Healthcare Information Technology (IT) has made great advances over the past few years and while these advances have enable healthcare professionals to provide higher quality healthcare to a larger number of individuals it also provides the criminal element more opportunities to access sensitive information, such as patient protected health information (PHI) and Personal identification Information (PII). Having an Information Assurance (IA) programallows for the protection of information and information systems andensures the organization is in compliance with all requires regulations, laws and directive is essential. While most organizations have such a policy in place, often it is inadequate to ensure the proper protection to prevent security breaches. The increase of data breaches in the last few years demonstrates the importance of an effective IA program. To ensure an effective IA policy, the
policy must manage the operational risk, including identifying risks, assessment and mitigation of identified risks and ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance.
Ensuring Effective Information Security Management Information Classification...ijtsrd
This study is based on information security management in financial institutions from the perspective of information classification and access control. As objectives, the study set out to assess information classification practices in microfinance institutions and their effect on overall information security management, and to examine access control in microfinance institutions and how it impacts information security management. The study made use of the Information Security Theory by Horne, Ahmad and Maynard, and a sequential exploratory mixed method survey research design. As data collection instruments, a questionnaire and an interview guide were used, with validity and reliability guaranteed by subject experts, ISO IEC checklists, and Kuder Richardson formula 20 which realised a score of 0.81. Of the 30 managers and information security officers who participated in the study, a response rate of 100 was registered. To analyse data, descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. The findings portray loopholes in information classification and access control and thus in the information security management programme of participating institutions. Some recommendations put forth are the need to adopt information classification schedules with distinguished levels of sensitivity, drafting of access control policies, signing of non disclosure agreements and introduction of information security officers to ensure implementation and follow up. Rosemary M. Shafack | Awiye Sharon Serkwem "Ensuring Effective Information Security Management: Information Classification and Access Control Practices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38122.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38122/ensuring-effective-information-security-management-information-classification-and-access-control-practices/rosemary-m-shafack
Ensuring Effective Information Security Management Information Classification...ijtsrd
This study is based on information security management in financial institutions from the perspective of information classification and access control. As objectives, the study set out to assess information classification practices in microfinance institutions and their effect on overall information security management, and to examine access control in microfinance institutions and how it impacts information security management. The study made use of the Information Security Theory by Horne, Ahmad and Maynard, and a sequential exploratory mixed method survey research design. As data collection instruments, a questionnaire and an interview guide were used, with validity and reliability guaranteed by subject experts, ISO IEC checklists, and Kuder Richardson formula 20 which realised a score of 0.81. Of the 30 managers and information security officers who participated in the study, a response rate of 100 was registered. To analyse data, descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. The findings portray loopholes in information classification and access control and thus in the information security management programme of participating institutions. Some recommendations put forth are the need to adopt information classification schedules with distinguished levels of sensitivity, drafting of access control policies, signing of non disclosure agreements and introduction of information security officers to ensure implementation and follow up. Rosemary M. Shafack | Awiye Sharon Serkwem "Ensuring Effective Information Security Management: Information Classification and Access Control Practices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38122.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38122/ensuring-effective-information-security-management-information-classification-and-access-control-practices/rosemary-m-shafack
Technology is constantly transforming healthcare for the better, but getting technology right is an understated challenge for the industry. This webinar addresses three of healthcare's top challenges in tapping technology's full potential: cost, privacy and adoption. Experts and providers share tips, strategies and stories to help overcome these challenges to truly harness the power of transformative healthcare technology.
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT - Critique the employment of ethical hacking ...Hansa Edirisinghe
This report discuses the employment of ethical hacking through a disciplined, systematic analysis as a way of reviewing and strengthening the security of information systems. The preliminary objective of this study is therefore to understand the concept of Ethical Hacking. - By Hansa Edirisinghe
Presentation was given by Jim Anfield to Chicago Technology For Value-Based HealthCare (https://www.meetup.com/Chicago-Technology-For-Value-Based-Healthcare-Meetup/).
• Holds Masters’ degrees in Philosophy, Sociology, Defense Studies & Political Science beside B.Sc. and LLB. He is also holding master’s degree in Business Administration and post graduate diplomas in Business Administration, Personnel Management & Industrial Relations and Safety & Security Management.
• Twenty eight years experience (including Army) in the field. Presently working in GAIL (India) Limited as Chief of Security at its Corporate Office.
• Have been regular faculty in Management Institutes. Various articles are published in related magazines and internet sites.
• Writer of best selling book on Industrial Security - “Industrial Security: Management & Strategies”.
• Made presentations in more then 18 international seminars on the subjects of homeland security and industrial security.
• The Honorable Lt. Governor of Delhi bestowed the most coveted ‘Best Security Manger’ award to Capt S B Tyagi on 30th August 2007 instituted by Security Today, a leading niche magazine for the protection industry. The award is testimony of untiring efforts, constant application of noble approaches in security management, innovation and leadership in the profession which have been distinctly displayed by Capt S B Tyagi. He has been recognized in past too for the similar qualities when he was awarded ‘Best Security Manager’ in 2002 and ‘Best Security Operation Manager’ in 2004 by IISSM (International Institute of Security and Safety Management).
• Given ‘Certification of Recognition’ and awarded as ‘Best Security Practitioner’ in GAIL in year 2009.
• Recipient of “Award of Fellowship (FISM)” and is “Certified Security & Safety Consultant (CSC)” by the “International Institute of Security & Safety Management”.
• Co-founder of “International Council of Industrial Security and Safety”.
• My mail id: sbtyagi1958@gmail.com ; sbtyagi@gail.co.in
• Blog: http://captsbtyagi.blogspot.com
• My web-site: http://www.wix.com/sbtyagi/iciss
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
HIMSS GSA e-Authentication whitepaper June 2007Richard Moore
HIMSS and the GSA, developed a pilot project to demonstrate the adoption of the GSA's secure and interoperable technical architecture for sharing medical information across multiple healthcare providers. The pilot utilized the GSA's E-Authentication Service Component program to provide digital certificates, technical architecture development support, and certificate validation services.
Seven RHIOs/Health Information Exchanges initially volunteered to participate in the project. One participant the Nevada Single Portal Medical Record HIE had to withdraw from the project due to a lack of resources.
Central Ohio HIE - Initiated by eHealth Ohio, and in conjunction with the Ohio Supercomputer Center, this project has focused on evaluating the viability of using the proposed national level user authentication process as a means of authenticating individual researchers, system developers and system administrators who will be both utilizing, creating and maintaining future health care research systems. An emerging area of software development focus, this pilot will also identify key issues faced by resource constrained development efforts.
