1) Helicobacter pylori infection is common and testing should be done for patients with dyspepsia, peptic ulcer history, or family history of gastric cancer.
2) The urea breath test is the best tool to detect active H. pylori infection.
3) Patients who test positive for H. pylori antibodies should undergo a urea breath test to confirm active infection before treatment.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori infection. It begins with a summary of the discovery of H. pylori, including Giulio Bizzozero's initial description in 1892 and Robin Warren and Barry Marshall's cultivation of H. pylori in 1982. It then covers the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, indications for treatment, methods for diagnosing infection, treatments for infection, and the role of H. pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer. Key points include that over 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori and treatment aims to cure ulcers and reduce cancer risk. Diagnosis involves non-invasive tests like serology or breath tests
This document provides information on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It begins with definitions and descriptions of GERD and its typical and atypical symptoms. It then discusses the pathophysiology, impact on quality of life, classification (NERD, erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus), and symptoms. Diagnostic testing options are presented including endoscopy, biopsies, and pH monitoring. Risk factors, prevalence worldwide, and limitations of current PPI therapies are reviewed. Finally, the document introduces Vonoprazan as a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker with advantages over PPIs such as longer half-life, rapid and sustained acid control demonstrated in clinical trials, and superior
This document discusses the role of probiotics in adult gastroenterology. It provides a brief history of probiotics dating back to Elie Metchnikof in 1908. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. The gut microbiota plays an important role in health, and probiotics may help treat or prevent conditions caused by microbial imbalances like infectious diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and liver diseases. Probiotics have demonstrated benefits, but their effects tend to be strain-specific and more research is still needed, especially for conditions like Crohn's disease. Safety concerns also exist for certain at-risk populations.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is associated with IBS, with the frequency of SIBO among IBS patients ranging from 4-78%. Treatment of SIBO in IBS patients using antibiotics like rifaximin and probiotics has been shown to significantly improve IBS symptoms. A clinical study evaluated the efficacy of rifaximin alone or in combination with the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum W11 in reducing IBS symptoms.
This document summarizes research on the risks associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Several studies found that PPI use increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection, with some finding over a 2-fold increased risk. Animal studies also showed PPIs can independently increase C. difficile colonization and toxicity. PPI use has also been associated with increased risks of pneumonia, hip fractures, and vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged use. While effective for treating acid-related conditions, PPIs may be overprescribed and their risks need to be carefully considered, especially with concomitant antibiotic use.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori infection. It begins with a summary of the discovery of H. pylori, including Giulio Bizzozero's initial description in 1892 and Robin Warren and Barry Marshall's cultivation of H. pylori in 1982. It then covers the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, indications for treatment, methods for diagnosing infection, treatments for infection, and the role of H. pylori eradication in preventing gastric cancer. Key points include that over 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori and treatment aims to cure ulcers and reduce cancer risk. Diagnosis involves non-invasive tests like serology or breath tests
This document provides information on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It begins with definitions and descriptions of GERD and its typical and atypical symptoms. It then discusses the pathophysiology, impact on quality of life, classification (NERD, erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus), and symptoms. Diagnostic testing options are presented including endoscopy, biopsies, and pH monitoring. Risk factors, prevalence worldwide, and limitations of current PPI therapies are reviewed. Finally, the document introduces Vonoprazan as a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker with advantages over PPIs such as longer half-life, rapid and sustained acid control demonstrated in clinical trials, and superior
This document discusses the role of probiotics in adult gastroenterology. It provides a brief history of probiotics dating back to Elie Metchnikof in 1908. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. The gut microbiota plays an important role in health, and probiotics may help treat or prevent conditions caused by microbial imbalances like infectious diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and liver diseases. Probiotics have demonstrated benefits, but their effects tend to be strain-specific and more research is still needed, especially for conditions like Crohn's disease. Safety concerns also exist for certain at-risk populations.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is associated with IBS, with the frequency of SIBO among IBS patients ranging from 4-78%. Treatment of SIBO in IBS patients using antibiotics like rifaximin and probiotics has been shown to significantly improve IBS symptoms. A clinical study evaluated the efficacy of rifaximin alone or in combination with the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum W11 in reducing IBS symptoms.
This document summarizes research on the risks associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Several studies found that PPI use increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection, with some finding over a 2-fold increased risk. Animal studies also showed PPIs can independently increase C. difficile colonization and toxicity. PPI use has also been associated with increased risks of pneumonia, hip fractures, and vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged use. While effective for treating acid-related conditions, PPIs may be overprescribed and their risks need to be carefully considered, especially with concomitant antibiotic use.
Fungal infections remain a major cause of illness and death, especially in immunocompromised patients. Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is effective against a wide range of fungi including Aspergillus and Candida. Studies have shown voriconazole to have higher response and survival rates compared to amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. It is also as effective as fluconazole for esophageal candidiasis. Voriconazole can be used alone or in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy for refractory infections.
This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori infections. It discusses that H. pylori is the most common bacterial infection worldwide, affecting 70-90% of populations in developing countries. While most infections are asymptomatic, H. pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease in 10% of individuals and gastric cancer in 1%. The document outlines the microbiology of H. pylori, describing it as a gram-negative, microaerophilic spiral bacterium. It also discusses the pathogenesis of H. pylori infections and indications for testing. Treatment guidelines and various testing methods like invasive biopsy-based testing and non-invasive breath and stool antigen tests are also summarized.
Helicobacter pylori associated Peptic ulcer diseaseS M Ali Hasan
Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease. It infects about half of the global population and transmission occurs through person-to-person contact or from infected instruments. Only 10-15% of infected individuals develop ulcers or other diseases. In Bangladesh, H. pylori infection rates are very high, ranging from 67-92% in studies. Treatment involves antibiotic regimens but resistance is a problem, with high rates of resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin seen in Bangladesh. Management of peptic ulcers involves testing and treating H. pylori, endoscopic treatment for bleeding ulcers, and maintenance therapy to prevent
Pharmacological management of irritable bowel diseaseDr. Marya Ahsan
A 40-year-old nurse complains of gastrointestinal issues including nausea, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and left lower quadrant pain with bowel movements for the past 4 years. Examinations and tests were negative. Her symptoms are consistent with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is diagnosed based on recurrent abdominal pain associated with changes in stool frequency or form. It can be caused by issues with intestinal motility, perception, or microbiota. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and may include diet, lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, and various drug therapies depending on the IBS subtype.
