved sanitation, food safety and immunization through two doses of the hepatitis A vaccine six months apart.
The presentation is about the disease, hepatitis, its causing agent, symptoms, treatment and cure. the presentation focusses on the virus causing the disease, its morphology and life cycle. It has also discussed the different types of hepatitis disease and the virus causing them
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs/alcohol, or other factors. The main types are viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are usually acute while B, C, and D often become chronic. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids while A and E are usually food or water-borne. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and liver enzyme abnormalities. Diagnosis involves blood tests detecting antibodies or viral RNA. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, antiviral medication, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
The document discusses hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, toxins, or chemicals. It describes the different types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), their causes, risk factors, transmission routes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and nursing management. The most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. Nursing care involves rest, maintaining nutrition/hydration, administering medications to reduce symptoms, preventing infections/reinfections, and providing client education.
Hepatitis B and D viruses can cause both acute and chronic liver infections. Hepatitis D virus requires Hepatitis B virus to replicate and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Coinfection or superinfection with Hepatitis B and D viruses can lead to severe liver disease and even fulminant hepatic failure. While no treatment directly eliminates Hepatitis D virus, interferon alpha may improve disease conditions in some patients.
Hepatitis can be caused by viruses, drugs like alcohol, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic abnormalities. The most common viral causes are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis inflammation can be acute and last less than 6 months, or chronic and last longer. Chronic infections can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antiviral drugs, immune system modulators, and supportive care.
Viral Hepatitis ( Presentation ) Hepatology ( Medicine )NoorUlAmin70
This document defines and classifies viral hepatitis, discussing the causes, types, and features of both acute and chronic viral hepatitis. It outlines the organisms, transmission, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are generally acute and self-limiting, while hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, leading to complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if not properly treated and managed. The types of viral hepatitis are differentiated based on their causative viruses, incubation periods, modes of transmission, presentations, and recommended treatment approaches.
Chronic hepatitis B and C are inflammatory conditions of the liver that persist for at least 6 months. Hepatitis B and C viruses are the most common causes. Chronic hepatitis B can progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer over many years if left untreated. Treatment aims to suppress viral replication and reduce liver inflammation. For hepatitis C, the goal is to eradicate the virus using direct-acting antiviral drugs, which now cure over 99% of patients. Both conditions require long-term management to prevent progressive liver disease.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection affecting the liver. The disease goes through different phases, which can be diagnosed by serology. Diagnostic testing comprises the three most important parameters: HBs antigen, anti-HBs antibody, and anti-HBc antibody. These three parameters can be used to identify active infection, previous infection, and status after vaccination. In addition, anti-HBc IgM antibody can be used to confirm acute infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus which is capable of integrating into the host genome and causes various liver diseases most notably liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
-Introduction to Hepatitis
– Viral Hepatitis Transmission
– Symptoms & acute vs. chronic
5:35 - Laboratory Tests and Councilman Bodies
– Hep B Serology (HBsAg & Anti-HBs)
– Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
- Vaccines
The rate of deaths due to liver cancer is increasing faster than any other type of cancer. Hepatitis B and C are major contributing factors to liver cancer. At this seminar, learn the critical importance of hepatitis prevention and treatment.
The document discusses infectious hepatitis and its management. It defines different types of hepatitis including acute, chronic, and fulminant hepatitis. It describes the etiology of hepatitis including viral causes from Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-viral causes. It provides details about Hepatitis A including epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also provides details about Hepatitis B including epidemiology, transmission, at risk groups, pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, treatment approach and management of chronic hepatitis B.
1. The document provides information about various types of viral hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It discusses the causative viruses, modes of transmission, clinical features of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, and treatment.
2. Key points covered include that hepatitis A and E typically cause acute, self-limiting infections while hepatitis B and C can become chronic. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viral antigens, antibodies, and RNA. Treatment differs between acute and chronic cases.