Running head Information security threats 1Information secur.docxwlynn1
Running head: Information security threats 1
Information security threats 7
Information security threats
Khaleem Pasha Mohammad
Campbellsville University
Introduction
The development of technology has been greatly embraced in hospitals, saved innumerable lives, and improved the quality of care provision. Not exclusively has technology changed patients knowledgeable and of their families but further consideration has had a significant impact on the strategy and practices of practitioners. One in every five of the areas that have greatly embraced technology is care data. Technology has helped inside the treatment of care records through the introduction of electronic health records, that's exchange paper records. With the availability of electronic care record (EHR) systems, a nurse can merely check for patients’ allergies, case history, weight, age, and prescription through the press of a button. However, the most quantity as institutions are clasp technology to stay up their health records, there are series of risks associated with these technologies. Since the start of technology inside the upkeep of care records, the care trade has been a primary target for cyber crimes. The motives behind cyber-attacks on care are clear as insurance firms, hospitals, care clinics, and totally different care suppliers keep health records that contain valuable information. The use of America Department of Health and Human Services for Civil Rights has acknowledged that over 100 million people square measure suffering from care data security breach. Gregorian calendar month 2015 was a foul month for electronic data jointly of the most important hacks on health care records on Anthem Blue Cross resulting in over seventy-eight million patients’ health data was taken. The cyber-attack scarf sensitive data that contained social securities, names, and residential addresses of people. Constant year, Premera Blue Cross reported that a cyber-attack has exposed medical information of over eleven million customers. Back in 2011, over 4.9 million health records were taken electronically from Science Application International Corporation. These are few cases of a care data breach with sensitive data falling into the hands of third parties. In guaranteeing that there are privacy and security in care records, bureau insurance mobility and responsibility (HIPPA) is providing legislation that hospital and totally different institutions that handle patient’s data to adopt in guaranteeing that varied security measures are enforced in protecting data.
HIPPA and Security Compliance
As much as institutions are clasp technology in storing care data, it is vital for institutions like HIPPA to regulate these bodies to substantiate that shopper rights are protected. The HIPAA Security Rule provides that electronic records of patients got to be protected in any respect times from any unauthorized access nonetheless the information being at rest or in transit.
INCIDENT RESPONSE PLAN FOR A SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED HOSPITALIJNSA Journal
Most small to medium health care organizations do not have the capability to address cyber incidents within the organization. Those that do are poorly trained and ill equipped. These health care organizations are subject to various laws that address privacy concerns, proper handling of financial information, and Personally Identifiable Information. Currently an IT staff handles responses to these incidents in an Ad Hoc manner. A properly trained, staffed, and equipped Cyber Incident Response Team is needed to quickly respond to these incidents to minimize data loss, and provide forensic data for the purpose of notification, disciplinary action, legal action, and to remove the risk vector. This paper1 will use the proven Incident Command System model used in emergency services to show any sized agency can have an adequate CIRT.
Technology is constantly transforming healthcare for the better, but getting technology right is an understated challenge for the industry. This webinar addresses three of healthcare's top challenges in tapping technology's full potential: cost, privacy and adoption. Experts and providers share tips, strategies and stories to help overcome these challenges to truly harness the power of transformative healthcare technology.
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT - Critique the employment of ethical hacking ...Hansa Edirisinghe
This report discuses the employment of ethical hacking through a disciplined, systematic analysis as a way of reviewing and strengthening the security of information systems. The preliminary objective of this study is therefore to understand the concept of Ethical Hacking. - By Hansa Edirisinghe
Presentation was given by Jim Anfield to Chicago Technology For Value-Based HealthCare (https://www.meetup.com/Chicago-Technology-For-Value-Based-Healthcare-Meetup/).
• Holds Masters’ degrees in Philosophy, Sociology, Defense Studies & Political Science beside B.Sc. and LLB. He is also holding master’s degree in Business Administration and post graduate diplomas in Business Administration, Personnel Management & Industrial Relations and Safety & Security Management.
• Twenty eight years experience (including Army) in the field. Presently working in GAIL (India) Limited as Chief of Security at its Corporate Office.
• Have been regular faculty in Management Institutes. Various articles are published in related magazines and internet sites.
• Writer of best selling book on Industrial Security - “Industrial Security: Management & Strategies”.
• Made presentations in more then 18 international seminars on the subjects of homeland security and industrial security.
• The Honorable Lt. Governor of Delhi bestowed the most coveted ‘Best Security Manger’ award to Capt S B Tyagi on 30th August 2007 instituted by Security Today, a leading niche magazine for the protection industry. The award is testimony of untiring efforts, constant application of noble approaches in security management, innovation and leadership in the profession which have been distinctly displayed by Capt S B Tyagi. He has been recognized in past too for the similar qualities when he was awarded ‘Best Security Manager’ in 2002 and ‘Best Security Operation Manager’ in 2004 by IISSM (International Institute of Security and Safety Management).
• Given ‘Certification of Recognition’ and awarded as ‘Best Security Practitioner’ in GAIL in year 2009.
• Recipient of “Award of Fellowship (FISM)” and is “Certified Security & Safety Consultant (CSC)” by the “International Institute of Security & Safety Management”.
• Co-founder of “International Council of Industrial Security and Safety”.
• My mail id: sbtyagi1958@gmail.com ; sbtyagi@gail.co.in
• Blog: http://captsbtyagi.blogspot.com
• My web-site: http://www.wix.com/sbtyagi/iciss
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
HIMSS GSA e-Authentication whitepaper June 2007Richard Moore
HIMSS and the GSA, developed a pilot project to demonstrate the adoption of the GSA's secure and interoperable technical architecture for sharing medical information across multiple healthcare providers. The pilot utilized the GSA's E-Authentication Service Component program to provide digital certificates, technical architecture development support, and certificate validation services.
Seven RHIOs/Health Information Exchanges initially volunteered to participate in the project. One participant the Nevada Single Portal Medical Record HIE had to withdraw from the project due to a lack of resources.
Central Ohio HIE - Initiated by eHealth Ohio, and in conjunction with the Ohio Supercomputer Center, this project has focused on evaluating the viability of using the proposed national level user authentication process as a means of authenticating individual researchers, system developers and system administrators who will be both utilizing, creating and maintaining future health care research systems. An emerging area of software development focus, this pilot will also identify key issues faced by resource constrained development efforts.
Running head Information security threats 1Information secur.docxwlynn1
Running head: Information security threats 1
Information security threats 7
Information security threats
Khaleem Pasha Mohammad
Campbellsville University
Introduction
The development of technology has been greatly embraced in hospitals, saved innumerable lives, and improved the quality of care provision. Not exclusively has technology changed patients knowledgeable and of their families but further consideration has had a significant impact on the strategy and practices of practitioners. One in every five of the areas that have greatly embraced technology is care data. Technology has helped inside the treatment of care records through the introduction of electronic health records, that's exchange paper records. With the availability of electronic care record (EHR) systems, a nurse can merely check for patients’ allergies, case history, weight, age, and prescription through the press of a button. However, the most quantity as institutions are clasp technology to stay up their health records, there are series of risks associated with these technologies. Since the start of technology inside the upkeep of care records, the care trade has been a primary target for cyber crimes. The motives behind cyber-attacks on care are clear as insurance firms, hospitals, care clinics, and totally different care suppliers keep health records that contain valuable information. The use of America Department of Health and Human Services for Civil Rights has acknowledged that over 100 million people square measure suffering from care data security breach. Gregorian calendar month 2015 was a foul month for electronic data jointly of the most important hacks on health care records on Anthem Blue Cross resulting in over seventy-eight million patients’ health data was taken. The cyber-attack scarf sensitive data that contained social securities, names, and residential addresses of people. Constant year, Premera Blue Cross reported that a cyber-attack has exposed medical information of over eleven million customers. Back in 2011, over 4.9 million health records were taken electronically from Science Application International Corporation. These are few cases of a care data breach with sensitive data falling into the hands of third parties. In guaranteeing that there are privacy and security in care records, bureau insurance mobility and responsibility (HIPPA) is providing legislation that hospital and totally different institutions that handle patient’s data to adopt in guaranteeing that varied security measures are enforced in protecting data.
