Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans.
The environmental friendly materials involve the fields of green chemistry, biodegradable, and bio-based materials at the structural, chemical, and physical level, as well as the utilization of principles to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products.
heavy metal toxicity and effect on the environment as well as on the humanShahZain73
Heavy metal toxicity refers to the harmful effects that can occur when the body accumulates high levels of certain metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others can be toxic even at low concentrations. These metals can enter the body through various sources like contaminated water, food, air, or exposure in certain occupations.
When these metals build up in the body over time, they can cause serious health issues. Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure but may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, neurological problems, organ damage, and in severe cases, even death.
Treatment for heavy metal toxicity usually involves removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy to remove metals from the body, and supportive care to manage symptoms. It's essential to be aware of potential sources of heavy metals and take precautions to minimize exposure to protect your health.
Mercury Toxic Metal Contamination - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ imjournal.com
An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment / or adversely affect people's health, and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes.
Any single or combination of toxic chemical, biological, or physical agents in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, that may impact the health of exposed subjects, including pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, biological contaminants, toxic waste, industrial and home chemicals.
Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of water pollution may not be immediately visible because of a sewage system that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g. persistent organic pollutant), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the food chain: plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made (anthropogenic) hazards.
Hazards can be categorized in four types:
Chemical
Physical (mechanical, etc.)
Biological
Chemical hazards are defined in the Globally Harmonized System and in the European Union chemical regulations. They are caused by chemical substances causing significant damage to the environment. The label is particularly applicable towards substances with aquatic toxicity. An example is zinc oxide, a common paint pigment, which is extremely toxic to aquatic life.
it includes a comprehensive details on toxicology types of toxican their effects on human beings and environment. It also includes the methods to reduces the effects of the poisons and remedies
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans.
The environmental friendly materials involve the fields of green chemistry, biodegradable, and bio-based materials at the structural, chemical, and physical level, as well as the utilization of principles to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products.
heavy metal toxicity and effect on the environment as well as on the humanShahZain73
Heavy metal toxicity refers to the harmful effects that can occur when the body accumulates high levels of certain metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others can be toxic even at low concentrations. These metals can enter the body through various sources like contaminated water, food, air, or exposure in certain occupations.
When these metals build up in the body over time, they can cause serious health issues. Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure but may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, neurological problems, organ damage, and in severe cases, even death.
Treatment for heavy metal toxicity usually involves removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy to remove metals from the body, and supportive care to manage symptoms. It's essential to be aware of potential sources of heavy metals and take precautions to minimize exposure to protect your health.
Mercury Toxic Metal Contamination - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ imjournal.com
An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment / or adversely affect people's health, and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes.
Any single or combination of toxic chemical, biological, or physical agents in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, that may impact the health of exposed subjects, including pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, biological contaminants, toxic waste, industrial and home chemicals.
Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of water pollution may not be immediately visible because of a sewage system that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g. persistent organic pollutant), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the food chain: plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made (anthropogenic) hazards.
Hazards can be categorized in four types:
Chemical
Physical (mechanical, etc.)
Biological
Chemical hazards are defined in the Globally Harmonized System and in the European Union chemical regulations. They are caused by chemical substances causing significant damage to the environment. The label is particularly applicable towards substances with aquatic toxicity. An example is zinc oxide, a common paint pigment, which is extremely toxic to aquatic life.
it includes a comprehensive details on toxicology types of toxican their effects on human beings and environment. It also includes the methods to reduces the effects of the poisons and remedies
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2. What is
Toxicology?
According to its traditional definition, toxicology is the science of poisons. A
more complete definition is “the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on
living organisms.”
Paracelsus (born Phillippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von
Hohenheim) is considered to be one of the founders of modern toxicology.
Mathieu Orfila authored a number of significant works, among them Trait des
poisons (1813).
3. History?
Paracelsus (born Phillippus Theophrastus
Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim) is
considered to be one of the founders of
modern toxicology.
Mathieu Orfila authored a number of
significant works, among them Trait des
poisons (1813).
4. Terminology
• A toxicologist is a scientist who has received extensive training in order to investigate in living organisms “the
adverse effects of chemicals and assess the probability of their occurrence.”
• The field of environmental toxicology is defined as the study of how ecological systems—their structure,
dynamics, function, etc.—are affected by pollutants.
• Xenobiotics are the chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally
occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides and etc.
• The term poison is “defined as any agent capable of producing a deleterious response in a biological system.
Virtually every known chemical has the potential to produce injury or death if it is present in a sufficient
amount.”
• The term toxic agent refers very generally to a material or factor that can be harmful to biological systems.
• Toxicity is defined as “the degree to which something is poisonous.” Toxicity is related to a material’s physical
and chemical properties. Some chemicals have low innate toxicity, while others have high toxicity.
• A material that has toxic properties is called a toxic substance. This substance can be a single toxic chemical
(e.g., arsenic, lead) or a mixture of toxic.
• A toxin usually refers to a toxic substance made by living organisms including reptiles, insects, plants, and
microorganisms.
5. THE CONCEPT OF A DOSE
AND RELATED TERMS.
• The term dose refers to “the amount of a substance administered
at one time.”In practice, dose often is expressed as a
concentration of a substance in the body, for example, the
concentration per milliliter (ml) of blood.
• Exposure is defined as “[p]roximity and/or contact with a source of
a disease agent in such a manner that effective transmission of the
agent or harmful effects of the agent may occur.”
6. Dose–Response Relationships
One of the most basic toxicologic concepts, a dose–response relationship, refers to a type of correlative relationship between
“the characteristics of exposure to a chemical and the spectrum of effects caused by the chemical.”
