1) The document discusses privacy and security risks associated with digital health data. It provides statistics showing that attacks on healthcare organizations' data have increased by 1.25 times in the last five years compared to previously.
2) On average, each data breach incident in healthcare organizations results in the compromise of over 18,000 patient records. The cost of each breached record is also highest for healthcare at $363.
3) Criminal attacks are now the leading cause of data breaches in healthcare, surpassing unintentional leaks and insider breaches. The document recommends measures to reduce privacy and security risks when integrating digital health data.
AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, PRIVACY AND SAFETY ISSUES FACING ELECTRONIC MEDI...ijsptm
Patient information recorded in electronic medical records is the most significant set of information of the healthcare system. It assists healthcare providers to introduce high quality care for patients. The aim of this study identifies the security threats associated with electronic medical records and gives
recommendations to keep them more secured. The study applied the qualitative research method through a case study. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and information technology technicians. The study results classified the issues that face electronic medical records into four main categories which were availability, accessibility, privacy, and safety of health information.
Reasons for the Popularity of Medical Record TheftOPSWAT
After a slew of data breaches in 2014, the FBI warned the healthcare industry that cyber-criminals would be directing more attention their way in 2015. The healthcare industry has become an increasingly valuable target for cyber thieves, and in some cases, a much easier target to attack, due to their often less than adequate investment in cyber security. What is it about the healthcare industry that has captured the cyber criminals' interest in the last few years?
This white paper covers various topics including industry data breach statistics, the value of credit card data versus medical record data, healthcare spending on cyber security and the impact of BYOD on industry vulnerability to data breaches. This white paper also highlights various solutions for protecting medical record data including multi-scanning, email security and the protection of endpoint devices.
Health care providers have become prime targets of cyber criminals, since they hold a treasure trove of irresistible data, including Social Security numbers and medical records (think access to prescription painkillers). As cyber criminals become more sophisticated, medical practices are more vulnerable than ever.
In this webinar "Data Breach: It Can Happen To You," hosted by the Cooperative of American Physicians, Inc. (CAP), viewers will learn:
+ What a data breach is
+ Its economic impact
+ Why the threat is growing
+ Steps to take to protect yourself
+ The must-dos in the event of a breach
Watch the webinar here —> https://youtu.be/mqdMA-UZNy0
About Our Presenters:
Melvin Osswald, Vice President Program Underwriting, NAS Insurance — Ms. Osswald joined NAS in 2002 and specializes in health care, cyber liability, employment practice, directors and officers coverage. Ms. Osswald currently supports NAS’ reinsurance programs and oversees the underwriting and product development of Billing Errors and Omissions, Cyber Liability, Employment Practices Liability, and Directors and Officers programs created to address the new exposures facing health care providers. She has been featured as a guest speaker at various industry conferences addressing the evolving professional liability risks in health care, and served on the Steering Committee of the Southern California Chapter of the Professional Liability Underwriting Society.
Chris Reese, Vice President, Director of Underwriting, NAS Insurance — As part of NAS’ key management team, Ms. Reese provides insurance solutions for clients in the health care industry. She has held leadership positions on both the underwriting and retail broker sides of the business, and has worked in the London market for a reinsurance intermediary. Ms. Reese has been involved with cyber risk insurance for the health care industry since 2004, providing coverage to physicians, medical groups, and integrated delivery systems.