This document discusses guidelines for treating H. pylori infection from the 2010 Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. It recommends first-line treatments including standard triple therapy, sequential therapy, and bismuth quadruple therapy. For second-line treatment for infections that failed first-line treatment, levofloxacin-based triple therapy is recommended. However, resistance to levofloxacin is rising. Optimal treatment regimens depend on the local prevalence of clarithromycin resistance. Culture-guided, high-dose dual PPI, and rifabutin-based therapies are recommended for infections that failed two prior treatments.
This document discusses refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a patient taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It defines refractory GERD as persisting symptoms or lack of esophageal healing despite standard PPI treatment. It then explores potential mechanisms for refractory GERD related to PPIs, such as non-compliance, improper dosing, or PPI resistance, as well as mechanisms unrelated to PPIs like weakly acidic or alkaline reflux, bile reflux, esophageal hypersensitivity, and nocturnal acid breakthrough. Finally, it discusses diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for evaluating and managing refractory GERD.
Biological therapy for Ulcerative colitisDr Amit Dangi
The document discusses biological therapy options for ulcerative colitis (UC), including anti-TNF agents. It summarizes key trials on infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab. The ACT1 and ACT2 trials found infliximab effective for inducing and maintaining remission in moderate-to-severe UC. The ULTRA1 and ULTRA2 trials showed adalimumab induced remission and was effective for maintenance therapy. The PURSUIT trials found golimumab induced clinical response and remission in UC patients. Anti-TNF agents are effective treatment options for moderate-to-severe UC when conventional therapies are inadequate.
Dr. T.V. Rao provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Some key points:
- H. pylori was discovered in 1983 by Warren and Marshall and linked to gastritis and ulcers. They received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- H. pylori colonizes the stomach of about half of individuals worldwide. It is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in rare
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori, including its characteristics, mechanisms of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and antibiotic resistance patterns. Some key points:
- H. pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach and is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. It produces urease and adheres to gastric epithelial cells.
- Virulence factors like the cag pathogenicity island and vacuolating cytotoxin A are associated with more severe disease outcomes. Persistent inflammation driven by H. pylori infection increases cancer risks.
- Diagnosis involves invasive tests like biopsy and culture or non-invasive breath, stool, and blood tests.
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
The document discusses acid peptic disorders and treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It notes that while all PPIs are generally effective, they differ in properties like onset of action and ability to control symptoms rapidly. Rabeprazole is highlighted as a PPI that may have advantages over others due to its faster onset of activity from more rapid activation rates, potentially providing quicker symptom relief. Clinical studies demonstrate rabeprazole's effectiveness in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The document discusses the history and discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its role in peptic ulcer disease. It describes how in the 1980s, Drs. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered that H. pylori infection was a major cause of peptic ulcers, overturning decades of belief. Their discovery was initially met with resistance from the medical community but was later recognized with the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The document also discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and antibiotic resistance of H. pylori infection.
Recent advances in the management of ulcerative colitis include new drug delivery systems that allow for once daily dosing and improved targeting of drugs to the colon. Newer formulations of mesalamine like MMX and granules have been shown to improve remission rates and patient adherence compared to older formulations. Other advances include the use of probiotics like VSL#3, low molecular weight heparins delivered to the colon via MMX tablets, and natural anti-inflammatories like curcumin, which has been shown to maintain remission in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Endoscopic techniques like chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, and confocal laser endomicroscopy have also improved detection of
Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseShreya Gupta
This document discusses recent advances in pharmacotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It begins by introducing IBD as consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which result from a dysregulated immune response in the gut. Recent treatment advances discussed include Janus kinase inhibitors like tofacitinib, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators like ozanimod, and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Upcoming therapies discussed are conventional small molecules and more expensive biologic drugs targeting pathways like JAK and integrins. Safety concerns are highlighted for immunomodulators commonly used to treat IBD.
This document discusses biologics and biosimilars. It begins by explaining that biologics are large protein molecules derived from living cells that are used to treat diseases. Examples include human growth hormone, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies. Biosimilars are similar but not generic versions of innovator biologic products. The document outlines key differences between biologics and small molecule drugs, challenges in developing biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, and regulatory guidelines for approving biosimilars from organizations like WHO. It also discusses benefits and concerns regarding the use of biosimilars.
Tarceva® ( erlotinib )
Indicated for :the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that has failed prior chemotherapy
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Type 1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Helicobacter pylori is the most common chronic bacterial infection worldwide. It colonizes the stomach and can cause gastric and duodenal ulcers or increase the risk of stomach cancer. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors over 10-14 days, with success rates around 70-90% depending on the regimen. Factors like antibiotic resistance in the region affect treatment outcomes. Eradication is important to prevent future complications and is confirmed after treatment via a urea breath test or stool antigen test.
This document discusses Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C. difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can cause a range from asymptomatic infection to severe life-threatening complications. The document outlines risk factors for CDI, mechanisms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing approaches, and treatment guidelines including options for mild-moderate cases, severe cases, recurrent cases, and surgical intervention if needed. Prevention strategies like antibiotic stewardship and infection control are also discussed.
Case Studies: HBeAg Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Yeong Yeh Lee
This document presents a clinical case scenario of a 45-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B infection. Key details include that he is HBeAg negative with normal liver enzymes and ultrasound. His HBV DNA level is 55,000 copies/ml. He was started on lamivudine and had an initial good response but later experienced a virologic breakthrough associated with development of lamivudine resistance. Treatment options for lamivudine resistant HBV are discussed.
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that infects the stomachs of approximately half of the world's population. It is the primary cause of peptic ulcers and is associated with chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. In Pakistan, a study found the prevalence of H. pylori infection to be 74.4%, with risk factors including presence of household animals and larger family size. H. pylori infection is usually treated with a combination of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, and bismuth to achieve eradication rates as high as 93%.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), including its epidemiology, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- H. pylori was first discovered in 1982 and linked to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. It is acquired primarily in childhood and transmitted within families.