3. Chronic hepatitis B and C can be treated with antiviral drugs while acute cases usually only require supportive care.
This document provides guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis. It defines acute viral hepatitis and outlines the key viruses that cause it, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It describes the pathogenesis and typical presentation of hepatitis A, including that it is usually self-limiting. The diagnosis of hepatitis A involves detecting hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Treatment is conservative and supportive as there is no medication, with prevention through vaccination of at-risk groups and contacts.
Hepatitis" means inflammation of the liver and also refers to a group of viral infections that affect the liver .
The most common types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation.
An estimated 4.4 million Americans are living with chronic hepatitis; most do not know they are infected
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is usually caused by a viral infection. There are 5 main types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. While hepatitis A only causes a short-term illness, hepatitis B and C can develop into chronic conditions that lead to serious liver problems like cirrhosis and cancer. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose hepatitis and detect the specific virus, and nursing care focuses on rest, diet, medication management, and health education to prevent transmission and complications.
EVASION OF APOPTOSIS powerpoint presentationJeenaRaj10
Tumor cells evade apoptosis through two major mechanisms: losing the function of the TP53 gene which regulates apoptosis, allowing cells to survive without regulation, or overexpressing anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members like BCL2 itself, protecting tumor cells from apoptosis and enabling survival and drug resistance. Mutations in genes involved in apoptosis pathways are common in cancers and help tumor cells resist programmed cell death.
This document discusses the limitless replicative potential of cancer cells. Normal cells have a limited ability to divide, typically 60-70 times, before reaching senescence. Cancer cells bypass this limitation through several factors. They evade senescence by accumulating genetic changes that deregulate cell cycle controls. They evade mitotic crisis, which is caused by telomere shortening, by expressing telomerase or using alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanisms. Cancer cells also have the property of self-renewal like stem cells, allowing them to perpetually replenish themselves through asymmetrical cell division producing more cancer stem cells.
This document discusses angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. It describes how angiogenesis allows tumors to grow beyond 1-2mm by developing new blood vessels. The metastatic cascade is explained as a two-step process involving invasion of the extracellular matrix and vascular dissemination. Key factors and genetic alterations that influence angiogenesis and the various steps of invasion and metastasis are also outlined.
RED INFARCTS powerpoint presentation basicsJeenaRaj10
1) Red infarcts occur in tissues with dual blood supply, loose connective tissue, or venous outflow issues. They appear as sharply demarcated red or purple areas of necrosis.
2) Microscopically, red infarcts show ischemic coagulative necrosis within 4-12 hours. Acute inflammation infiltrates the area in the following days. Necrotic cells and blood are phagocytosed by macrophages.
3) Red infarcts can occur when blood flow is restored to a previously ischemic area, such as after an arterial blockage is treated. Affected organs include the lung, liver, intestine, and heart.
Factors influencing the development of an infarct.pptxJeenaRaj10
The document discusses factors that influence the development of an infarct. It explains that an infarct is caused by occlusion of the arterial supply or venous drainage of an area, ranging from tissue dysfunction to necrosis. Tissues with more connections like lungs and liver are less vulnerable due to dual blood supply. The rate of occlusion also influences outcomes, as slower occlusions allow for collateral vessel formation. Different tissues are more susceptible to hypoxic injury, with neurons vulnerable within minutes and fibroblasts only after hours of ischemia. Blood oxygen content additionally impacts infarct development.
Presentation1 powerpoint necrosis form of cell deathJeenaRaj10
Necrosis is the death of cells and living tissue. It can be caused by ischemia, physical or chemical agents, or immunological injury. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves denaturation of proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells while preserving tissue architecture. Liquefactive necrosis causes tissue to become a liquid mass. Caseous necrosis is seen in tuberculosis and leaves tissue with a cheesy white appearance.