MORE SLIDESHARE PRESENTATIONS
http://www.slideshare.net/capphysicians/presentations
VISIT OUR WEBSITE
http://www.cappphysicians.com
LET'S CONNECT
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/CAPphysicians
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cooperative-of-american-physicians-inc-
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/CooperativeofAmericanPhysiciansInc
Youtube: http://youtube.com/CAPphysicians
Google+: http://www.google.com/+Capphysicians
MANAGING THE INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDSijsptm
All healthcare providers should have enough knowledge and sufficient information to understand the potential risk, which can lead to a breach in the Jordanian health information system (Hakeem program). This study aims to emphasise the importance of sharing sensitive health information among healthcare providers, create laws and regulations to keep the electronic medical records secure, and increase the
awareness about health information security among healthcare providers. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and an information technology technician. The study results showed that sharing sensitive information in a secure environment, creating laws and regulations, and increasing the
awareness about health information security render the electronic medical records of patients more secure and safe
AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, PRIVACY AND SAFETY ISSUES FACING ELECTRONIC MEDI...ijsptm
Patient information recorded in electronic medical records is the most significant set of information of the healthcare system. It assists healthcare providers to introduce high quality care for patients. The aim of this study identifies the security threats associated with electronic medical records and gives
recommendations to keep them more secured. The study applied the qualitative research method through a case study. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and information technology technicians. The study results classified the issues that face electronic medical records into four main categories which were availability, accessibility, privacy, and safety of health information.
Reasons for the Popularity of Medical Record TheftOPSWAT
After a slew of data breaches in 2014, the FBI warned the healthcare industry that cyber-criminals would be directing more attention their way in 2015. The healthcare industry has become an increasingly valuable target for cyber thieves, and in some cases, a much easier target to attack, due to their often less than adequate investment in cyber security. What is it about the healthcare industry that has captured the cyber criminals' interest in the last few years?
This white paper covers various topics including industry data breach statistics, the value of credit card data versus medical record data, healthcare spending on cyber security and the impact of BYOD on industry vulnerability to data breaches. This white paper also highlights various solutions for protecting medical record data including multi-scanning, email security and the protection of endpoint devices.
Health care providers have become prime targets of cyber criminals, since they hold a treasure trove of irresistible data, including Social Security numbers and medical records (think access to prescription painkillers). As cyber criminals become more sophisticated, medical practices are more vulnerable than ever.
In this webinar "Data Breach: It Can Happen To You," hosted by the Cooperative of American Physicians, Inc. (CAP), viewers will learn:
+ What a data breach is
+ Its economic impact
+ Why the threat is growing
+ Steps to take to protect yourself
+ The must-dos in the event of a breach
Watch the webinar here —> https://youtu.be/mqdMA-UZNy0
About Our Presenters:
Melvin Osswald, Vice President Program Underwriting, NAS Insurance — Ms. Osswald joined NAS in 2002 and specializes in health care, cyber liability, employment practice, directors and officers coverage. Ms. Osswald currently supports NAS’ reinsurance programs and oversees the underwriting and product development of Billing Errors and Omissions, Cyber Liability, Employment Practices Liability, and Directors and Officers programs created to address the new exposures facing health care providers. She has been featured as a guest speaker at various industry conferences addressing the evolving professional liability risks in health care, and served on the Steering Committee of the Southern California Chapter of the Professional Liability Underwriting Society.
Chris Reese, Vice President, Director of Underwriting, NAS Insurance — As part of NAS’ key management team, Ms. Reese provides insurance solutions for clients in the health care industry. She has held leadership positions on both the underwriting and retail broker sides of the business, and has worked in the London market for a reinsurance intermediary. Ms. Reese has been involved with cyber risk insurance for the health care industry since 2004, providing coverage to physicians, medical groups, and integrated delivery systems.