The term threshold refers to the lowest dose at which a particular response may occur.
(8) Pharmacodynamics - Part 2: Dose-response Relationship - YouTube
7.
8. The concentration and toxicity of the chemical are affected by the following factors
• Route of entry into the body
• Received dose of the chemical
• Duration of exposure
• Interactions that transpire
among multiple chemicals
• Individual sensitivity
9. TOXICOLOGY AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
The term risk assessment refers to “a process
for identifying adverse consequences and
their associated probability.” Risk assessment
is “[t]he process of determining risks to health
attributable to environmental or other
hazards.”
11. Exposure assessment steps Risk Management
Risk management “consists of
actions taken to control
exposures to toxic chemicals in
the environment. Exposure
standards, requirements for
premarket testing, recalls of
toxic products, and outright
banning of very hazardous
materials are among the
actions that are used by
governmental agencies to
manage risk.
13. THE CERCLA PRIORITY LIST OF HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has developed a rank-ordered list of hazardous
substances, known as the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances. The acronym CERCLA refers to the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
16. Arsenic
• Arsenic in its pure form is a crystalline metalloid, an element
with properties that are intermediate between those of a metal
and a nonmetal. It is able to combine with other substances,
metallic and nonmetallic, and also to form stable organic
compounds.
• Arsenic exposure can come from many environmental sources,
including industrial processes that release arsenic, products that
contain arsenic, certain foods, and drinking water in some
geographic areas. Ingestion of 100 mg of arsenic produces acute
poisoning.
• Low-level chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with
melanosis, a dermatologic condition that can cause the
darkening of the skin of the entire body.
• Accumulated evidence suggests that arsenic is a carcinogen. It is
a cause of skin cancer when ingested and lung cancer when
inhaled. Ingestion of arsenic has been linked with internal
cancers such as bladder, kidney, and liver cancers.
18. Beryllium
Exposure to beryllium can result in the
disease berylliosis, also known as chronic
beryllium disease (CBD). This condition
can be extremely debilitating and in
some cases fatal. Two factors that affect
the development of CBD are beryllium
exposure itself and genetic susceptibility,
which has been shown to be associated
with a specific gene. Berylliosis is a form
of metal poisoning caused by inhalation
of beryllium dusts, vapors, or its
compounds or implantation of the
substance in the skin.
20. Cadmium
• Cadmium is found in all soils and rocks as well as coal and fertilizers derived from
minerals. Typically cadmium occurs as a mineral in combination with other
elements, such as oxygen.
• Health effects:
Renal damage and renal dysfunction
Bone disease
Some forms of cancer
Hypertension
Cardiovascular diseases
Genotoxicity
Circulatory diseases
Prostate and lung cancers
Reproductive toxicity
Reduced life expectancy
Osteoporosis
21. Itai-itai disease
Itai-itai disease is caused by cadmium
(Cd) exposure, produced as a result of
human activities related to
industrialisation, and this condition was
first recognised in Japan in the 1960s.
Itai-itai disease is characterised by
osteomalaecia with severe bone pain
and is associated with renal tubular
dysfunction.
23. Mercury
Minamata Disease is a poisoning disease that nervous system, mainly central
nervous system, is damaged by methylmercury. It is established that the
disease differs from inorganic mercury poisoning which damages kidneys, etc.,
and also, it isn't confirmed that it damages organs other than nervous system.
24. Lead Lead exposure is associated with serious central nervous
system effects and other adverse health consequences,
even when ingested at low levels. Lead poisoning is one
of the most common environmental pediatric health
problems in the United States. Especially damaging to the
growing neurologic systems of young children, lead is a
neurotoxin.
25. Nickel
• Classified as a heavy metal, nickel is
one of the constituents of the
earth’s crust. Because of its
omnipresence, human exposure to
low levels of nickel is probably
universal and unavoidable. Nickel
has a number of important qualities
that make it a valuable metal for use
in industry. Exposure can harm the
lungs, stomach, and kidneys.
Exposure to nickel may lead to
cancer. Workers may be harmed
from exposure to nickel.
27. Copper
• Although copper is an essential nutritional element, at higher levels it
is known to produce toxic effects. Exposure to concentrated amounts
of copper (far above trace levels) can produce respiratory and
gastrointestinal disturbances. The respiratory effects from copper
dust include irritation of the respiratory tract (e.g., nose and mouth).
The gastrointestinal effects associated with ingestion of copper
include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramping. Very high
levels of copper are known to cause liver damage, renal damage, and
death. Although it is associated with toxic effects, copper has not
been classified as a human carcinogen.
28. Zinc and Iron
• Excessive levels of zinc exposure, which can have toxic
effects, result from the ingestion of contaminated food and
water and from inhalation of zinc dusts in occupational
environments. Excessive amounts of zinc, defined as
beginning at 10 to 15 times the levels required to maintain
health, are thought to affect the normal functioning of
blood-forming organs, biochemical processes, and the
endocrine system.
• Iron has the capacity to accumulate in the body, because
little is excreted during metabolic processes. The disease
known as hemachromatosis is associated with iron toxicity
from excessive buildup of iron. Excessive amounts of iron
can have toxic effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and
damage to the intestines. Iron toxicity also may produce
low blood pressure, lethargy, neurologic effects including
seizures, and liver injury.
29. Aluminum
Aluminum has been studied as a factor that
may be linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
Aluminum is known to be a powerful
neurotoxicant. The role of aluminum as a
factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s
disease remains unconfirmed.