HIPPA and Security Compliance
As much as institutions are clasp technology in storing care data, it is vital for institutions like HIPPA to regulate these bodies to substantiate that shopper rights are protected. The HIPAA Security Rule provides that electronic records of patients got to be protected in any respect times from any unauthorized access nonetheless the information being at rest or in transit.
INCIDENT RESPONSE PLAN FOR A SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED HOSPITALIJNSA Journal
Most small to medium health care organizations do not have the capability to address cyber incidents within the organization. Those that do are poorly trained and ill equipped. These health care organizations are subject to various laws that address privacy concerns, proper handling of financial information, and Personally Identifiable Information. Currently an IT staff handles responses to these incidents in an Ad Hoc manner. A properly trained, staffed, and equipped Cyber Incident Response Team is needed to quickly respond to these incidents to minimize data loss, and provide forensic data for the purpose of notification, disciplinary action, legal action, and to remove the risk vector. This paper1 will use the proven Incident Command System model used in emergency services to show any sized agency can have an adequate CIRT.
Information Privacy and Security: The Value and Importance of Health Information Privacy, security of health data, potential technical approaches to health data privacy and security.
Virtual Mentor American Medical Association Journal of Ethi.docxsheronlewthwaite
Virtual Mentor
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics
September 2012, Volume 14, Number 9: 712-719.
STATE OF THE ART AND SCIENCE
Electronic Health Records: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security
Laurinda B. Harman, PhD, RHIA, Cathy A. Flite, MEd, RHIA, and Kesa Bond, MS,
MA, RHIA, PMP
Health Information Systems: Past and Present
To understand the complexities of the emerging electronic health record system, it is
helpful to know what the health information system has been, is now, and needs to
become. The medical record, either paper-based or electronic, is a communication
tool that supports clinical decision making, coordination of services, evaluation of
the quality and efficacy of care, research, legal protection, education, and
accreditation and regulatory processes. It is the business record of the health care
system, documented in the normal course of its activities. The documentation must
be authenticated and, if it is handwritten, the entries must be legible.
In the past, the medical record was a paper repository of information that was
reviewed or used for clinical, research, administrative, and financial purposes. It was
severely limited in terms of accessibility, available to only one user at a time. The
paper-based record was updated manually, resulting in delays for record completion
that lasted anywhere from 1 to 6 months or more. Most medical record departments
were housed in institutions’ basements because the weight of the paper precluded
other locations. The physician was in control of the care and documentation
processes and authorized the release of information. Patients rarely viewed their
medical records.
A second limitation of the paper-based medical record was the lack of security.
Access was controlled by doors, locks, identification cards, and tedious sign-out
procedures for authorized users. Unauthorized access to patient information triggered
no alerts, nor was it known what information had been viewed.
Today, the primary purpose of the documentation remains the same—support of
patient care. Clinical documentation is often scanned into an electronic system
immediately and is typically completed by the time the patient is discharged. Record
completion times must meet accrediting and regulatory requirements. The electronic
health record is interactive, and there are many stakeholders, reviewers, and users of
the documentation. Because the government is increasingly involved with funding
health care, agencies actively review documentation of care.
The electronic health record (EHR) can be viewed by many users simultaneously and
utilizes a host of information technology tools. Patients routinely review their
electronic medical records and are keeping personal health records (PHR), which
Virtual Mentor, September 2012—Vol 14 www.virtualmentor.org 712
contain clinical documentation about their diagnoses (from the physician or health
care websites).
The.
Data and Network Security: What You Need to KnowPYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Barry Mathis served on a panel discussion at the American Medical Informatics Association iHealth 2017 Clinical Informatics Conference.
The panel explored the state of cybersecurity in healthcare organizations and related legal considerations, including the HIPAA privacy and security rules. It considered institutional preparedness, provided examples, and offered preventive measures. The panel also discussed ransomware attacks, including tactics for negotiating with hackers, and provided best practices for organizations to avoid such attacks.
Systems Thinking on a National Level, Part 2Drew David.docxperryk1
Systems Thinking on a National Level, Part 2
Drew Davidson, Eric Sinclair Banyon, Shady Navarro, Shalamar Santana, Ziomara Pagan, & Stephanie Jean Coute
MHA/505
February 11, 2019
Rachael Kehoe
Running head: SYSTEMS THINKING ON A NATIONAL LEVEL, PART 2
1
SYSTEMS THINKING ON A NATIONAL LEVEL, PART 2
10
Systems Thinking on a National Level, Part 2
Cybersecurity breaches in the Healthcare industry pose a significant threat to those organizations. According to Gordon et al., cybersecurity breaches not only affect the patient’s information but it can also affect the organization's creditability (2017). When an organization creditability comes into question due to a cybersecurity breach, that organization may lose customers due to the fear of their information not being appropriately protected. In Healthcare it is crucial that we understand the impact of cybersecurity breaches. Most of the major hospital in the United States are using electronic medical records (EMR). A lot of hackers are using phishing methods to trick hospital and breaching their security protocol by tricking staff members into disclosing sensitive and personal information (Winder, 2014). Therefore, the following will discuss way cyber security breaches happen in the healthcare industry and way to prevent them from happening in the future.
Cyber Security Breach Diagram
Malicious and Non-Malicious
Cyber security breaches in healthcare can happen in several different ways. These different types of breaches can either be malicious or non-malicious. A malicious cyber security breech in healthcare, is when an individual or individuals purposely hacked into and attack or gain unauthorized access to members PII. Unauthorized access (such as hacking) to protected healthcare systems is the result of malicious behavior, things like holding the system ransom or stealing private information are acts of malicious behavior (Katz, 2018). Penetrating a system manually and disabling the systems defenses or by downloading software programs are other types of malicious behavior. Hacking is a malicious behavior, but just because the system is hack doesn’t necessarily mean any personal information is compromised. A number malicious cyber security breach may not be done intentionally but can cause just as many issues as a malicious cyber security breech. When data is unintentionally left exposed to an authorized access it is a non-malicious behavior. Cyber security breaches in healthcare can be the result of employee error or negligence. In healthcare malicious behavior is a portion of the inflow of cyber security breaches and non-malicious behavior is the portion of the outflow of a cyber security breech.
Eavesdropping
As a group, we have identified a multitude of cybersecurity breaches that are growing concerns amongst the healthcare providers and companies that offer their services to the community. Another one of these concerns’ hails in the form of eavesdropping. Eavesdropping is a d.
Healthcare organizations are awash with data. However, electronic health records (EHRs) and digital clinical systems in many healthcare organizations have been deployed without strategic data and IT infrastructure security planning. As a result, chief information security officers (CISOs) frequently have limited authority, sparse staffing and tight budgets. Data security spending in healthcare lags behind other top cybercrime targets such as financial services, according to new research by HIMSS Analytics on behalf of Symantec Corporation.
Classmate 1Cybersecurity risk can be characterized as the ris.docxbartholomeocoombs
Classmate 1:
Cybersecurity risk can be characterized as the risk emerging from pernicious electronic or Non-electronic occasions influencing information innovation assets of firms, regularly bringing about the disturbance of business and budgetary misfortune. The significance of cybersecurity has become in the course of the most recent couple of decades with the fast development of electronic gadgets and the web (Biener, Eling, and Wirfs, 2015). Physical items where information and information were utilized to be put away, for example, records, floppy plates, and tapes are not, at this point utilized and practically all individuals store their own and work information electronically now.