- Asia has a high prevalence of around 58%. Risk factors include poor hygiene and high population density.
- Complications include gastric cancer, ulcers, gastric MALT lymphoma, and intestinal metaplasia.
- Diagnosis involves tests like the urea breath test, stool antigen test, and endoscopy. Treatment guidelines recommend testing dyspepsia, ulcer,
Fungal infections remain a major cause of illness and death, especially in immunocompromised patients. Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is effective against a wide range of fungi including Aspergillus and Candida. Studies have shown voriconazole to have higher response and survival rates compared to amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. It is also as effective as fluconazole for esophageal candidiasis. Voriconazole can be used alone or in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy for refractory infections.
This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori infections. It discusses that H. pylori is the most common bacterial infection worldwide, affecting 70-90% of populations in developing countries. While most infections are asymptomatic, H. pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease in 10% of individuals and gastric cancer in 1%. The document outlines the microbiology of H. pylori, describing it as a gram-negative, microaerophilic spiral bacterium. It also discusses the pathogenesis of H. pylori infections and indications for testing. Treatment guidelines and various testing methods like invasive biopsy-based testing and non-invasive breath and stool antigen tests are also summarized.
Helicobacter pylori associated Peptic ulcer diseaseS M Ali Hasan
Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease. It infects about half of the global population and transmission occurs through person-to-person contact or from infected instruments. Only 10-15% of infected individuals develop ulcers or other diseases. In Bangladesh, H. pylori infection rates are very high, ranging from 67-92% in studies. Treatment involves antibiotic regimens but resistance is a problem, with high rates of resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin seen in Bangladesh. Management of peptic ulcers involves testing and treating H. pylori, endoscopic treatment for bleeding ulcers, and maintenance therapy to prevent
Pharmacological management of irritable bowel diseaseDr. Marya Ahsan
A 40-year-old nurse complains of gastrointestinal issues including nausea, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and left lower quadrant pain with bowel movements for the past 4 years. Examinations and tests were negative. Her symptoms are consistent with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is diagnosed based on recurrent abdominal pain associated with changes in stool frequency or form. It can be caused by issues with intestinal motility, perception, or microbiota. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and may include diet, lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, and various drug therapies depending on the IBS subtype.
This document discusses guidelines for treating H. pylori infection from the 2010 Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. It recommends first-line treatments including standard triple therapy, sequential therapy, and bismuth quadruple therapy. For second-line treatment for infections that failed first-line treatment, levofloxacin-based triple therapy is recommended. However, resistance to levofloxacin is rising. Optimal treatment regimens depend on the local prevalence of clarithromycin resistance. Culture-guided, high-dose dual PPI, and rifabutin-based therapies are recommended for infections that failed two prior treatments.
This document discusses refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a patient taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It defines refractory GERD as persisting symptoms or lack of esophageal healing despite standard PPI treatment. It then explores potential mechanisms for refractory GERD related to PPIs, such as non-compliance, improper dosing, or PPI resistance, as well as mechanisms unrelated to PPIs like weakly acidic or alkaline reflux, bile reflux, esophageal hypersensitivity, and nocturnal acid breakthrough. Finally, it discusses diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for evaluating and managing refractory GERD.
Biological therapy for Ulcerative colitisDr Amit Dangi
The document discusses biological therapy options for ulcerative colitis (UC), including anti-TNF agents. It summarizes key trials on infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab. The ACT1 and ACT2 trials found infliximab effective for inducing and maintaining remission in moderate-to-severe UC. The ULTRA1 and ULTRA2 trials showed adalimumab induced remission and was effective for maintenance therapy. The PURSUIT trials found golimumab induced clinical response and remission in UC patients. Anti-TNF agents are effective treatment options for moderate-to-severe UC when conventional therapies are inadequate.
Dr. T.V. Rao provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Some key points:
- H. pylori was discovered in 1983 by Warren and Marshall and linked to gastritis and ulcers. They received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- H. pylori colonizes the stomach of about half of individuals worldwide. It is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in rare
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori, including its characteristics, mechanisms of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and antibiotic resistance patterns. Some key points:
- H. pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach and is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. It produces urease and adheres to gastric epithelial cells.
- Virulence factors like the cag pathogenicity island and vacuolating cytotoxin A are associated with more severe disease outcomes. Persistent inflammation driven by H. pylori infection increases cancer risks.
- Diagnosis involves invasive tests like biopsy and culture or non-invasive breath, stool, and blood tests.
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
The document discusses acid peptic disorders and treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It notes that while all PPIs are generally effective, they differ in properties like onset of action and ability to control symptoms rapidly. Rabeprazole is highlighted as a PPI that may have advantages over others due to its faster onset of activity from more rapid activation rates, potentially providing quicker symptom relief. Clinical studies demonstrate rabeprazole's effectiveness in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The document discusses the history and discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its role in peptic ulcer disease. It describes how in the 1980s, Drs. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered that H. pylori infection was a major cause of peptic ulcers, overturning decades of belief. Their discovery was initially met with resistance from the medical community but was later recognized with the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The document also discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and antibiotic resistance of H. pylori infection.
Recent advances in the management of ulcerative colitis include new drug delivery systems that allow for once daily dosing and improved targeting of drugs to the colon. Newer formulations of mesalamine like MMX and granules have been shown to improve remission rates and patient adherence compared to older formulations. Other advances include the use of probiotics like VSL#3, low molecular weight heparins delivered to the colon via MMX tablets, and natural anti-inflammatories like curcumin, which has been shown to maintain remission in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Endoscopic techniques like chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, and confocal laser endomicroscopy have also improved detection of
Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseShreya Gupta
This document discusses recent advances in pharmacotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It begins by introducing IBD as consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which result from a dysregulated immune response in the gut. Recent treatment advances discussed include Janus kinase inhibitors like tofacitinib, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators like ozanimod, and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Upcoming therapies discussed are conventional small molecules and more expensive biologic drugs targeting pathways like JAK and integrins. Safety concerns are highlighted for immunomodulators commonly used to treat IBD.