ORBITAL INFLAMMATION powerpoint presentationJeenaRaj10
The document discusses different types of orbital inflammation including preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Preseptal cellulitis involves structures anterior to the orbital septum and causes swelling and redness of the eyelids but does not affect vision or eye movements. Orbital cellulitis is a purulent inflammation behind the orbital septum that can cause proptosis, restricted eye movements, and vision loss. Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a serious complication where infection and blood clots spread from the face or orbit to the cavernous sinus, which can lead to issues like paralysis of cranial nerves. Broad spectrum antibiotics, monitoring for complications, and surgical drainage may be
Pathology of Pneumonia POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONJeenaRaj10
This document provides information on pneumonia, including:
1. It describes the lung defense mechanisms against infection such as mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, and serum complement.
2. It classifies pneumonia based on etiology (infective, viral, bacterial, fungal, tuberculosis), morphology (lobar, bronchial, interstitial), duration (acute, chronic), and location (community-acquired, hospital-acquired). Common causative organisms are discussed for each type.
3. The pathogenesis of pneumonia is outlined as entry of microbes, followed by inflammation in the alveoli and surrounding tissues. Complications like abscesses and empy
NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONJeenaRaj10
This document discusses different types of cell death: necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death due to external factors like toxins or hypoxia. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that helps eliminate unwanted cells through activation of genes and enzymes. Necroptosis shares characteristics of both necrosis and apoptosis - it is caspase-independent cell death triggered by signaling pathways involving the kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, which phosphorylate MLKL leading to plasma membrane disruption and cell rupture in a programmed manner. Necroptosis plays roles in processes like bone growth, diseases like pancreatitis, and host defense against viruses.
This document discusses various anticoagulants used in hematology. It defines anticoagulants as agents that prevent blood clot formation and lists their uses in preventing disorders caused by abnormal clots. The document describes characteristics anticoagulants must have for hematological examination and lists commonly used anticoagulants like EDTA, oxalates, sodium heparin, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate mixture. Each anticoagulant is classified and their modes of action, concentrations, advantages and disadvantages are detailed.
Necrosis is irreversible injury and death of cells and living tissue. There are several patterns of necrosis that can occur in tissues including coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves the maintenance of cell outlines but loss of cellular details. The dead tissues remain in the body for a long period. Liquefactive necrosis results from the rapid dissolution of dead cells, often leading to abscess formation. Caseous necrosis converts dead tissue into a granular mass resembling cottage cheese, associated with tuberculosis lesions.
Necrosis is cell death in living tissue that can have various causes and appearances. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves protein denaturation and enzymatic cell digestion that preserves tissue architecture. Liquefactive necrosis causes tissues to become a liquid mass. Caseous necrosis in tuberculosis infections leads to cheesy white tissue. Fat necrosis in the pancreas and breast appears chalky white.
This document provides an overview of gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD), including their classification, histopathology, diagnosis, and management. Key points include:
1. GTD are classified by the WHO and include complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as benign and malignant trophoblastic lesions. Hydatidiform moles can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in a minority of cases.
2. Complete hydatidiform moles show diffuse hydropic changes of chorionic villi with abnormal trophoblastic hyperplasia, while partial moles have a mixture of normal and hydropic villi.
3. Malignant trophob
The immune system protects the body from infectious disease. Infectious disease is caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that invade the body. The immune system uses nonspecific defenses like skin, fever and inflammation that provide a fast response. It also uses specific defenses like white blood cells and antibodies that recognize and attack specific pathogens. B cells produce antibodies that mark pathogens for destruction by macrophages and killer T cells. Memory B cells provide faster immunity upon second exposure to the same pathogen through antibodies.
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, and fever. TB is classified as pulmonary or extra-pulmonary depending on the affected area. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are major challenges. Co-infection with HIV increases the risks of TB infection and
1) Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation and impaired contraction of the ventricles, often leading to heart failure. The majority of cases are idiopathic, but it can result from various infectious, toxic, metabolic, inherited and other etiologies.
2) Peripartum cardiomyopathy presents in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months postpartum, and has an unknown etiology but may involve inflammatory cytokines. It carries a risk of death and recurrence with future pregnancies.
3) Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy focuses on reducing preload and afterload through medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers to help compensate for impaired contractility and prevent ventricular
This document discusses the process of healing through regeneration and repair. It describes the key stages and phases of wound healing, including inflammation, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and scar formation. Factors that can affect healing, both locally such as infection or poor blood supply, and generally such as age, obesity, or malnutrition are also outlined. Complications from improper or delayed healing include infection, cysts, scarring issues, and hernias.
The PATH program aims to help homeless individuals and families in Los Angeles County access stable housing and supportive services to achieve long-term stability. It provides short-term rental assistance and case management to quickly rehouse homeless people and connect them to resources to address challenges like lack of income, untreated mental illness or substance abuse issues. The goal is to transition participants into permanent housing within a few months through this intensive temporary support and help acquiring job skills or public benefits.
Malabsorption results from defects in intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, and lymphatic transport. It is characterized by weight loss, abdominal distention, diarrhea, and steatorrhea. Causes of malabsorption include cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, lactase deficiency, and environmental enteropathy. Microscopic findings depend on the specific condition but may include villous blunting, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lipid vacuoles.
Healing is the body's response to injury and involves regeneration and repair. Regeneration involves proliferation of original cells to reconstitute tissue, while repair forms scar tissue. The healing process involves inflammation, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and scar maturation. Local factors like infection and poor blood supply as well as general factors like smoking and malnutrition can affect wound healing. Complications include infection, scarring, and hernia formation.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
2. INTRODUCTION
⚫ Hepatitis is a broad term that means
inflammation of liver.
⚫ It is most commonly caused by viruses but also
be caused by drugs(alcohol), chemicals,
metabolic
autoimmune diseases and
abnormalities.
5. INTRODUCTION
⚫Five types of hepatitis have been identified:
Hepatitis A, B, C, D , E.
⚫ Hepatitis A is always an acute, short-term disease,
while hepatitis B, C, and D are most likely to become
ongoing and chronic.
⚫Hepatitis E is usually acute but can be particularly
dangerous in pregnant women.
⚫ The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause only
acute, or short-term, infections.
6. ⚫ Other less common viruses can also cause liver
disease. These include Cytomegalovirus(CMV),
Herpes virus, Rubella virus, Epstein-barr
virus(EBV).
7. INCIDENCE
⚫ Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern,
10 millions cases occur worldwide.
⚫ It is nearly universal during childhood in
developing countries.
⚫ India is a hyperendemic for hepatitis A virus
infection.
⚫ Annually over 1 to 2 lakh Indians die due to
illness related to HBV infection.
⚫ Worldwide 170 million people are infected with
Hepatitis C virus(HCV).
8. HEPATITIS A(Hep A)
⚫ A highly contagious liver infection caused by
the hepatitis A virus(HAV).
⚫ Hepatitis A virus is a ribonucleic acid(RNA)
virus of the enterovirus family.
⚫ It can cause acute hepatitis with jaundice.
Also cause acute liver failure. It does not
cause long term infection.
⚫ Incubation period is 3-5 weeks with an
average of 28 days.
9. ⚫ It is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral
route.
⚫ Source of infection is Crowded conditions, poor
personal hygiene, Poor sanitation, Contaminated
food, water, shellfish, person with subclinical
infections, infected food handlers.
⚫ More prevalent in underdeveloped countries.
People who travel to developing countries more
likely to get Hep A.
10. S/S
⚫ Fatigue
⚫ Fever
⚫ Abdominal pain
⚫ Nausea
⚫ Jaundice
⚫Weight loss
⚫ Itching
⚫ Sharp pain in right upper quadrant of abdomen
⚫ Anorexia
11. D/E
Blood tests: 2 kinds of antibodies to the
virus. IgM antibodies and IgG antibodies.
IgM antibodies show acute infection.
IgG antibodies show previous infection
or immunization.