Information is put away in a confined private system at work while at home individuals store their private information, for example, photographs, messages, and so on in their messages or even or cloud administrations, for instance, the Apple cloud where Apple iPhone clients will have their information continually upheld. This individual information may contain by and by recognizable information too, for example, the information that can be contained in an individual driver's permit, for example, date of birth, address (Fazlida, and Said, 2015). For the assailants, PII information is truly significant and thus they target global organizations where they could get this PII information effectively which can be connected with the client's record and their installment information.
We see a great deal of cyber-assault happening to global organizations, for example, Target and Home-stop along these lines. From a mechanical standpoint, firms regularly share associated risks and vulnerabilities of being penetrated together because of the use of normal security advances and the availability of PC systems. In the above articulation, we can see that all organizations have risks and vulnerabilities in their system which should be appropriately redesigned and checked to be made sure about. We additionally observe government databases being hacked from remote nationals to pick up the necessary information or PII of assets they are quick to acquire (Biener, Eling, and Wirfs, 2015). In this manner, we can say that cybersecurity isn't only a business danger yet, in addition, a matter of national security.
As an IT administrator, there are a few different ways I would attempt to deal with the IT risks inside my organization (Pei-Yu, Kataria, and Krishnan, 2011):
1. I would initially do a constant risk evaluation and distinguish the risks which are generally essential and touchy to the organization and make a rundown of basic resources, recognized risks, and future potential risks that would be tended to. The prioritizations of these risks are significant and likewise to include the administration about this.
2. The risk proprietors can possess the organized risks and work with the group to relieve these risks and record it. The most noteworthy risks are to be killed first.
Systems AdminstratorAs your systems administrator person I am.docxssuserf9c51d
Systems Adminstrator
As your systems administrator person I am responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems; especially multi-user computers, such as servers.
The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, and security of the computers he or she manages meet the needs of the users, without exceeding the budget.
To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects.
Infrustructure of IT
Infrastructure components
Data center infrastructure often includes the power, cooling and building elements necessary to support data center hardware. The data center hardware infrastructure usually involves servers; storage subsystems; networking devices, like switches, routers and physical cabling; and dedicated network appliances, such as network firewalls.
A data center infrastructure also requires careful consideration of IT in
frastructure security.
This can include physical security for the building, such as electronic key entry,
But in this case
Infrustucture management
an IT infrastructure must provide a suitable platform for all the necessary IT applications and functions an organization or individual requires. This means the design and implementation of any IT infrastructure must also support efficient infrastructure management.
The healthcare industry is going through tremendous change due to the automation of patient care, causing huge impacts on IT organizations. The entire system managing the interaction between healthcare professionals and patients is dramatically evolving, and will completely impact the way a hospital does business.
Mobility continues to trend upward in healthcare, as doctors make use of tablet devices at the bedside to access Computerized Physician Order Entry systems (CPOE). These orders are communicated over thenetwork to the medical staff in other departments, such as radiology, giving them treatment instructions on a specific patient. After these large images are captured, they are stored and made available for analysis by the physician, even at the bedside.
Ssecurity Breaches will affect these departments :
Human Resources
Finance
Accunts payable
Billing
Schedule
The Healthcare Organization as a System
Good leadership is important for the success of any organization.
In a healthcare organization, good leadership is more than just important—it is absolutely critical to the organization’s success. Why is it so critical—but also challenging—in healthcare organizations?
Breach in information Why Should Good Leaders Be Concerned?
A recent Phonemon Institute survey reveals that, “for the first time, criminal attacks are the number-one root cause of healthcare data breaches.”5 “Cyber criminals recognize two critical facts abou ...
Running head ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY1ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY.docxtodd581
Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY 1
ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY 7
CDU International College
MQP 008
Report on Security Issues in the Fugle Company
Marufa Binte Muztaba
Date: 22th April 2020
Student ID:S33821
Length: 1500 words (+/-100)
Introduction
When we consider every modern business, we find that none lacks security issues. This means that we need to look into how to come up with secure systems. Information security stands for prevention or the practice of preventing access of data by unauthorized user. The information does not need to be electrical for it to be secured, even physical information is put into consideration. The purpose of writing this paper is to talk about Fugle Company by describing its information system, outlining the main risks that the system might be exposed to and the ethical issues that need to be considered in order to maintain the security of information in Fugle, (Trend Micro, 2015). For this company to succeed, information security has to be up tight. This technological company has developed an application that you can pay using your fingerprint. A lot of attention has been drawn to it which has risen questions of how secure the application is, (Dooley, 2017). With the scheduled time for launching the application, the company experiences a lot of pressure because they do not want to launch it before considering all the security issues with their budget, and at the same time they do not have a lot of time. The security issues addressed here apply to the HRM, product development, accounting, and marketing information systems.
Information Systems and their Assets
There are four main key information systems in Fugle. When dealing with an information system, we basically mean the software that a company used to analyze and organize its data. It is used to convert raw data into information that can be understood and be used for effective decision making. There are key assets that each one of the four keys have been assigned to protect. We can define an asset as something that is useful for the company that brings profit to it. It is very important to know how to handle threats that are imposed to these assets because they can have a major impact on the future of the company and its viability. In fugle, the main responsibility of the market information system is to make sure that information in the company concerning marketing is not breached. The company’s major assets are its customer Intel and information concerning the asset. This is seen by when Dave is called and is told that there was an attempt of people hacking the data concerning the clients of the company, ( Lowry, Dinev, and Willison, 2017). This would mean that there is a confidentiality breach and the clients would not trust the company again. Also when journalists come to take a look at the product and they are given a controlled presentation it is because the product is still considered vulnerable to attacks. Information about the .
Similar to HEALTHCARE IT: IS YOUR INFORMATION AT RISK? (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
HEALTHCARE IT: IS YOUR INFORMATION AT RISK?
1. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2012.4508 97
HEALTHCARE IT: IS YOUR INFORMATION AT
RISK?
Kimmarie Donahue1
and Syed (Shawon) M. Rahman, PhD2
1
Information Assurance Project Lead, San Antonio, TX, USA
KDonahue@CapellaUniversity.edu
2
Assistant Professor, University of Hawaii-Hilo, Hilo, USA
and Adjunct Faculty, Capella University, Minneapolis,USA
SRahman@Hawaii.edu
ABSTRACT
Healthcare Information Technology (IT) has made great advances over the past few years and while
these advances have enable healthcare professionals to provide higher quality healthcare to a larger
number of individuals it also provides the criminal element more opportunities to access sensitive
information, such as patient protected health information (PHI) and Personal identification Information
(PII). Having an Information Assurance (IA) programallows for the protection of information and
information systems andensures the organization is in compliance with all requires regulations, laws and
directive is essential. While most organizations have such a policy in place, often it is inadequate to
ensure the proper protection to prevent security breaches. The increase of data breaches in the last few
years demonstrates the importance of an effective IA program. To ensure an effective IA policy, the
policy must manage the operational risk, including identifying risks, assessment and mitigation of
identified risks and ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance.
KEYWORDS
Information Assurance, Personal Identification Information, Protected Health Information, andIT
Security
1. INTRODUCTION
Advances in today’s Healthcare Information Technology have allowed healthcare professionals
to become highly connected to the information highway which provides them greater access to
patients and their healthcare information. In today’s society it is becoming more and more
common to see healthcare professionals to utilizing mobile devices, such as laptops, to allow
them to be better connected, according to a recent survey conducted, over 80 percent of
Healthcare IT professionals allow IPads on the enterprise network and 65 percent provide
support for iPhones and iPod Touch devices [1].