MORE SLIDESHARE PRESENTATIONS
http://www.slideshare.net/capphysicians/presentations
VISIT OUR WEBSITE
http://www.cappphysicians.com
LET'S CONNECT
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/CAPphysicians
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cooperative-of-american-physicians-inc-
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/CooperativeofAmericanPhysiciansInc
Youtube: http://youtube.com/CAPphysicians
Google+: http://www.google.com/+Capphysicians
MANAGING THE INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDSijsptm
All healthcare providers should have enough knowledge and sufficient information to understand the potential risk, which can lead to a breach in the Jordanian health information system (Hakeem program). This study aims to emphasise the importance of sharing sensitive health information among healthcare providers, create laws and regulations to keep the electronic medical records secure, and increase the
awareness about health information security among healthcare providers. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and an information technology technician. The study results showed that sharing sensitive information in a secure environment, creating laws and regulations, and increasing the
awareness about health information security render the electronic medical records of patients more secure and safe
Modern medicine is facing a complex environment, not from medical technology but rather government regulations and information vulnerability. HIPPA is the government’s attempt to protect patient’s information yet this only addresses traditional record handling. The main threat is from the evolving security issues. Many medical offices and facilities have multiple areas of information security concerns. Physical security is often weak, office personnel are not always aware of security needs and application security and transmission protocols are not consistently maintained. Health insurance needs and general financial opportunity has created an emerging market in medical identity theft. Medical offices have the perfect storm of information collection, personal, credit, banking, health, and insurance. Thieves have realized that medical facilities have as much economic value as banks and the security is much easier to crack. Mostly committed by insiders, medical identity theft is a well-hidden information crime. In spite of its covert nature, the catastrophic ramification to the victims is overt. This information crime involves stealing patients’ records to impersonate the patients in an effort of obtaining health care services or claiming Medicare on the patients’ behalf. Unlike financial identity theft, there is a lack of recourse for the victims to recover from damages. Medical identity theft undermines the quality of health care information systems and enervates the information security of electronic patient record.
Protecting Patient Health Information in the HITECH EraRapid7
The American Healthcare system is getting a complete facelift thanks to incentives to adopt Health Information Technology introduced by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. The HITECH Act contains tools for the enforcement of HIPAA regulations, as well as incentives to accelerate the adoption of information systems that reduce costs, gain efficiencies, and ultimately improve patient care while keeping patient health information secure. This paper examines the HITECH Act, the enforcement mechanisms the HITECH Act provides for HIPAA, and the key security challenges healthcare services face in order to protect patient health information as part of becoming HIPAA compliant.
While researchers are technically not covered by HIPAA, it still is important to protect patient's Protected Health Information(PHI). This is a presentation I did for the Society of Clinical Research Associates (SOCRA)
Rapid7 Report: Data Breaches in the Government SectorRapid7
Rapid7, the leading provider of security risk intelligence solutions, analyzed data collected and categorized by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse Chronology of Data Breaches. Using this data, the company outlined patterns for government data breaches, including year, month, location and breach type patterns. This information and tips for protecting infrastructure can ensure that government IT environments stay protected against malicious attacks and unintended disclosure.
Security issues and framework of electronic medical record: A reviewjournalBEEI
The electronic medical record has been more widely accepted due to its unarguable benefits when compared to a paper-based system. As electronic medical record becomes more popular, this raises many security threats against the systems. Common security vulnerabilities, such as weak authentication, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and cross-site request forgery had been identified in the electronic medical record systems. To achieve the goals of using EMR, attaining security and privacy is extremely important. This study aims to propose a web framework with inbuilt security features that will prevent the common security vulnerabilities in the electronic medical record. The security features of the three most popular and powerful PHP frameworks Laravel, CodeIgniter, and Symfony were reviewed and compared. Based on the results, Laravel is equipped with the security features that electronic medical record currently required. This paper provides descriptions of the proposed conceptual framework that can be adapted to implement secure EMR systems.
Quickly made presentation in two hours
Security Risk Management in Healthcare on Cloud using NIST guidelines
More details: (blog: http://sandyclassic.wordpress.com ,
linkedin: ie.linkedin.com/in/sandepsharma/)
Welcome to the first Verizon Protected Health Information Data Breach Report (PHIDBR).
We’re the same team that has brought you the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report
(DBIR) since 2008, and we are excited to revisit some of that data and bring in
some new incidents for this report.
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the problem of medical data loss—how it is
disclosed, who is causing it and what can be done to combat it. This is a far-reaching
problem that impacts not only organizations that are victims of these breaches, but also
doctor-patient relationships. And it can have consequences that spread more broadly
than just those directly affected by the incidents.