This document discusses biologics and biosimilars. It begins by explaining that biologics are large protein molecules derived from living cells that are used to treat diseases. Examples include human growth hormone, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies. Biosimilars are similar but not generic versions of innovator biologic products. The document outlines key differences between biologics and small molecule drugs, challenges in developing biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, and regulatory guidelines for approving biosimilars from organizations like WHO. It also discusses benefits and concerns regarding the use of biosimilars.
Tarceva® ( erlotinib )
Indicated for :the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that has failed prior chemotherapy
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Type 1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Helicobacter pylori is the most common chronic bacterial infection worldwide. It colonizes the stomach and can cause gastric and duodenal ulcers or increase the risk of stomach cancer. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors over 10-14 days, with success rates around 70-90% depending on the regimen. Factors like antibiotic resistance in the region affect treatment outcomes. Eradication is important to prevent future complications and is confirmed after treatment via a urea breath test or stool antigen test.
This document discusses Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C. difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can cause a range from asymptomatic infection to severe life-threatening complications. The document outlines risk factors for CDI, mechanisms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing approaches, and treatment guidelines including options for mild-moderate cases, severe cases, recurrent cases, and surgical intervention if needed. Prevention strategies like antibiotic stewardship and infection control are also discussed.
Case Studies: HBeAg Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Yeong Yeh Lee
This document presents a clinical case scenario of a 45-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B infection. Key details include that he is HBeAg negative with normal liver enzymes and ultrasound. His HBV DNA level is 55,000 copies/ml. He was started on lamivudine and had an initial good response but later experienced a virologic breakthrough associated with development of lamivudine resistance. Treatment options for lamivudine resistant HBV are discussed.
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that infects the stomachs of approximately half of the world's population. It is the primary cause of peptic ulcers and is associated with chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. In Pakistan, a study found the prevalence of H. pylori infection to be 74.4%, with risk factors including presence of household animals and larger family size. H. pylori infection is usually treated with a combination of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, and bismuth to achieve eradication rates as high as 93%.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), including its epidemiology, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- H. pylori was first discovered in 1982 and linked to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. It is acquired primarily in childhood and transmitted within families.
- Asia has a high prevalence of around 58%. Risk factors include poor hygiene and high population density.
- Complications include gastric cancer, ulcers, gastric MALT lymphoma, and intestinal metaplasia.
- Diagnosis involves tests like the urea breath test, stool antigen test, and endoscopy. Treatment guidelines recommend testing dyspepsia, ulcer,
Approach to Uninvestigated Dyspepsia.pptxAshishSatyal2
This document discusses the approach to uninvestigated dyspepsia. It recommends taking a thorough history and physical examination. Initial management strategies include prompt endoscopy, testing and treating for H. pylori infection, or empirical antisecretory drug therapy. The preferred initial approach depends on the patient's age, risk factors, and prevalence of H. pylori infection in the population. Additional testing may be considered if symptoms remain refractory.
Need a response to the following Therapy guidelines for H. .docxdohertyjoetta
Need a response to the following:
Therapy guidelines for H. Pylori Treatment
H. Pylori remains to be one of the most common chronic bacterial infection affecting humans. Research shows that H. Pylori is normally acquired during childhood, with most victims being those who are socially disadvantaged and people who have migrated to North America (Chey et al., 2017). Although currently, there are no new drugs that have been developed, treatment primarily depends on a mixture of antibiotics and anti-secretory agents. H. Pylori treatment regimens are such as triple therapy, sequential therapy, quadruple treatment, and levofloxacin-based triple therapy (De Francesco et al., 2017). In selecting the best treatment regimen, it’s important to consider previous antibiotic exposure, the rate of eradication, and regional antibiotic-resistance patterns as these can affect the successful treatment of the condition (Myran & Zarbock, 2018). Additionally, it can be noted that for a treatment to be effective and successful, then host factors such as allergies and patient adherence need to be considered (Fashner & Gitu, 2015).
Recent treatment guidelines have recommended quadruple therapy, which consists of PPI and three antibiotics (metronidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin), which are to be administered concurrently (Chey et al., 2017). According to Shiotani et al. (2017), the rationale for this treatment option is that it’s not evidence-based but “hope-based” because gastroenterologists do believe that the infection would be susceptible to metronidazole or clarithromycin.
Patient compliance is a key factor that would determine treatment success. To minimize cases of side effects, clinicians should talk to their patients to adhere to their treatment plans and also instruct their patients on the right time to take their doses in relation to their meal (Li et al., 2019). Patients should be informed that they should avoid taking alcohol with metronidazole, avoid cheese, soy beans, and soy sauce taken with furazolidone (Li et al., 2019). Finally, it’s important to advice the patient to maintain personal hygiene by taking clean water and avoid ingesting contaminated food.
The original work is below in case you needed:
GI Case Study:
Chief complaint:
“I have recurrent H. Pylori infection”.
HPI:
M.C. a 46-year-old Hispanic female presents to the GI clinic for complaint of recurrent H. Pylori infection. She was treated about 2 ½ months ago with H. Pylori triple therapy and failed treatment. She has PMH of dyspepsia, and GERD. She also indicates that she has noticed that her symptoms of dyspepsia are worsening for past 2 months. She has associated her symptoms with nausea, upset stomach with all foods. Denies associated symptoms of hematochezia, melena, hemoptysis, abdominal pain, fever, chills, pain or any other symptoms.
PMH:
H. Pylori infection gastritis
Diabetes Mellitus, type 2
Surgeries:
None
Allergies
:
NKDA
.
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common bacterial infection worldwide. It causes chronic gastritis and is linked to peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and lymphoma. Infection rates are higher and acquired earlier in developing countries due to socioeconomic factors. H. pylori is transmitted person-to-person through fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. Treatment requires antibiotic therapy, with clarithromycin-based regimens avoided if there are risk factors for resistance. Eradication should be confirmed with follow-up testing, and culture-guided treatment used for patients who fail multiple regimens.