While these advances have provided great benefits for healthcare professionals and their
patients, they also pose a real danger not only to the patients protected heath information (PHI)
but also the organizations that are affected by data breaches. Healthcare data breaches are up
by ninety seven percent in 2011; this is usually due to malicious attacks such as, theft of
laptops, carelessness of an insider threat or hacking[2]. A study from the Ponemon Institute
estimated the cost of data breaches has increased for the fifth year in a row to $7.2 million
dollars and costs organizations an average of $214 per compromised record[3]. Medical ID
theft is becoming big business, the World Privacy Forum found that a social security number
has a street value of one dollar and a stolen medical identity goes for fifty dollars [4].
2. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
98
Once the dangers have been identified the next step is to ensure that senior management
understands the risk if nothing is done to manage the threats and vulnerabilities. Typically
security is an afterthought and organizations are reluctant to budget accordingly, until a security
breach occurs.
Information Assurance refers to the measures that organizations take to protect and defend not
only information but also information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity,
authentication, confidentiality and non-repudiation [5].
Most individuals expect Healthcare professionals and IT professionalsto uphold a higher ethical
and legal standard due to their access to sensitive information required in their daily
responsibilities and as such should always practice due care and due diligence. It is important
that management stay in touch with their personnel, there are personnel that may usually
maintain a high ethical standard, but are often easily be influenced if the right opportunity
presented itself, such as pending layoff or financial difficulties. Cyber-Ark, a security firm,
conducted a survey called “The Global Recession and its Effects on Work Ethics” which
revealed that of the individuals interviewed, 56% of workers worried about the loss of their jobs
and over half admitted they downloaded sensitive data in order to try to use it at their next
position [6].
If an organization fails to practice due care or due diligence,they will be accountable,
financially and/or criminally, especially if the threat could have been avoided. A data breach in
California resulted in the California Department of Health fining several California hospitals
$675,000 for repeatedly failing to adequately secure patient data,and in Louisville a university
hospital physician hospital inadvertently exposed the personal information of over 700 patients
receiving kidney dialysis treatment when he set up the patient database on an unsecure website
[7]. In 2010 CPA Tim W. Kasley was disbarred for failure to exercise due diligence while he
was preparing tax returns for a corporation, he failed to determine the right information he
received for the tax return [8]. This emphasise the need for all individuals in an organization to
exercise due care and due diligence.
• Performing Due care:
o Taking responsibility when identifying a potential threat or risk and having
the responsibility to know or find out what actions will correct or eliminate
the threat or risk.
• Performing Due diligence:
o Taking the responsibility to put controls in place and properly monitor to
mitigate or eliminate the threat or risk, and perform risk analysis as
required.
Establishing a comprehensive information assurance program will ensure that all individuals
understand the importance to ensuring the security of not only the enterprise but also the
sensitive information on accessed on the enterprise. Organizations must ensure that that not
only is a Information Assurance program is in place but also that it is adequate enough to
address the increased threats to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive
information, such as patient health information, and stays in compliance with all financial, legal
and health care compliance regulations. To ensure the success of any IA program it is essential
that senior management fully endorse the program, because if senior management does not
support it then no one else will support it.
An important part of an IA program is building the policies that will help provide for an
Defense in Depth approach to IA by providing layers of principles and controls that cover not
only the individuals but also the various process and technology the organization uses,
including roles and responsibilities, acceptable use, etc.
3. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
99
Risk management is a critical part of any IA program because new threats and vulnerabilities
are emerging every day. Risk management helps ensures that thesethreats and vulnerabilities
are properly identified, and mitigated to reduce risk. It is impossible to eliminate all risk from
an enterprise, but mitigated to a level the organization is willing to accept. A risk assessment
will provide for the identification of potential threats and vulnerabilities as well as possible
mitigation strategies that will bring the identified threats and vulnerabilities to an acceptable
level.
Risk management is a continuous process that requires monitoring and updates to ensure that
the proper protection and ensure effectiveness and compliance with laws, regulations and
directives.
Kingdom Hospital is a factious hospital that is used for this case study and as a hospital has
unique requirements, such as medical devices, wireless devices (tablets, blackberries, etc.),
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Privacy issues that are not
currently being fully met. This increases the threat to the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of Kingdom resources and assets, such as electronic protected health information
(PHI).
2. INFORMATION ASSURANCE PROGRAM
When developing and implementing an IA program it is essential that senior management fully
supports and is committed to the program, because without their support and direction the
program will not be successful. It is important to develop the policies with input from all
business owners to ensure that the IA policies and procedures will not only protect IT
resources, but also align themselves with the organizations business objectives. The policies
should also be developed so they are easily understood, because is the policies are not
understood by all individuals they will just be ignored. The IA plan must be based upon the
mission and business objectives of the organization and support the future direction of the
organization in order to be successful [9].
2.1. ETHICAL AND LAWS IMPLICATIONS
Everyone has a responsibility when it comes to information awareness. Senior management has
the key responsibility to not only support and promote the IA program to the organization but
also to ensure that the organization is in compliance with the industry laws and regulations,
such as Privacy act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), etc.,
because a data breach can be costly for an organization. Potential lawsuits resulting from data
breaches could result in big losses, such as the Emory Healthcare in Atlanta, which has a
pending class action lawsuit, resulting from a data breach that compromised the personal
information of an estimated 315,000 patients, which could cost the organization an estimated
$200 million [10].
3. ESTABLISH INFORMATION ASSURANCE POLICIES
3.1. ACCEPTABLE USE
A key element of any IA policy is an acceptable use policy. This policy will establish what
behaviour is appropriate and acceptable by the organization; this includes what the individual
is/is not allowed to do, but also covers the consequences for noncompliance with the policy.
Recommended practice is to have each individual sign an acceptable use policy agreement; this
not only helps to minimize potential legal action but also helps ensure compliance with industry
laws and regulations, such as privacy and HIPAA.
4. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.
3.2. TRAINING AND AWARENESS
An essential element of an IA Policy is the training and awareness program and
part if an effective IA program is the
comes to protecting information and information systems. Individual actions, intentional or
unintentional, greatly contribute to the loss of data breaches. In April 2012 alo
breaches resulting in almost 1.1 million records being lost, these breaches were caused by the
actions of an insider threat, actions
Protecting against this type of threat can be challenging because the individuals have access to
the data may not fully understand the impact of their actions. This is why training is essential
to educate on potential threats and vulnerabilities that exi
react appropriately when faced with the threat.
depending on the audience, such as general users, managers or IT/IA staff (Fig 1).
Figure 1: Specialised IA Training
To ensure training is most effective it should
the organization and annually as a refresher. This initial training provides a basic
understanding of various IA concept and principles to ensure the confidentiality, integrity,
authentication and availability of the organizations resources and assets
IA training requirement, it is important to establish more focused IA training based on
individuals specific roles within the IA program, such as managers and staff.
IA training, depending on role, should include, but not limit
principles;
•Training focused on how their
privacy and information is
protected and their rights and
responsibilities.
•Basic: Training on
organizational security policy,
rules of behavior, thier
individual role and
responsibilities.
Patient
International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September
WARENESS
An essential element of an IA Policy is the training and awareness program and an
e IA program is the personnel; they are usually the first line of defen
comes to protecting information and information systems. Individual actions, intentional or
unintentional, greatly contribute to the loss of data breaches. In April 2012 alone three data
breaches resulting in almost 1.1 million records being lost, these breaches were caused by the
actions while unintentional, still had devastating
Protecting against this type of threat can be challenging because the individuals have access to
may not fully understand the impact of their actions. This is why training is essential
threats and vulnerabilities that exist, but also how to recognise them and
react appropriately when faced with the threat. IA training should be specialized and focused
depending on the audience, such as general users, managers or IT/IA staff (Fig 1).