Survey of open source health information systemshiij
Due to the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), the US
medical industry has been given a directive to transition to electronic health records. Electronic Health
Records will enhance efficiency and quality of patient care. In this paper, open-source health information
systems are surveyed.These systems include electronic medical records, electronic health records and
personal health record systems. Their functionality, implementation technologies used, and security
features are discussed.
360 graden feedback is een krachtig hulpmiddel bij ontwikkeling en evaluatie van competenties. Met ons systeem onderzoek je de feedback van omstanders en breng je talenten en ontwikkelpunten in kaart.
Modern medicine is facing a complex environment, not from medical technology but rather government regulations and information vulnerability. HIPPA is the government’s attempt to protect patient’s information yet this only addresses traditional record handling. The main threat is from the evolving security issues. Many medical offices and facilities have multiple areas of information security concerns. Physical security is often weak, office personnel are not always aware of security needs and application security and transmission protocols are not consistently maintained. Health insurance needs and general financial opportunity has created an emerging market in medical identity theft. Medical offices have the perfect storm of information collection, personal, credit, banking, health, and insurance. Thieves have realized that medical facilities have as much economic value as banks and the security is much easier to crack. Mostly committed by insiders, medical identity theft is a well-hidden information crime. In spite of its covert nature, the catastrophic ramification to the victims is overt. This information crime involves stealing patients’ records to impersonate the patients in an effort of obtaining health care services or claiming Medicare on the patients’ behalf. Unlike financial identity theft, there is a lack of recourse for the victims to recover from damages. Medical identity theft undermines the quality of health care information systems and enervates the information security of electronic patient record.
Protecting Patient Health Information in the HITECH EraRapid7
The American Healthcare system is getting a complete facelift thanks to incentives to adopt Health Information Technology introduced by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. The HITECH Act contains tools for the enforcement of HIPAA regulations, as well as incentives to accelerate the adoption of information systems that reduce costs, gain efficiencies, and ultimately improve patient care while keeping patient health information secure. This paper examines the HITECH Act, the enforcement mechanisms the HITECH Act provides for HIPAA, and the key security challenges healthcare services face in order to protect patient health information as part of becoming HIPAA compliant.
While researchers are technically not covered by HIPAA, it still is important to protect patient's Protected Health Information(PHI). This is a presentation I did for the Society of Clinical Research Associates (SOCRA)
Rapid7 Report: Data Breaches in the Government SectorRapid7
Rapid7, the leading provider of security risk intelligence solutions, analyzed data collected and categorized by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse Chronology of Data Breaches. Using this data, the company outlined patterns for government data breaches, including year, month, location and breach type patterns. This information and tips for protecting infrastructure can ensure that government IT environments stay protected against malicious attacks and unintended disclosure.
Security issues and framework of electronic medical record: A reviewjournalBEEI
The electronic medical record has been more widely accepted due to its unarguable benefits when compared to a paper-based system. As electronic medical record becomes more popular, this raises many security threats against the systems. Common security vulnerabilities, such as weak authentication, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and cross-site request forgery had been identified in the electronic medical record systems. To achieve the goals of using EMR, attaining security and privacy is extremely important. This study aims to propose a web framework with inbuilt security features that will prevent the common security vulnerabilities in the electronic medical record. The security features of the three most popular and powerful PHP frameworks Laravel, CodeIgniter, and Symfony were reviewed and compared. Based on the results, Laravel is equipped with the security features that electronic medical record currently required. This paper provides descriptions of the proposed conceptual framework that can be adapted to implement secure EMR systems.
Quickly made presentation in two hours
Security Risk Management in Healthcare on Cloud using NIST guidelines
More details: (blog: http://sandyclassic.wordpress.com ,
linkedin: ie.linkedin.com/in/sandepsharma/)
Welcome to the first Verizon Protected Health Information Data Breach Report (PHIDBR).
We’re the same team that has brought you the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report
(DBIR) since 2008, and we are excited to revisit some of that data and bring in
some new incidents for this report.
