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Hepatitis viruses.pptx
1.
2. Hepatitis viruses
The causes of hepatitis are varied and include viruses,
bacteria, and protozoa, as well as drugs and toxins (eg,
isoniazid, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol). The
clinical symptoms and course of acute viral hepatitis
can be similar, regardless of etiology, an determination
of a specific cause depends primarily on the use of
laboratory tests.
3. Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis may be caused by at least five different
viruses
Non-A, non-B hepatitis is a term previously used to
identify cases of hepatitis not due to hepatitis A or B
With the discovery of the hepatitis viruses C, E, and G,
virtually all the viral etiologies of non-A, non-B disease
can be specifically identified
Other viruses, such as Epstein–Barr virus and
cytomegalovirus, can also cause inflammation of the
liver, but hepatitis is not the primary disease caused by
them
4. Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis A virus is an unenveloped, single-stranded
RNA virus with cubic symmetry
Hepatitis A Viruses is classified in a separate genus
(hepatovirus) of picornaviruses
5. Hepatitis A transmission
Hepatitis A virus is spread by the fecal–oral route, and
outbreaks may be associated with contaminated food
or water
6. Pathogenesis & Clinical manifestation
The virus is believed to replicate initially in the enteric
mucosa
Multiplication in the intestines is followed by a period
of viremia with spread to the liver
The response to replication in the liver consists of
lymphoid cell infiltration, necrosis of liver
parenchymal (Hepatocytes) cells, and proliferation of
Kupffer cells
The extent of necrosis often coincides with the severity
of disease
7. Pathogenesis & Clinical manifestation cont…
It can be demonstrated in feces for 10 to 14 days before
onset of disease
In most patients with symptoms of the disease, virus is
no longer found in fecal specimens
Contagion is greatest 10–14 days before symptoms
appear
8. Pathogenesis & Clinical manifestation cont…
In hepatitis A virus infection, an incubation period of
10 to 50 days is usually followed by the onset of fever;
anorexia (poor appetite); nausea; pain in the right
upper abdominal quadrant; and, within several days,
jaundice
The liver is enlarged and tender, and serum
aminotransferase and bilirubin levels are elevated as a
result of hepatic inflammation and damage
Recovery occurs in days to weeks
9. Lab Diagnosis
Antibody to hepatitis A virus can be detected during early
illness, and most patients with symptoms or signs of acute
hepatitis A already have detectable antibody in serum
Early antibody responses are predominantly IgM, which can be
detected for several weeks or months
During convalescence, antibody of the IgG class predominates.
10. Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis B virus is an enveloped DNA virus belonging to
the family Hepadnaviridae
The complete virion is a spherical particle that
consists of an envelope around a core. The core comprises a
nucleocapsid that contains the DNA genome
Other components of the core are a hepatitis B core antigen
(HBcAg) and the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), which is a
low-molecular-weight glycoprotein
The envelope of the virus contains the hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg)
11.
12. Transmission
It has become clear that the major mode of acquisition
is through close personal contact with body fluids of
infected individuals
HBsAg has been found in most body fluids, including
saliva, semen, and cervical secretions
Under experimental conditions, as little as 0.0001 mL
of infectious blood has produced infection
Transmission is therefore possible by vehicles such as
inadequately sterilized hypodermic needles or
instruments used in tattooing and ear piercing
13. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation cont…
The clinical picture of hepatitis B is highly variable
The incubation period may be as brief as 7 days or as long
as 160 days (mean, approximately 10 weeks)
Liver injury appears to occur from a cell-mediated immune
system attack on HBV. Viral antigens on the surface of
infected hepatocytes are targets for cytotoxic T-cells
Immune complexes of antibody and HBsAg can deposit in
tissues and activate the immune system, resulting in
arthritis, as well as skin and kidney damage
Patients who have immunosuppressed states, such as
malnutrition, AIDS, and chronic illness, are more likely to
be asymptomatic carriers because their immune system
does not attack
14. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation cont…
HBV can cause acute and chronic hepatitis
The following are disease states caused by HBV:
1) Acute hepatitis
2) Fulminant hepatitis: Severe acute hepatitis with rapid destruction
of the liver
3) Chronic hepatitis:
a) Asymptomatic carrier: The carrier patient never develops
antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg) and harbors the virus without
liver injury. There are an estimated 200 million carriers of HBV in the
world
b) Chronic-persistent hepatitis: The patient has a low-grade
"smoldering" hepatitis
c) Chronic active hepatitis: The patient has an acute hepatitis state
that continues without the normal recovery (lasts longer than 6-12
months)
15. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation cont…
Acute hepatitis B is usually manifested by the gradual
onset of fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and pain, and
fullness in the right upper abdominal quadrant
With increasing involvement of the liver, there is
increasing cholestasis and, hence, clay-colored stools,
darkening of the urine, and jaundice
16. Complications
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma: With chronic
infection the HBV DNA becomes incorporated into
the hepatocyte DNA and triggers malignant growth.
There is a 200X increase in the risk of developing
primary hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV carriers as
compared to non carriers.
Cirrhosis: Infection with HBV can result in
permanent liver scarring and loss of hepatocytes
17. Lab Diagnosis
Many antigens and antibodies are simpler than they
seem, as follows:
1) HBsAg: The presence of HBsAg always means
there is LIVE virus and infection, either acute, chronic,
or carrier. When anti-HBsAg develops, HBsAg
disappears and the patient is protected and immune.
a) HBsAg = DISEASE (chronic or acute)
b)Anti-HBsAg = IMMUNE, CURE, NO ACTIVE
DISEASE!!!