12. MANAGEMENT
⚫There are no drug therapies for the treatment of
acute hepatitis A.
⚫ Rest according to patient’s level of fatigue.
⚫ Hospitalization.
⚫ Small, frequent feedings of a high calorie, low fat
diet, proteins are restricted.
⚫ Vit K injection if PT is prolonged.
⚫ I.V. fluid and electrolyte replacement.
⚫ Antiemetic drugs.
13. HEPATITIS B (Hep B)
Hepatitis B virus can cause acute and chronic
infection.
Acute hepatitis B infection may last up to 6 months
(with or without symptom) and infected persons
are able to pass these virus during these time.
Chronic hepatitis B is defined as persistence of
HBsAg for 6 months or more after acute infection
with HBV.
14. Contd.
⚫ Incubation period is 2-5 months.
⚫ Hepatitis B virus is a complex structure with 3
distinct antigens:
1. HBcAg- Hepatitis B core antigen.
2. HBsAg- Hepatitis B surface antigen.
3. HBeAg- An independent protein circulating in
the blood.
Mode of transmission is mainly sexual contact.
Recognized as STD. It is much more infectious
than HIV.
15. Further mode of transmission are Parenteral or permuscosal
exposure to blood or blood products, perinatal transmission.
Sources of infection are Contaminated needles, syringes, blood
products. Homosexual men, Tattoo or body piercing with
contaminated needles.
Occurrence is for all ages, but mostly affects young adults
worldwide.
It is the main cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
worldwide.
16. S/S
⚫ Abdominal pain
⚫ Dark urine
⚫ Fever
⚫ Joint pain
⚫ Loss of appetite
⚫ Nausea/ vomiting
⚫ Fatigue
⚫ Jaundice
17. D/E
⚫ Blood tests: AST, ALT, ALP,GGT, Serum
proteins, PT, Urinary bilirubin, Urinary
Urobilinogen, Total serum bilirubin.
⚫ Serological tests: HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg,
Anti-Hbe, Anti-HBe IgM, Anti- Hbe IgG, HBV
genotyping.
⚫ Liver ultrasound: Transient elastography can
show the amount of liver damage
⚫ Liver biopsy.
⚫ Fibro tests
18. MANAGEMENT
⚫ Treatment of acute hepatitis B is indicated only in
patients with severe hepatitis and liver failure.
Rest, vitamin supplements, Avoid alcohol.
⚫ Treatment of chronic hepatitis B :
⚫ Nucleoside and Nucleotide analog such as
Tenofovir, adenofovir, lamivudine.
Intron A),
⚫ Interferon: Standard interferon(
Pegylated interferon ( Peglntron,)
⚫ Liver transplant.
19. HEPATITIS C(Hep C)
⚫ Hepatitis c virus is an RNA virus.
⚫ Incubation period is 14-180 days(average 56).
⚫ In most cases it is transmitted through blood or
transmitted through unprotected sex,
blood products, prior to 1992. It is also
and
contaminated or unsterile needles.
⚫ It is found in I.V. drug users and renal dialysis
patients.
⚫ It can result in both acute and chronic illness.
20. ⚫ Chronic HCV infection results in liver cirrhosis.
⚫ There is no Vaccine for HCV.
22. MANAGEMENT
⚫ In a patient with acute hepatitis C , treatment
with Pegylated interferon within the 12-24 weeks
of infection reduce the development of chronic
hepatitis C.
⚫ Chronic HCV: Pegylated interferon, Ribavirin
Rebetol, Protease inhibitors such as incivek and
Boceprevir.
23. HEPATITIS D OR DELTA HEPATITIS
HDV is a defective single – stranded RNA virus that can not survive on its
own. It requires hepatitis B to replicate.
Incubation period is 2-26 weeks.
Chronic carriers of HBV always at risk for transmission.
Source of infection are same as HBV.
HDV infection is only possible if a person is already infected with hepatitis
B or a person can be infected with both viruses at the same time.