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the problem of medical data loss—how it is
disclosed, who is causing it and what can be done to combat it. This is a far-reaching
problem that impacts not only organizations that are victims of these breaches, but also
doctor-patient relationships. And it can have consequences that spread more broadly
than just those directly affected by the incidents.
Survey of open source health information systemshiij
Due to the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), the US
medical industry has been given a directive to transition to electronic health records. Electronic Health
Records will enhance efficiency and quality of patient care. In this paper, open-source health information
systems are surveyed.These systems include electronic medical records, electronic health records and
personal health record systems. Their functionality, implementation technologies used, and security
features are discussed.
360 graden feedback is een krachtig hulpmiddel bij ontwikkeling en evaluatie van competenties. Met ons systeem onderzoek je de feedback van omstanders en breng je talenten en ontwikkelpunten in kaart.
Gulfinity is Classifieds company based in Qatar provides you infinite opportunities to find jobs, job seekers, courses, Institutes all over Middle East . You can find jobs and job seekers in different categories like professional and Non-professionals.
Corporate social responsibility adalah komitmen perusahaan atau dunia bisnis untuk berkontribusi dalam pengembangan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dengan memperhatikan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan dan menitikberatkan pada keseimbangan antara perhatian terhadap aspek ekonomis, social, dan lingkungan.
Terdapat empat hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam menyusun strategi kegiatan CSR marketing, yaitu:
1. Kegiatan CSR harus mempunyai fokus, artinya perusahaan harus memilih satu atau beberapa tema yang menjadi fokus kegiatan CSR-nya, misalnya tema pendidikan, lingkungan hidup, kesehatan, atau kesenjangan sosial. Tidak memiliki tema yang menjadi fokus akan mengaburkan tujuan kegiatan itu dan bisa menghambat dampak yang diharapkan.
2. Kegiatan CSR harus dilakukan secara konsisten. Apabila perusahaan melakukan kegiatan CSR-nya secara konsisten dalam jangka panjang, kemungkinan besar akan mendapat kepercayaan dari stakeholder dan akan menarik mereka untuk ikut berpartisipasi.
3. Kegiatan CSR dihubungkan dengan brand yang dimiliki perusahaan, bertujuan untuk membetuk identitas brand yang baik lewat kegiatan CSR.
4. Perusahaan memerekkan kegiatan CSR itu sendiri, misalnya dengan cara memberi nama, membuat logo atau slogan tentang kegiatan CSR tersebut. Dengan demikian diharapkan perusahaan lebih mudah mengkomunikasikan kegiatan CSR mereka kepada stakeholder-nya.
2.5 Bentuk Marketing CSR
Menurut Kotler dan Lee (2005), kegiatan marketing CSR terdiri dari enam bentuk, antara lain corporate cause promotion, cause-related marketing, corporate social marketing, corporate philanthropy, community volunteering dan socially responsibility business practices. Ketika sebuah perusahaan menyatakan bahwa sebagian dari keuntungan atau penjualan produknya akan disumbangkan untuk kegiatan sosial tertentu, maka perusahaan tersebut sedang melakukan apa yang disebut sebagai cause-related marketing.
Page 9 of 15Capstone ProjectYaima OrtizIDS-4934.docxkarlhennesey
Page 9 of 15
Capstone Project
Yaima Ortiz
IDS-4934
March 1st, 2020
Abstract
Topic:
Privacy- What medical information should be confidential? Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records?
Thesis Statement
In healthcare centers and overall privacy is the right of every US citizen that should be protected in all its forms by the healthcare organization.
Rationale
1. The purpose of this paper is to identify why security measures are necessary to protect one’s privacy in the medical industry.
2. There are numerous laws, policies and healthcare organizational rules and regulations and statistics that would be helpful for conducting this research.
3. Privacy of a person whether this is me or you, is important then everything. I want to talk on this topic because I think most of us do not know what is happening to us.
4. I have selected textual analysis of books and available internet sources. The reason of this limited research methodology is that I cannot perform field study because of shortage of time.