Figure 1: Specialised IA Training Requirements
ensure training is most effective it should conducted within 30 days of personnel
the organization and annually as a refresher. This initial training provides a basic
understanding of various IA concept and principles to ensure the confidentiality, integrity,
authentication and availability of the organizations resources and assets. In addition to the basic
IA training requirement, it is important to establish more focused IA training based on
individuals specific roles within the IA program, such as managers and staff.
IA training, depending on role, should include, but not limited to, the following concepts and
•Advanced: Basic training and
focus training for individuals
with priviledged access to
data and systems.
•Intermediate: Basic training
and additional training
focused on thier role as a
manager in ensuring
compliance with policy and
promoting the IA Policy.
User Manager
IT/IA
Staff
Patient
September 2012
100
an essential
they are usually the first line of defense when it
comes to protecting information and information systems. Individual actions, intentional or
ne three data
breaches resulting in almost 1.1 million records being lost, these breaches were caused by the
results[11].
Protecting against this type of threat can be challenging because the individuals have access to
may not fully understand the impact of their actions. This is why training is essential,
how to recognise them and
IA training should be specialized and focused
personnel arriving at
the organization and annually as a refresher. This initial training provides a basic
understanding of various IA concept and principles to ensure the confidentiality, integrity,
. In addition to the basic
IA training requirement, it is important to establish more focused IA training based on
ed to, the following concepts and
Advanced: Basic training and
focus training for individuals
with priviledged access to
data and systems.
Intermediate: Basic training
and additional training
focused on thier role as a
manager in ensuring
compliance with policy and
promoting the IA Policy.
5. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
101
User training:
• Basic understanding of IA concepts,
• Physical security of computer hardware and software,
• Proper protection, handling, storage and access of information,
• Privacy Act, HIPAA and PII protection,
• Recognizing and responding to common threats, vulnerabilities and risks,
• Understanding policy for non compliance to the IA rules and regulations,
• Users should understand their role and responsibility in ensuring the organization’s
security posture.
Manager training;
• User training,
• Intermediate understanding of IA concepts,
• Intermediate understanding of threats, vulnerabilities and risk,
• Intermediate understanding of governing regulations, laws and directives,
• Managers should understand their role in supporting, promoting and ensuring all
users comply with organizations security posture.
IT/IA staff training
• User training,
• Intermediate understanding of IA concepts,
• Intermediate understanding of threats, vulnerabilities and risk,
• Intermediate understanding of governing regulations, laws and directives,
• Staff members with privileged access must understand their role in supporting the
organizations security posture but also the added responsibility to act ethically and
legally when using their privileged access to IT resources and assets.
Patients Training;
• This is usually in the form of a pamphlet or a handout that informs the patient
their role and rights regarding privacy, and how the organization protects their
privacy and sensitive information.
To develop and maintain the best possible IA workforce it is essential that individuals,
according to the role they are in, train, achieve and maintain appropriate certifications. This
allows organizations to ensure that individuals will possess the required knowledge and skills
to best perform their individual roles. The following table shows the basic recommended
certifications and training for IT workforce members.
6. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
102
Table 1: Recommended IA staff certifications/training
LEVEL CERTIFICATION TRAINING
BASIC TECHNICIAN A+, OS
COMPTIA, MICROSOFT,
CISCO
SENIOR TECHNICIAN SECURITY+, MCSE COMPTIA, MICROSOFT
NETWORK TECHNICIAN CCNA CISCO
BASIC IA LEVEL SECURITY+ COMPTIA
IA MANAGER CISSP ISC2
AUDITOR CISA ISACA
4. RISK MANAGEMENT
In order to accomplish the goal of protecting an organizations network and information
infrastructure from potential compromise or loss, risk management provides a framework for
identifying, assessing and mitigating risk down to an acceptable level [12].
4.1. RMF
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a dynamic approach to
risk management by allowing for the ability to effectively manage security risks in
environments that deal with complex threats and vulnerabilities and rapidly changing missions
[13]. This framework allows and organizations to not only assess the risks to their information
resources but also to select the best security controls that protects individuals and information
systems and also aligns with the organizations business objectives. This risk management
framework consists of six steps; categorize, select, implement, assess, authorize and monitor.
4.1.1. CATEGORIZE
An organizations senior management cannot ensure the protection of their information and
information systems unless they have a full understanding of what exists in their organization.
This is why it is an important start to the risk management process to perform the categorization
process; this provides a way to determine the sensitivity and critical nature of the information
that resides on their information systems. This allows a decision to be determined on the
systems risk level based on how critical the information system is and what the impact to the
organization, such as financial, legal, etc, would be to the organization if the system was lost or
compromised.
4.1.2. SELECT
Once the categorization process has been completed the determination can be made as to what
security controls would be best implemented on the information system to protect the
information systems confidentiality, integrity, authentication and availability. The security
controls must be able to mitigate the systems risk and not interfere with the organization’s
mission and ability to function. The implemented security controls must be cost effective; it is
not efficient to implement a security control that costs $10,000 for an information system that
was determined to be a non-critical system.
7. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
103
4.1.3. IMPLEMENT
Once the appropriate security controls have been determined, it is necessary to implement them
into the organizations security plan. This will address the documentation, including how the
security control will be implemented and with what security configuration settings applied.
4.1.4. ASSESS
The assessment of the security controls will to determine if the control is effective. This ensures
that the security control was not only implemented properly, meets the security objectives and
expectations, and is cost effect for the organization.
4.1.5. AUTHORIZE
The authorization to operate is the approval that the systems documentation, risk assessment
and overall system is determined to be at an acceptable level for the organization.
4.1.6. MONITOR
To ensure the continued effectiveness of implemented security controls continuous monitoring
is essential. It is essential to monitorand assess the systems security controls to ensure that any
changes in the configuration or updates, this ensures that thesystems security is still effective.
5. MONITOR/UPDATE TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE
The best built IA program can be implemented but is it is not constantly assessed and updated
then it will become useless and give an organization a false sense of security. New threats and
vulnerabilities are not the only concern, new system updates and/or configuration changes
occur that could have an impact on security. This is why constant monitoring and updating as
required are essential to maintain security and compliance and provide the organization a way
to evaluate the effectiveness of the IA program.
There are several ways that assist an organization in this effort, such as a change configuration
management board, automated tools to monitor systems on the enterprise and security
assessments to help evaluate changes to the systems or the operations environment.
6. CASE STUDY: KINGDOM HOSPITAL
Kingdom Hospital is a hospital that realizes the importance of ensuring for the protection of its
information resources and assets, including personnel, services and systems. Kingdom hospital
has unique requirements, such as medical devices, wireless devices (tablets, blackberries, etc.),
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Privacy act requirements
that not currently fully met. To ensure the protection against threats to the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of Kingdom resources and assets, Kingdom’s information assurance
policy currently addresses the basic security of the enterprise. It is essential that with new
threats and vulnerabilities emerging every daythat the hospitals security posture is routinely
assessed and updated to ensure that the hospitals enterprise network is not only secure but also
in compliance with all financial, legal and health care compliance regulations. This is why an
independent risk assessment was conducted for this case study will cover the entire hospital
network including, but not limited to, remote clinics, wireless security, physical security and
hospital security policy and compliance.