26. HEPATITIS E
⚫ Hepatitis E virus(HEV) is an RNA virus and
incubation period is 15-64 days.
⚫ HEV has a fecal-oral transmission route.
⚫ Source of infection is contaminated water, poor
sanitation. Found in Asia, Africa and Mexico.
⚫ More common in adults and severe in pregnant
women.
⚫ Hepatitis E usually resolves on its own within four
to six weeks. Treatment focuses on supportive
care, rehydration and rest.
28. TREATMENT
⚫ There is no specific treatment capable of altering
the course of acute hepatitis E.
⚫ As the disease is usually self-limiting,
required.
hospitalization
Hospitalization
is generally not
is required for people with
Fulminant hepatitis.
29. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
⚫During an acute hepatitis , liver damage is
mediated by cytotoxic cytokines and NK cells.
⚫ CK and cytokines causes lysis of infected
hepatocytes. It leads to cholestasis.
⚫ Liver cells can regenerate after acute
infection.
viral infection causes chronic
and cause fibrosis over
⚫ A chronic
inflammation
decades .
⚫ Fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis.
30. CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS
⚫ Clinical menifestations of viral hepatitis are
classified into acute and chronic phases.
⚫ manifestation of acute hepatitis are as follows:
Symptom are similar to mild flu.
31. ACUTE HEPATITIS
⚫ Anorexia
⚫ Nausea, vomiting
⚫ Constipation or diarrhea
⚫ Right upper quadrant discomfort
⚫ Malaise
⚫ Fever
⚫ Headache
⚫ Athralgias
⚫ Urticaria
⚫ Hepatomegaly
⚫ Splenomegaly
⚫ Weight loss
⚫ Jaundice
⚫ Dark urine
⚫ Light stools
⚫ Decreased sense of smell or taste
⚫ Bilirubunuria
35. HEPATITIS A
⚫ GENERAL MEASURES:
of food
1. Hand washing
2. Proper personal hygiene
3. Environmental sanitation
4. Control and screening
handlers
5. Active immunization: HAV vaccine.
36. contd
⚫ USE OF IMMUNE GLOBULIN:
1. Early administration (1-2 weeks after exposure
)
2. Prophylaxis for travelers to areas where
hepatitis A is common if not vaccinated with
HAV vaccine.
FOR HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL: Use
infection control precautions and wash hands
after contact with a Patient or removal of
gloves.
37. HEPATITIS B & C
⚫ GENERAL MEASURES:
1. Hand washing
2. Avoid sharing toothbrushes and razors.
3. Active immunization: HBV vaccine.
4. HBIG administration for one time exposure
such as needle stick, contact of mucous
material.
38. ⚫ SEXUAL TRANSMISSION:
1. Acute exposure: HBIG administration to sexual
partner o HBsAg positive person.
2. Condoms use for sexual intercourse
3. HBV vaccine series administered to uninfected
sexual partners.
39. ⚫ PERCUTANEOUS TRANSMISSION:
1. Screening for donated blood for HBsAg and
Anti-HCV.
2. Use of disposable needles and syringes.
FOR HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL:
1. Reduce contact with blood or blood containing
secretions.
2. Dispose the needles properly.
3. Use infection control precautions.
40.
41. NURSING ASSESSMENT
⚫ Assess for systemic and liver related symptoms.
⚫ Obtain history such as I.V. drug use, sexual
activity, travel and ingestion of possible
contaminated food or water to assess for any
mode of transmission of the virus.
detect
⚫ Assess size and texture of liver to
enlargement or characteristics of cirrhosis.
⚫ Obtain vital signs, including temperature.
42. NURSING DIAGNOSES
⚫ Imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirements related to the effects of liver
dysfunction.
⚫ Deficient fluid volume related to nausea vomiting.
⚫ Activity intolerance related to anorexia and liver
dysfunction.
⚫ Risk for injury related to coagulopathy because
of impaired liver function.