Rough Draft Ideas
Identity theft in healthcare industry become a common practice and leads to information leakage that may destroy someone’s life. We can eliminate this human right violation by enforcing effective and practical laws. Healthcare organizations should understand their responsibilities and tighten security to protect information of patients.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Overview of Privacy Protections with Respect to Medical Records 4
Data Breaches in the Healthcare Industry 5
Healthcare is the biggest Target for Cyber Attack 7
Penalties and Punishments for Hacking Personal Information 9
Penalties 9
Devastating Consequences of Healthcare Data Breaches 10
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
Bibliography 12
Introduction
While operating in healthcare organizations need to gather patient’s information that is mostly personal information. It is the moral and legal responsibility of health care organizations to protect the information of their patients and do not share it with people outside of the organization without the patient’s consent. Protecting patient’s information is a crucial element of respect and essential for patients' autonomy and trust in the organization — the US healthcare industry currently facing patient mistrust that is caused because of a lack of trust. When patients experience a lack of confidence they do not share their information with a healthcare professional that causes ineffective treatment. In a 2018 study, Levy, Scherer, Zikmund-Fisher, Larkin, Barnes, & Fagerlin concluded that approximately 81.1% of people withheld medically relevant information from their health-care providers. Patients fail to disclose medically relevant information in front of their clinicians undermine their health and cause patient harm (Levy, 2018).
There are numerous components of patient privacy in healthcare that are personal space, religious and cultural affiliations, physical privacy ...
Page 9 of 15Capstone ProjectYaima OrtizIDS-4934.docxhoney690131
Page 9 of 15
Capstone Project
Yaima Ortiz
IDS-4934
March 1st, 2020
Abstract
Topic:
Privacy- What medical information should be confidential? Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records?
Thesis Statement
In healthcare centers and overall privacy is the right of every US citizen that should be protected in all its forms by the healthcare organization.
Rationale
1. The purpose of this paper is to identify why security measures are necessary to protect one’s privacy in the medical industry.
2. There are numerous laws, policies and healthcare organizational rules and regulations and statistics that would be helpful for conducting this research.
3. Privacy of a person whether this is me or you, is important then everything. I want to talk on this topic because I think most of us do not know what is happening to us.
4. I have selected textual analysis of books and available internet sources. The reason of this limited research methodology is that I cannot perform field study because of shortage of time.
Rough Draft Ideas
Identity theft in healthcare industry become a common practice and leads to information leakage that may destroy someone’s life. We can eliminate this human right violation by enforcing effective and practical laws. Healthcare organizations should understand their responsibilities and tighten security to protect information of patients.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Overview of Privacy Protections with Respect to Medical Records 4
Data Breaches in the Healthcare Industry 5
Healthcare is the biggest Target for Cyber Attack 7
Penalties and Punishments for Hacking Personal Information 9
Penalties 9
Devastating Consequences of Healthcare Data Breaches 10
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
Bibliography 12
Introduction
While operating in healthcare organizations need to gather patient’s information that is mostly personal information. It is the moral and legal responsibility of health care organizations to protect the information of their patients and do not share it with people outside of the organization without the patient’s consent. Protecting patient’s information is a crucial element of respect and essential for patients' autonomy and trust in the organization — the US healthcare industry currently facing patient mistrust that is caused because of a lack of trust. When patients experience a lack of confidence they do not share their information with a healthcare professional that causes ineffective treatment. In a 2018 study, Levy, Scherer, Zikmund-Fisher, Larkin, Barnes, & Fagerlin concluded that approximately 81.1% of people withheld medically relevant information from their health-care providers. Patients fail to disclose medically relevant information in front of their clinicians undermine their health and cause patient harm (Levy, 2018).
There are numerous components of patient privacy in healthcare that are personal space, religious and cultural affiliations, physical privacy.