Kingdom enterprise hospital network security assessment was performed on several critical
areas such as physical security (not only the network but also to sensitive areas such as the
operating rooms, maternity wards and morgue), security management policies. The ultimate
8. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
104
goal is to find the perfect balance between security and hospital operational functionality. Some
areas where security weaknesses identified included the following;
• Shared network accounts: There are many network accounts that utilize a common
username and password. This increases the security risk of unauthorized
individuals gaining access to the network and does not provide for proper
authentication.
• Weak authentication: the network user accounts only require a username and
password with no password complexity required. Weak password policy is a key to
network security because it is a common way attackers attack to gain access to a
network.
• HIPAA Compliance: there is a lack of policy to ensure compliance to HIPAA
Regulations.
• Acceptable use policy: no policy in place to communicate to the users what the
acceptable behaviour is while utilising network resources, such as internet, email,
social media and user responsibilities, increases various threats including viruses,
malware and data loss.
6.1. KINGDOM VULNERABILITIES IDENTIFIED
During the security assessment,several identified threats and vulnerabilities pose could expose
the hospital network to potentially dangerous security exposures. These vulnerabilities could
open Kingdom hospital with damaging results, such as;
• Financial loss: a successful network attack allows an attacker the opportunity to
manipulate data for financial gains.
• Loss of Reputation: Kingdom hospital success relies on it superior reputation with its
customers and surrounding community, and a successful Denial of Service (DoS)
attack or a breach leading to a compromise of sensitive information could lead to
customers losing faith and confidence in Kingdom hospital.
• Legal consequences: A security breach leading to the compromise or loss of sensitive
data opens up Kingdom hospital to legal issues.
6.2. Kingdom Enterprise Network Risks Identified
Mystical hospital security assessment has identified several as high-risk software and
hardware risks to the enterprise network security. Some of these risks identified include;
• Software security: Software updates not implemented in a timely manner.
• Social media: Controls are not in place to ensure the users are fully aware of the
potential dangers to Kingdom hospital from irresponsible or careless use of various
social media sites.
• Malware/Virus: Controls are not in place to ensure that users are fully aware of
how their irresponsible actions when utilizing internet and email can have
dangerous effects on the network due to malware and/or virus infections.
• Mobile/Wireless devices: Controls are not in place to protect the wireless network
again unauthorized mobile devices and/or individuals.
• Router/Switch: Configurations are default setting resulting in routers and switched
being in an unsecure status.
• Firewall/IDS: Mystical does not have a firewall or IDS in place to protect the
enterprise network from hostile attacks.
9. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
105
6.3. Kingdom Security Requirements
Kingdom’s risk assessment has identified several security requirements that need to be address
to ensure the protection of the patients, employees and various visitors at the hospital.
Addressing these requirements will also protect the hospital assets, including financial and
reputation in the surrounding area. Security requirements identified include;
• Natural Disasters: Being located in Mississippi the threat from hurricanes and tropical
storms are a real and constant threat.
o Mitigation: Perform quarterly review of Disaster Recovery/Business
Continuity Plan with all required personnel on a quarterly basis.
• HIPAA Compliance: Being globally connected the threat from the compromise and/or
loss of sensitive patient data is a real threat that requires special attention to ensure the
protection of Personal Identification Information (PII), Protected Health Information
(PHI) and Electronic Heath Records (EHR) Etc.
o Mitigation: Have security measures in place to monitor email and ensure
proper security measures are in place.
• Facility: It is essential to maintain constant electrical power and Air conditioning to
maintain the critical hospital systems, such as servers and lifesaving medical
equipment.
o Mitigation: Ensure proper generators are in place and regularly tested in the
event of power/HVAC loss.
• Insider threat: Intentional or unintentional, the insider threat posed a major risk to the
network due to the potential for malware, virus or compromise of sensitive information.
o Mitigation: Ensure all users receive proper training and measures are in place
to monitor network for abnormalities.
6.4. Kingdom Security Training Policy
An important element of Kingdom security is the training and awareness program, because
usually the first individual to see potential security issues is the end user. This IA training
policy will ensure that all employees receive and maintain the proper level of IA
training.Kingdom Hospital requires all individuals to attend an initial Information Training
course and have a basic understanding of various concepts and principles to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity and availability of Kingdom Hospital resources and assets, since they
become our first line of defense. Some items that should be included in training;
• Recognizing unsafe email and/or attachments,
• Recognizing and avoiding potentially unsafe websites,
• Ensuring users understand the requirement to encrypt all emails containing sensitive
information.
• Auditing and monitoring policy.
Table 2: Kingdom Hospital Risk Assessment Summary
Kingdom Risk Assessment Summary
Risk Impact Control/Mitigation Action Early warning signs
Infrastructure
default
passwords on
Routers/Switch
Depends
Ensure all devices have
passwords changed from default.
Authorized systems denied
logons, unauthorised devices
accessing network.
10. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
106
Kingdom Risk Assessment Summary
Risk Impact Control/Mitigation Action Early warning signs
es
lacking
adequate
Firewall
Depends
Upgrade to Firewall appropriate
for enterprise.
Increased spam, malware or virus
activity.
Natural Disaster Low
Ensure disaster/contingency plan
is developed and tested annually.
plan not regularly tested.
Network
Shared Network
Accounts
High
Enable network accounts to
require role based smart card
login or complex passwords if
required.
accounts showing suspicious
activity.
Weak
Authentication
High
Enable all network user accounts
to utilize smart card login.
User accounts login when user is
not working or multiple logons at
same time.
Unsecure
mobile devices
High
Ensure mobile/wireless security is
included in IA training,implement
encryption on all mobile devices,
Implement tracking software on
all mobile devices, if possible.
Dataloss/compromise from loss of
devices (mobile devices).
Compliance
HIPAA/Privacy High
Update policy to include
HIPAA/Privacy requirements.
Add additional training
Potential data breaches, sensitive
information found accessible or
sent through email.
System
Regular
Updates not
completed
Medium
Ensure required updates are tested
and completed in a timely
manner.
Unauthorized access to
systems/data.
Virus/Malware Medium
Ensure users are educated about
the dangers and ensure signatures
are updated in a timely manner.
Applications not working
properly, system freezes ,
unauthorized file changes, etc.
Training/Awareness
Social Media High
Ensure social media dangers are
included in required IA training.
sensitive data being releases on
social media sites.
Lack of
Accountability
Depends
Requires users to acknowledge
and sign Acceptable user
agreement.
usersrepeat failure to comply with
IA policy.
7. CONCLUSION
Healthcare and healthcare IT has been advancing at an amazing rate in the last few years and
while this had provided healthcare professional the ability to not only provide better care for
their patients, it has also introduced new threats and vulnerabilities to information systems and
sensitive patient information. Ensuring for the proper protection is an ongoing and challenging
effort with its unique challenges, but with a properly developed and maintained IA program, it
is possible. The ultimate goal is to understand the organizations business goals and objectives
and find the proper balance between implementation of security controls, patient care and the
business goals. These goals can be accomplished by prioritizing risks identified in the risk
assessment and reduce those risks to an acceptable level. The U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services has a website that gives the public information about medical ID theft and
included is the Office of Inspector General’s list of Most Wanted Health Care Fugitives
(OIG)[14]. It is important that an organization never underestimate the users within the
organization and like the Naval Intelligence motto; In God we trust, all others we monitor [15].
11. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
107
REFERENCES
[1]. Horowitz, Brian, (2012), BTOD wins over 85 percent of Health Care IT Pros: Aruba,
eWeek.com, Retrieved 23 Feb 2012 from http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Health-Care-IT/BYOD-
Wins-Over-85-Percent-of-Health-Care-Aruba-243541/
[2]. Manos, Diana, (2012), Health data breaches up 97 percent in 2011, Healthcare IT News,
Retrieved 13March 2012 from http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/health-data-breaches-97-
percent-2011
[3]. Ponemon Institute, (2010), Ponemon Cost of a Data Breach, Symantec, Retrieved 16 March
2012 from
http://www.symantec.com/about/news/resources/press_kits/detail.jsp?pkid=ponemon&om_ext_
cid=biz_socmed_twitter_facebook_marketwire_linkedin_2011Mar_worldwide_costofdatabreac
h
[4]. Kam, Rick, (2012), A glimps inside the $234 billion world of medical fraud, Goverment Health
IT, Retrieved 16 March 2012 from http://www.govhealthit.com/news/glimpse-inside-234-
billion-world-medical-id-theft
[5]. Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS), (2010) National Information Assurance (IA)
Glossary, CNSS Instruction 4009
[6]. Cyber-Ark, (2010) The Global Recession and its effect on Work Ethics. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011
from http://www.storagesearch.com/cyber-art-art-12-2008.pdf
[7]. Barrett, L (2010) Data Breaches Continue to Plague Health Care Orgs. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011
from http://www.esecurityplanet.com/trends/article.php/3896676/Data-Breaches-Continue-to-
Plague-Health-Care-Orgs.htm
[8]. IRS-2010-82, (2010) CPA Disbarred for failure to to Exercise Due Diligence and Compliance
Problems. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011 from
http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=225261,00.html
[9]. Whitman, M, e, &Mattord, H.J, (2012) Principles of information security (4th ed) Boston MA;
Cengage Learning/Course Technology
[10]. Gamble, Molly, (2012) Emery Healthcare Faces Class-Action Suit Over Data Breach.
Becker’s Hospital Review. Retrieved 19 Aug 2012 from
http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/emory-healthcare-faces-class-
action-suit-over-data-breach.html
[11]. Chickowski, Ericka, (2012) Healthcare Unable to keep up with insider threat. Security
Dark Reading. Retrieved 25 March 2012 from http://www.darkreading.com/insider-
threat/167801100/security/news/232901235/healthcare-unable-to-keep-up-with-insider-
threats.html
[12]. Stoneburner, G., Guguen, A., &Feringa, A., (2002) NIST SP 800-30: Risk
Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. Retrieved 25 March 2012 from
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-30/sp800-30.pdf
[13]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2010) NIST SP 800-31 Rev 1: Guide
for Applying Risk Management Framework to Federal Information Systems. Gaithersburg, MD
[14]. U.S Department of Health & Human Services, (2012) Office of Inspector General.
Retrieved 9 May 2012 from http://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/fugitives/index.asp
[15]. Campaign Casuals, (n.d.) Naval Intelligence “In God We Trust All Others We
Monitor” Military Patch, Retrieved 3 Sep 2011 from http://www.campaigncasuals.com/naval-
intelligence--in-god-we-trust-all-others-we-monitor--military-patch.html
[16]. Halton, Michael and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); "The Top 10 Best Cloud-Security
Practices in Next-Generation Networking"; International Journal of Communication Networks
and Distributed Systems (IJCNDS); Vol. 8, Nos. ½, 2012, Pages:70-84, ISSN: 1754-3916
12. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
108
[17]. Mohr, Stephen and Rahman, Syed (Shawon);“IT Security Issues within the Video
Game Industry”; International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology
(IJCSIT), Vol 3, No 5, Oct 2011
[18]. Dees, Kyle and Rahman, Syed (Shawon);“Enhancing Infrastructure Security in Real
Estate”; International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), ISSN : 0974
– 9322
[19]. Hood, David and Rahman, Syed (Shawon);“IT Security Plan for Flight Simulation
Program”; International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA),
Vol.1, No.5, Oct 2011
[20]. Schuett, Maria and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); “Information Security Synthesis in
Online Universities”; International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA),
Vol.3, No.5, Sep 2011
[21]. Jungck, Kathleen and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); " Cloud Computing Avoids Downfall
of Application Service Providers";International Journal of Information Technology
Convergence and services (IJITCS), Vol.1, No.3, June 2011
[22]. Slaughter, Jason and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); " Information Security Plan for Flight
Simulator Applications"; International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology
(IJCSIT), Vol. 3, No 3, June 2011
[23]. Rahman, Syed (Shawon) and Donahue, Shannon; "Converging Physical and
Information Security Risk Management", Executive Action Series, The Conference Board, Inc.
845 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022-6679
[24]. Jungck, Kathleen and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); " Information Security Policy
Concerns as Case Law Shifts toward Balance between Employer Security and Employee
Privacy"; The 2011 International Conference on Security and Management (SAM 2011), Las
Vegas, Nevada, USA July 18-21, 2011
[25]. Benson, Karen and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); "Security Risks in Mechanical
Engineering Industries", International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey
(IJCSES), ISSN: 0976-2760
[26]. Bisong, Anthony and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); "An Overview of the Security
Concerns in Enterprise Cloud Computing "; International journal of Network Security & Its
Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.1, January 2011
[27]. Mullikin, Arwen and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); "The Ethical Dilemma of the USA
Government Wiretapping"; International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT);
Vol.2, No.4, November 2010
[28]. Rahman, Syed (Shawon) and Donahue, Shannon; “Convergence of Corporate and
Information Security”; International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 7, No. 1, 2010; ISSN 1947-5500
[29]. Dreelin, S., Gregory and Rahman, Syed (Shawon);“ ENTERPRISE SECURITY RISK
PLAN FOR A SMALL BUSINESS”; International Journal of Computer Networks &
Communications (IJCNC)
[30]. Rice, Lee and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); “Non-Profit Organizations’ need to Address
Security for Effective Government Contracting”; International Journal of Network Security &
Its Applications (IJNSA), ISSN:0974-9330(online); 0975-2307 (Print), Vol.4, No.4, July 2012
[31]. Neal, David and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); “VIDEO SURVEILLANCE IN THE
CLOUD?”; The International Journal of Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS)
[32]. Lai, Robert and Rahman, Syed (Shawon); “Analytic of China Cyberattack”; The
International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), June 2012, Volume 4, Number
3,
13. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2012
109
Authors Bio:
Kimmarie Donahue is a Senior Information Assurance Project Lead with KSH Solutions that provides
Information Assurance, Information Security and Certification & Accreditation support services to
various organizations within the federal government. She received her Master’s Degree in Information
Technology, Information Assurance and Security from Capella University. She currently holds the
CISSP certification and NSA/CNSS (INFOSEC) Recognition. Kimmarie is a member of several
professional organizations including ISC2, HIMSS, ISACA and ISSA.
Syed (Shawon) M. Rahman is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering at the University of Hawaii-Hilo and an adjunct faculty of information Technology,
information assurance and security at the Capella University. Dr. Rahman’s research interests include
software engineering education, data visualization, information assurance and security, web accessibility,
and software testing and quality assurance. He has published more than 75 peer-reviewed papers. He is a
member of many professional organizations including ACM, ASEE, ASQ, IEEE, and UPE.