⚫ Deficient knowledge
⚫ Disturbed thought process related to
encephalopathy.
43.
44. MAINTAINING ADEQAUTE
NUTRITION
⚫ Encourage small frequent feedings of high-
calorie ,low fat diet.
⚫ Avoid large quantities of protein during acute
phase of illness.
⚫ Encourage taking pleasing meals in an
environment with minimal noxious stimuli.
⚫ Administer or teach self administration of
antiemetic as prescribed.
⚫Encourage eating meals in a sitting position to
decrease pressure on the liver.
45. MAINTAING ADEQUATE FLUID
INTAKE
⚫ Provide frequent oral fluids as tolerated .
⚫ Administer I.V. fluids for patients with inability to
maintain oral fluids.
⚫ Monitor intake and output.
46. MAINTAINING ADEQAUTE REST
⚫ Promotes periods of rest during symptom
producing phase.
⚫ Provide emotional support and diversional
activities.
⚫ Encourage gradual resumption of activities and
mild exercise during convalescent period.
⚫ Promote comfort by administrating analgesics as
prescribed.
47. ENSURE PREVENTION OF
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
⚫ Stress importance of proper public and home
sanitation and proper preparation of foods.
⚫ Encourage specific protection for close contacts
such as Immune globulin as soon as possible to
household contact of HAV.
⚫ HBIG as soon as possible to blood or body fluids
contact of HBV patients, followed by HBV vaccine
series.
⚫ Explain precautions to patient and family about
transmission and prevention of transmission.
48. PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING
BLLEDING
⚫Monitor and teach patient to monitor and report
sign of bleeding.
⚫ Monitor PT and administer Vitamin K as ordered.
⚫ Avoid trauma that may cause bruising.
49. MONITORING THOUGHT
PROCESS
⚫ Monitor for sign of encephalopathy
⚫ Monitor for worsening of condition from stupor to
coma
⚫ Maintain calm, quit environment and reorient
patient as needed.
50. PATIENT EDUCATION
⚫ Identify persons or groups at high risk such as I.V.
drug abusers or their sexual contacts and those living
in crowded conditions.
⚫ Educate adolescents about the risk of piercing and
tattooing in transmission of HCV.
⚫ Encourage vaccination for HBV with series of 3
shots ( Birth, 1 and 6 months) and high risk patients
such as health care workers .
⚫ Stress the need to follow precautions with blood and
secretions until the patient is deemed free of HBsAg.
⚫ Explain to HBV carriers that their blood and
secretions will remain infectious.
51.
52. It is a chronic inflammation of liver of unknown cause.
It is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, serum
IG.
Majority of patients are women.
There is an autoimmune reaction against normal
hepatocytes.
In Diagnosis serological markers are useful such as
antinuclear antibodies , anti-DNA antibodies.
53. Prednisone with or without
azathioprine is the recommended
treatment for active autoimmune
hepatitis.
Patient who do not respond to
prednisone and azathioprine ,
Cyclosporine, Budesonide,
methotrexate are used.
54.
55. ⚫ Alcoholic hepatitis is a diseased, inflammatory
condition of the liver caused by heavy alcohol
consumption over an extended period of time.
⚫ Diagnosis are CBC, Liver function tests,
Ultrasound, CT scan, blood clotting tests, liver
biopsy.
⚫ Patients needs to stop receive drinking.
56.
57. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) is a part
of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).
NAFLD is condition where fat builds up in liver
not due to alcohol consumption.
NASH is the inflammation and liver cell
damage along with fat in liver.
NASH is a serious condition that results in
cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer, liver failure.
58. Risk factors for NAFLD are obesity, DM, HTN,
Hyperlipidemia.
In Clinical findings Elevated liver enzymes,
liver biopsy, liver scan ,CT scan, ultrasound.
There is no definitive treatment and therapy is
directed at reduction of risk factors.
Treatment of diabetes, weight reduction and
management of Hyperlipidemia.