18. Lab Diagnosis
2) HBcAg: Antibodies to HBcAg are not protective
but we can use them to understand how long the
infection has been ongoing
With acute illness we will see IgM anti-HBcAg
With chronic or resolving infection IgG anti-HBcAg
will develop
a) IgM anti-HBcAg = NEW INFECTION
b) IgG anti-HBcAg = OLD INFECTION
19. Lab Diagnosis
3) HBeAg: The presence of HBeAg connotes a high
infectivity and active disease
Presence of anti-HBeAg suggests lower infectivity
a) HBeAg = HIGH INFECTIVITY, virus going wild!
b) anti-HBeAg = LOW INFECTIVITY
21. Prevention
Safe sex practices and avoidance of needle stick injuries or
injection drug use are approaches to diminishing the risk of
hepatitis B infection
Serologic tests on donor blood to remove HBV contaminated
blood from the donor pool
Active immunization: The vaccine is a recombinant vaccine. The
gene coding for HBsAg is cloned in yeast and used to produce
mass quantities of HBsAg, used as vaccine. There is no risk of
developing disease from the vaccine because it contains only the
surface envelope and proteins (HBsAg = no DNA or capsid)
The HBV vaccine is now given to all infants at birth, 2, 4, and 15
months
It is also given as 3 injections to adolescents and high-risk adults
(health care workers, IV drug users, etc.)
22. Prevention
Administration of HBIG soon after exposure to the
virus greatly reduces the development of symptomatic
disease
Post exposure prophylaxis with HBIG should be
followed by active immunization with vaccine
23. Delta Hepatitis (Hepatitis D)
Hepatitis D is found only in hepatitis B–infected
persons
HDV uses HBsAg for assembly
Hepatitis D virus is a small single-stranded RNA
virus with helical nucleocapsid
Infection occurs in 2 ways:
1) Co-infection: HBV and HDV both are transmitted
together parenterally (IV drug use, blood transfusions,
sexual contact, etc.) and cause an acute hepatitis
similar to that caused by HBV. Antibodies to HBsAg
will be protective against both, ending the infection
24. Delta Hepatitis (Hepatitis D)
2) Super infection: HDV infects a person who has
chronic HBV infection (like the 200 million worldwide
HBV carriers)
This results in acute hepatitis in a patient already
chronically infected with HBV. This HDV infection is often
severe, with a higher incidence of fulminant hepatitis,
cirrhosis, and a greater mortality (5-15%)
Diagnosis is made most commonly by demonstrating IgM
or IgG antibodies, or both, to the delta antigen in serum
IgM antibodies appear within 3 weeks of infection and
persist for several weeks. IgG antibodies persist for years
25. Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus in the flavivirus
family
There are at least six major genotypes, with multiple
subtypes
The genotypes have different geographic distributions
and may be associated with differing severity of
disease as well as response to therapy
26. Hepatitis C Disease
Hepatitis C is an insidious disease in that it does not
usually cause a clinically evident acute illness
Instead, its first manifestation (in 25% of those
infected) may be the presence of smoldering chronic
hepatitis that may ultimately lead to liver failure. Its
transmission is less well understood than for hepatitis
A, B, and D
27. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation
The transmission of hepatitis C by blood is well
documented: indeed, until screening blood for
transfusions was introduced, it caused the great
majority of cases of posttransfusion hepatitis
Hepatitis C may be sexually transmitted but to a much
lesser degree than hepatitis B. Needle sharing accounts
for up to 40% of cases
28. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation
The incubation period of hepatitis C averages 6–12
weeks
The infection is usually asymptomatic or mild and
anicteric but results in a chronic carrier state in up to
85% of adults of patients
The average time from infection to the development of
chronic hepatitis is 10–18 years
Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are late
sequelae of chronic hepatitis
29. Lab Diagnosis
Antigens of hepatitis C are not detectable in blood, so
diagnostic tests attempt to demonstrate antibody
Unfortunately, the antibody responses in acute disease
remain negative for 1 to 3 weeks after clinical onset and
may never become positive in up to 20% of patients
with acute, resolving disease
Quantitative assays of hepatitis C RNA may be used for
diagnosis
30. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a small, single-strand, non-enveloped RNA
virus that is similar to but distinct from caliciviruses
Transmission is by the faecal–oral route.
Outbreaks occur after contamination of water supplies or
food
It is found in Asia, Africa and Central America.
It usually causes a self-limiting hepatitis of varying severity
Diagnosis is by IgM or NAAT.
Infection is prevented by hygiene measures.
31. Hepatitis G
Hepatitis G is an RNA virus similar to hepatitis C and members of the
flavivirus family
An antibody assay can detect past, but not present, infection, and
detection of acute infection with hepatitis G requires a PCR assay for
viral RNA in serum.
Up to 2% of volunteer blood donors are seropositive for hepatitis G
RNA, which is a blood-borne virus
In addition to being closely related to hepatitis C, data suggest that the
majority of patients infected by hepatitis C are also infected by
hepatitis G. Given this association, it has been difficult to ascertain the
contribution of hepatitis G to clinical disease
Patients infected with both viruses do not appear to have worse disease
than those infected by hepatitis C virus only
Currently, there is no useful serologic test and no therapy is established