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Dyspepsia, or indigestion, is a common condition affecting 20-30% of the world's population. It includes symptoms like epigastric pain, burning, fullness, and early satiety. While most cases are functional, endoscopy is recommended for patients over age 40, those with red flag symptoms, or a family history of GI cancer to check for potential organic causes like ulcers or cancer. Studies show clinically significant findings in over 90% of dyspeptic patients undergoing endoscopy, including gastritis, ulcers, and rare cases of cancer. Long term PPI use for uninvestigated dyspepsia can increase risks of malabsorption and infections. Thus, thorough evaluation is
This document presents a case study of a 31-year-old female patient complaining of worsening heartburn impairing her quality of life for the past year. A trial of PPI therapy provided marked improvement in her symptoms. Two months later, her symptoms recurred, and an endoscopy showed a small hiatal hernia with no signs of reflux and positive H. pylori infection. Ambulatory pH monitoring showed pathological acid reflux. She was treated for H. pylori and maintained on PPI therapy, but complained of increased nocturnal heartburn on step-down therapy. The document discusses various treatment approaches and indications for surgery based on the patient's case.
This document presents a case study of a 31-year-old female patient complaining of worsening heartburn impairing her quality of life for the past year. A trial of PPI therapy provided marked improvement in her symptoms. Two months later, her symptoms recurred, and an endoscopy showed a small hiatal hernia with no signs of reflux and positive H. pylori infection. Ambulatory pH monitoring showed pathological acid reflux. She was treated for H. pylori and maintained on PPI therapy, but complained of increased nocturnal heartburn on step-down therapy. The document discusses various treatment approaches and indications for surgery.
This document provides guidelines from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy on the role of endoscopy in evaluating patients with dyspepsia. It recommends that patients over 50 years old or those exhibiting alarm features should undergo endoscopic evaluation, while those under 50 without alarm features can be initially treated with noninvasive H. pylori testing and treatment if positive or a short course of PPIs. For patients who do not respond to or have recurring symptoms after these initial approaches, endoscopy is recommended to exclude structural diseases. The guidelines aim to optimize the use of endoscopy for diagnosing conditions like peptic ulcer disease or malignancy while avoiding unnecessary endoscopies.
GIT Kurdistan Board J club Functional heart burn16.Shaikhani.
- The patient has heartburn that does not respond to PPI therapy and has a normal endoscopy. Based on these findings, the most likely diagnosis is functional heartburn (FH). FH is diagnosed when there are typical reflux symptoms but normal acid exposure and no correlation between symptoms and reflux events.
- FH affects both men and women and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, esophageal dysmotility, and traits seen in other functional gastrointestinal disorders. Diagnosis involves ruling out underlying reflux disease or motility issues through endoscopy, pH testing, and motility studies.
- FH has a benign clinical course but can impact quality of life. Treatment focuses on reassurance and lifestyle changes rather than acid
The lecture was presented during the 13th annual conference of KLRC held in Alexandria 15 -17 August 2017
The lecture was directed to describe the current situation of H.Pylori infection in middle east ,particularly in Egypt , and to put some spotlights on the current regimens of treatment , and the situation of antibiotic resistance in Egypt and its impact on treatment choice
Postpartum Meningitis by Enterococcus Faecalis Secondary to Neuraxial AnesthesiaAnonIshanvi
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for 12 patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Baseline symptoms and scores were assessed using IBS severity scores, Birmingham IBS symptom scores, and quality of life questionnaires. Patients underwent FMT and were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months. Scores showed significant improvement from baseline to 3 months after FMT, including reduced IBS severity scores and Birmingham scores. FMT was found to provide significant symptom relief for IBS-D over 6 months with no serious adverse events reported.
This document summarizes guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) from the 2013 American College of Gastroenterology. Some of the key points include:
- PPIs are generally safe and effective for treating GERD symptoms but may be associated with rare adverse events like C. difficile infection.
- Screening for Barrett's esophagus should only be done in high-risk patients based on severity and duration of GERD symptoms.
- pH testing on or off PPIs can help diagnose GERD but impedance testing is preferred to detect non-acid reflux as well.
- Weight loss, head of bed elevation, and avoiding
Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter PyloriMelissa Dudas
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterial pathogen that can cause peptic ulcers and is responsible for most stomach cancers. It begins by providing background on the history of understanding H. pylori's role in ulcers. It was originally thought that stress and diet caused ulcers, but in 1982 Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered the connection between H. pylori and ulcers. The document then discusses how H. pylori can cause ulcers if left untreated in the stomach or duodenum. It also notes that H. pylori infection is very common, affecting over half of the world's population.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
This article presents a case report of a 26-year-old woman diagnosed with hereditary angioedema (HAE) with intestinal involvement after 13 years of recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and swelling of the hands, lips and eyelids. Over this period, she underwent six laparoscopic surgeries that revealed small amounts of free intraperitoneal fluid but no definitive cause of her symptoms. Biochemical testing found decreased levels of C1 esterase inhibitor and C4, confirming the diagnosis of HAE. Treatment with oxandrolone has partially controlled her abdominal pain attacks by decreasing their frequency. The case report discusses the challenges of diagnosing intestinal angioedema and highlights the importance of considering HAE
This document discusses acid-peptic disease including lifestyle measures, pharmacological treatments, and Helicobacter pylori infection. It notes that lifestyle measures alone are generally insufficient to treat acid-peptic disease. It describes the evolution of pharmacological therapies from antacids to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are the most effective initial treatment. PPIs provide rapid symptom relief and healing, even in more severe cases. The document also discusses H. pylori infection in relation to acid secretion, ulcer pathogenesis, and its role in gastroesophageal reflux disease and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ulcers. It provides recommendations for testing and treating H. pylori infection.
The document outlines the treatment plan for dyspepsia in primary health care. It recommends clarification, reassurance, advice, prescribing, referral, investigation, observation, and prevention (CRAPRIOP) as the initial approach. Pharmacologic therapy includes testing patients for H. pylori infection and treating if positive. Eradication of H. pylori reduces symptom recurrence. Confirmation of eradication is important due to increasing antibiotic resistance and can be done via breath, stool, or endoscopy tests. NSAIDs are a common cause of ulcers in H. pylori negative patients. Complications of ulcers include bleeding, perforation, penetration, and gastric cancer.
Similar to Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Management in 2020 (20)
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and summarizes a case study of a 32-year-old female patient, Ms. Lee, experiencing IBS symptoms. It covers the evolving diagnostic criteria for IBS, potential treatments including lifestyle modifications, medications, probiotics, and the relationship between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and IBS. Hydrogen breath testing is presented as a non-invasive way to diagnose SIBO, though it has limitations. The antibiotic rifaximin is introduced as a treatment option for patients who test positive for SIBO.
Common liver Disease in Primary Care SettingChernHaoChong
- The document discusses common liver problems encountered in primary care, including abnormal liver function tests, abnormal findings on liver ultrasound, and viral hepatitis serology interpretations.
- Studies show that only a small percentage of abnormal liver function tests are actually due to liver disease, while the majority are caused by cancer, cardiovascular disease, or respiratory disease.
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasingly common in Asia, with genetic factors playing a stronger role. Screening and management of metabolic complications is important when NAFLD/NASH is identified.
- Assessment for significant liver fibrosis or cirrhosis is important for high-risk NAFLD/NASH patients, while lifestyle modifications remain the first-line
The document discusses GI and liver problems commonly seen in elderly patients and how management may differ. Physiologic declines with aging can impact the GI tract indirectly by increasing other medical issues. Common GI problems include swallowing difficulties, constipation, weight loss, and anemia. Liver disease progression may be faster in elderly due to reduced regenerative ability and increased susceptibility to injury from medications. Careful evaluation and treatment of underlying conditions is important when managing GI and liver issues in elderly patients.
Speaker Reuben Wong gave an update on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). He discussed that IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by Rome criteria as abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel habits. IBS has multiple contributing factors including genetics, infections, stress, diet, gut sensitivity, and microbiota imbalance. While there is no cure, treatment approaches aim to manage symptoms and target specific factors, with options including dietary modification, probiotics, psychological interventions, and new pharmacologic therapies tailored to IBS subtypes and severity of symptoms.
This talk discusses GI/liver side effects of commonly used drugs and provides guidance on advising patients and monitoring or preventing adverse effects. It covers factors that may contribute to side effects like drug interactions and underlying diseases. Specific drugs discussed include statins, NSAIDs, aspirin, and ketoconazole. The speaker emphasizes advising patients on medication use and seeking medical help if unwell, considering individual risk factors when prescribing or recommending prophylaxis, and consulting specialists if serious adverse effects occur.
1. The document discusses updated guidelines for screening of GI cancers, including colorectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers.
2. For colorectal cancer screening, average risk adults aged 50-75 should be screened with stool tests every 2 years or colonoscopy every 10 years. Surveillance intervals for colon polyps have been adjusted to be less frequent in most cases.
3. For stomach cancer screening, guidelines agree routine screening is not recommended but may be considered for high risk populations. If gastric intestinal metaplasia is found, H. pylori testing and treatment is recommended, without routine endoscopic surveillance.
4. For pancreatic cancer, guidelines recommend against routine screening for asymptomatic adults as there is no
1. The document discusses various gastrointestinal disorders that can present with non-gastrointestinal symptoms, including GERD, asthma, chronic cough, chest pain, ENT symptoms, and others.
2. It provides an overview of approaches to evaluating these atypical presentations, including pH monitoring, impedance monitoring, treatment with PPIs, and considering other potential etiologies.
3. Surgical intervention may be considered for refractory cases, though response is variable depending on the specific disorder and symptoms. Overall, the document aims to help clinicians avoid pitfalls in diagnosing and managing GI disorders that present atypically.
gutCARE IBS Talk on 20/5/2020.
In this talk, we update Singapore local epidemiology about increasing trend of IBS locally since 1998. There is also challenges in diagnosing IBS confidently in primary care due to patient presentation and symptoms.
We also update audience about latest diagnostic criteria for IBS.
New treatment for IBS, relationship between Small intestine bacterial overgrowth and IBS and the role of hydrogen breath testing in managing IBS.
We hope you enjoy the slides.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Management in 2020
1. Helicobacter Pylori
Challenges and Updates in 2020
Speaker : Chong Chern Hao
Moderator : Dr Jarrod Lee
gutCARE Digestive◦Liver◦Endoscopy Associates
2. Main objectives
• Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
• Risk factors
• Complication of HP infection
• Specialized diagnostic tests
• Treatment
• Common scenarios in clinical practice
2
3. Introduction
• Barry Mashall and Robin Warren first came across a recurrent gastric /duodenal
ulcer patient in 1982. First published Helicobacter Pylori infection in THE LANCET
1984
• 1985, Marshall drank a broth contained H Pylori bacteria , he did a pre and post
scope showing normal stomach later infected with H Pylori with new gastritis.
This was published in Medical Journal of Australia in 1985.
• Marshall and Robin were awarded Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2005.
3
4. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HP INFECTION
Zamani, M, Ebrahimtabar, F, Zamani, V, et al. Systematic review with
meta‐analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter
pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 47: 868– 876.
Asia HP Prevalence : 58%
Risk factors: Poor household hygiene, high density population, bed
sharing in childhood, lack of running water
5. Complications of HP infection
5
1) Gastric Adenocarcinoma
2) Bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcer
3) Gastric MALT(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Lymphoma
4) Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Changes
5) a/w squamous cell oesophageal cancer
6) a/w idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura due to anti – CagA
ab cross react with platelet antigens
6. Intestinal Metaplasia - Clinical
Implications
Pangastritis (85%): HP infection
of stomach body causing
suppression of parietal cells and
acid production, leading to
atrophic changes and intestinal
metaplasia, increase risk of
stomach cancer
Antral-type gastritis ( 15%) :
decrease somatostatin and
increase gastrin secretion,
causing increase acid secretion,
increase risk of stomach and
duodenal ulcer.
8. Which Patients to Survey
8
AGA 2019 advised against routine use of endoscopic surveillance for patient with
gastric IM
Pool prevalence of GIM in 897,371 patients is 4.8%
3,5,10 years cumulative gastric cancer incidence : 0.4%, 1.1% , 1.6%
Patient with Gastric IM with specifically higher risk of gastric cancer include those:
> 45 Years old
1) Family history of gastric cancer
2) Extensive IM
3) Incomplete IM
Conditional, Very
Low Evidence
9. Common Clinical Scenarios
9
1) When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter Pylori
infection for patient?
2) A Patient with history of dyspepsia found to have HP
positive, now his family came to ask about HP testing,
they are asymptomatic, should I do the test for them?
3) A Patient was seen in my clinic for reflux disease,
should I do HP testing for patient?
4) There are many HP treatment in guideline with different
durations, which one should I choose?
5) My Patient failed first line therapy, what should I do?
10. 1)When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter
Pylori infection for patient?
Indication Evidence
Current/Past hx of peptic ulcer disease 1A
Uninvestigated Dyspepsia 1A
Reflux Symptoms 1C
Gastric MALT Lymphoma 1B
Family hx of gastric cancer 1B
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia 1B
Family hx of peptic ulcer disease 1B
Consider in family members residing in same
household as patients with proven HP infection
1B
El-Serag HB, Kao JY, Kanwal F, et al. Houston
Consensus Conference on Testing for Helicobacter
pylori Infection in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2018;16(7):992-1002.e6.
11. 11
1)When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter
Pylori infection for patient with dyspepsia?
• Uninvestigated dyspepsia may have underlying H pylori related
peptic ulcer disease, estimated NNT 8 to achieve 1 symptomatic
response.
• Test and treat strategy has been proposed in American college
of gastroenterology, Canadian and Kyoto guidelines
• HP eradication may not resolve the clinical problem, but
successful eradication will reduce significantly long term risk of
peptic ulcer or gastric cancer
Mass Eradication of Helicobacter pylorito Prevent Gastric
Cancer: Theoretical and Practical Considerations.Lee YC,
Chiang TH, Liou JM, Chen HH, Wu MS, Graham DY
Gut Liver. 2016 Jan; 10(1):12-26.
12. Common Clinical Scenarios
12
1) When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter Pylori
infection for patient?
2) A Patient with history of dyspepsia found to have HP
positive, now his family came to ask about HP testing,
they are asymptomatic, should I do the test for them?
3) A Patient was seen in my clinic for reflux disease,
should I do HP testing for patient?
4) Is Helicobacter Pylori re-infection common?
5) There are many HP treatment in guideline with different
durations, which one should I choose?
6) My Patient failed first line therapy, what should I do?
13. 13
A Patient with history of dyspepsia found to
have HP positive, now his family came to ask
about HP testing, they are asymptomatic,
should I do the test for them?
• 1st degree relatives of those with symptomatic H pylori disease
are usually raised in the same environment as the affected
patient
• H pylori is primarily acquired in childhood and transmitted within
famiies, 1st degree relatives are at increase risk of similar
disease outcome, leading to recommendation of test and treat
strategy.
• This is particularly important in countries with higher gastric
cancer prevalence, such as Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan.
Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of
gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori.El-Omar EM,
Oien K, Murray LS, El-Nujumi A, Wirz A, Gillen D, Williams C,
Fullarton G, McColl KE
Gastroenterology. 2000 Jan; 118(1):22-30.
14. Common Clinical Scenarios
14
1) When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter Pylori
infection for patient?
2) A Patient with history of dyspepsia found to have HP
positive, now his family came to ask about HP testing,
they are asymptomatic, should I do the test for them?
3) A Patient was seen in my clinic for reflux disease,
should I do HP testing for patient?
4) There are many HP treatment in guideline with different
durations, which one should I choose?
5) My Patient failed first line therapy, what should I do?
15. 15
A Patient was seen in my clinic for reflux
disease, should I do HP testing for patient?
• GERD is typically a manifestation of robust acid secretion and
abnormal oesophagogastric antireflux barrier.
• High acid output sometimes can be associated with antral type
HP gastritis.
• Unfortunately, Studies shows that treatment of HP in patient
with GERD does not alter the symptoms.
• Thus test is only recommended if patient has concomitant
dyspeptic symptoms, or those who are high risk of HP related
disease.
Raghunath A, Hungin AP, Wooff D, et al. Prevalence
of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal
reflux disease: systematic review. BMJ 2003;326:737
Moayyedi P, Bardhan C, Young L, et al. Helicobacter
pylori eradication does not exacerbate reflux symptoms in
gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2001
16. Approach to Dyspepsia
16
Alarm features? NSAIDS?
> 40, history of GERD?
YES No
OGD to look for
1) Peptic Ulcer
2) Gastric Cancer
3) Barrett’s oesophagus
Non invasive test for HP
infection ( stop PPI 2 weeks)
- UBT
- Stool Antigen Test
- HP serology
Treat if positive, confirm
eradication 4-6 weeks later w
UBT
Trial of PPI x 2-4 weeks
Symptoms persistent
Treat based on findings
17. Helicobacter Pylori Tests
17
Test Advantages Disadvantages
Serology Accesible, least expensive Does not differentiate
current/past infection, cannot
confirm eradication
Stool Antigen test High negative/positive PPV
Use for confirmation
eradication/active infection
Stool sample required,
discontinuation of abx, PPI
Urea Breath Test High negative/positive PPV
Use for confirmation
eradication/active infection
Need resources/trained
personnel
Discontinuation of abx, PPI
Endoscopic
Culture Specificity, test for abx sn Not widely available, variable
sensitivity
Histology Good sn/sp
Provides information such as
intestinal metaplasia, atrophic
gastritis
Requires endoscopy, higher
cost, inter observer variability
Rapid Urease based tests Good sn/sp, rapid,
inexpensive
Requires discontinuation of
antibiotics, PPI.
18. Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori infections
18
Special considerations:
1) Antibiotics previously used by patient
2) Drug allergy
3) Antibiotic Resistance Rate
4) Local guidelines
19. H Pylori Antibiotic resistance in
ASEAN
19
Asian Pac J Cancer May 2018
Antibiotic
resistance profile
China 2019
Clarithromycin 31%
Metronidazole 78%
Levofloxacin 56%
Amoxicillin 9%
Tetrcycline 15%
20. Common Clinical Scenarios
20
1) When Should I Test Patient for Helicobacter Pylori
infection for patient?
2) A Patient with history of dyspepsia found to have HP
positive, now his family came to ask about HP testing,
they are asymptomatic, should I do the test for them?
3) A Patient was seen in my clinic for reflux disease,
should I do HP testing for patient?
4) There are many HP treatment in guideline with different
durations, which one should I choose?
5) My Patient failed first line therapy, what should I do?
21. Treatment Strategies
21
First LIne Duration Eradication
No Penicillin
allergy
1) Amoxicillin 1g BD, Clarithromycin 500mg BD, PPI
BD
2) Amoxicillin 1g BD, Clarithromycin 500mg BD, PPI
BD, Metronidazole 400mg TDS
3) Bismuth subcitrate 240mg BD/subsalicylate 525mg
QDS, metronidazole 400mg TDS, Tetracycline 500
QDS, PPI BD
4) Amoxicillin 1g BD, clarithromycin 500mg BD,
Bismuth and PPI BD
10-14D 70-85%
70-85%
75-90%
Singapore Data Amoxicillin 1g BD, Clarithromycin 500mg BD, PPI BD 7 Days
10 Days
14 Days
76.9%
88.3%
92%
Penicillin Allergy Bismuth subcitrate 240mg BD/subsalicylate 525mg
QDS, metronidazole 400mg TDS, Tetracycline 500 QDS,
PPI BD
14D 75-90%
Helicobacter Pylori Treatment Strategies
in Singapore. Ang TL 2019 Dec
23. Vonoprazan
23
First in class Potassium Competitive Acid Blocker
Provides greater acid suppression compared to
conventional PPI
Useful in GERD, Peptic Ulcer Disease and
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
27. 3rd and 4th Line therapy
27
Consider Referral for endoscopic evaluation and culture
Options : High Dose Dual Therapy – Rabeprazole 20mg QDS, Amoxicillin 750mg QDS
Medicine (Baltimore). Xue et Al 2019 Feb
28. Rifabutin containing Therapy
28
Antibiotic commonly used for tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium
complex
Not widely available, need special approval to prescribed for HP treatment
Rifabutin-Based Triple Therapy (RHB-105) for Helicobacter pylori Eradication. 2020 May
5]. Graham et al. Ann Intern Med.
Rifabutin-based High-Dose Proton-Pump Inhibitor and Amoxicillin Triple Regimen as the
Rescue Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori. Hyun et al 2014
Regime Eradication
ERADICARE Hp2 2020 Rifabutin 150mg OD/Amoxicillin
1g TDS/Omeprazole 40mg TDS
83.8%
Vs Amoxicillin 1g
TDS/Omeprazole 40mg TDS 14
days
57.7%
Hyun et al Helicobacter 2014 Lansoprazole 30mg
BD+Amoxicillin 1g TDS +Rifabutin
150mg BD
78.1%
Lansoprazole 60mg BD,
Amoxicillin 1g TDS+Rifabutin
150mg BD
96.3%
29. Helicobacter Pylori Treatment
29
Triple Therapy Quad Therapy
High Dose
Dual/Levofloxacin
containing agent
Non Penicillin
Allergy
Quad
Therapy
Levofloxacin
Containing
Therapy
Rifabutin
Containing
Therapy
Penicillin
Allergy
Consider Gastric Biopsy for
Culture and Sensitivity
Use high dose PPI
Consider role of
Vonoprazan
30. Other Practical Scenarios
30
1) Can I use Serology to look for active HP infection?
Serology Testing not suitable to detect active HP infection, it measures
exposure.
A confirmatory UBT test should be done for patient if serology positive
2) How long Should antibiotic and PPI be stopped before UBT?
4 weeks
3) My Patient concerns he may have gastric pain once PPI stopped upon
treatment completion while waiting for UBT 4 weeks later, are there any
medication he can take without affecting the result?
- Yes , H2 blockers and antacids may be utilized without affecting accuracy
of UBT
4) My Patient asked if he can get HP reinfection again in future
- Based on studies, the reinfection rate ranges from 1.7%-3.3%
- Risk of reinfection – younger age, infection of close contacts, dental plaque
and low income
Once successful eradication, we recommend against further HP testing
unless patient develop new symptoms/recurrent symptoms years later.
31. Summary
31
1) Helicobacter Pylori Infection is common, patient with
recurrent/persistent dyspepsia, history of peptic ulcer disease, family of
gastric cancer should be tested for Helicobacter Pylori Infection
2) Urea Breath Test is the best tool to look for active Helicobacter pylori
infection
3) Patient with HP Serology positive should be referred for UBT
confirmation prior to treatment
4) Eventhough local clarithromycin resistance rate reported as 17%, our
local triple therapy regime 14 days sensitivity still achieve > 90%
eradication rate, thus still consider being used as first line treatment
5) Bismuth based quad therapy is the first line treatment for patients
with penicillin allergy
6) Consider to refer when :
- Red Flags
- Failure to response to first line therapy
- Persistent Symptoms
- High risk for gastric cancer
33. OUR CLINICS
• GUTCARE NOVENA
• Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Center
• GUTCARE ALVERNIA
• Mount Alvernia Hospital
• GUTCARE GLENEAGLES
• Gleneagles Medical Center
• GUTCARE FARRER PARK
• Farrer Park Medical Center
• GUTCARE EAST
• Parkway East Medical Center
• GUTCARE ORCHARD
• MOUNT Elizabeth Medical Center
34. OUR SERVICES
•General Endoscopy
•Advanced Endoscopy (EUS, ERCP,
Capsule Endoscopy, Small Bowel
Entersocopy, Complex Polyp Removal,
Dilation and Stenting)
•24hr pH Monitoring and High Resolution
Manometry
•Hydrogen Breath Testing
•Colon Transit Studies
•Fibroscan Liver Assessment
•Nutrition and Dietetics
•Specialized Psychological Services