Implementation of Data Privacy and Security in an Online Student Health Recor...Kato Mivule
Kato Mivule, Stephen Otunba, Tattwamasi Tripathy, Sharad and Sharma, "Implementation of Data Privacy and Security in an Online Student Health Records System", Proceedings at the ISCA 21th Int Conf on Software Engineering and Data Engineering (SEDE-2012), Pages 143-148, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Medical privacy and breaches of personal health information (PHI) has been a hot topic for several years. For the clinical trial industry, the main concerns are decline in recruitment resulting from lack of confidence in data handling and instances of breaches that affect data integrity that adversely affect NDA and MA applications in major markets, which precipitates administrative action taken by national regulators in response to local incidents.
European legislators rely extensively on administrative measures implemented by national competent authorities. Although specific and detailed EU-level legislation exists, specific information about data breaches, cases and incidents, volume and type of affected data, root causes and analysis of consequences is largely missing. According to Howard and Gulyas (2014), this lack of organized event records is currently an empirical obstacle but provides opportunity to generate new knowledge about data and privacy protection that could bolster future trial recruitment.
In the U.S., summary details of breaches that involved more than 500 individuals are available at the OCR portal called Wall of Shame for everyone to analyze. Disclosure obligations in HIPAA made the problem of data breaches in healthcare obvious and protection of the privacy of patients has been an important part of physicians’ code of conduct. This offers lessons learned to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities that undermine trial participation.
Page 1 Executive Summary Policy makers are looking.docxsmile790243
Page 1
Executive Summary
Policy makers are looking carefully at the best ways to improve our healthcare system with much
emphasis being placed on the need for electronic health records for every American. This effort also
includes creating an infrastructure to allow the exchange of these records at the regional, state and
national levels. With the passing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the
federal government is poised to invest over $19 billion in healthcare information technology (HITECH
Act).1 This investment will provide significant incentives for healthcare providers to implement electronic
medical record (EMR) systems over the next five years. This action has the potential to dramatically
change the landscape of modern medicine and is generally seen as a tremendous step forward; however,
we must ensure that this course achieves the ultimate goals of this initiative.
If we are to improve healthcare information management, we must start with the accurate identification of
each person receiving or providing healthcare services, and anyone accessing or using this information.
As we move away from paper-based medical records that are controlled by physical access to buildings,
rooms, and files, we need to have an infrastructure that supports strong identity and security controls.
The issues with establishing identity are compounded as electronic medical records are used by many
different organizations at the regional, state, and national levels. There must be a way to uniquely and
securely authenticate each person across the healthcare infrastructure, whether that interaction is in
person or over the Internet.
Until now, there has been a slow and uncoordinated transition toward electronic medical records. There
are a myriad of systems on the market today, each with its own methods for handling patient and record
identification and each with varying levels of security and privacy controls. Many systems rely on simple
usernames and passwords to identify and control access. Far fewer implement strong multi-factor
authentication (such as smart cards). It is critical that a set of standards be established for identifying the
patient, the medical provider, and all others handling electronic records so that information across
different locations can be shared easily and securely and so that patient privacy is maintained. Accurate
identification and authentication seem like capabilities that should already exist in healthcare; however,
identification and authentication are currently uncontrolled and not standardized among medical systems,
locations, and organizations within the healthcare community.
This paper introduces the current challenges and explains why identity management in healthcare is an
essential and foundational element that must be made a priority by policy makers in order to achieve the
goals of widespread use of electronic health records to support t.
Running head Information security threats 1Information secur.docxwlynn1
Running head: Information security threats 1
Information security threats 7
Information security threats
Khaleem Pasha Mohammad
Campbellsville University
Introduction
The development of technology has been greatly embraced in hospitals, saved innumerable lives, and improved the quality of care provision. Not exclusively has technology changed patients knowledgeable and of their families but further consideration has had a significant impact on the strategy and practices of practitioners. One in every five of the areas that have greatly embraced technology is care data. Technology has helped inside the treatment of care records through the introduction of electronic health records, that's exchange paper records. With the availability of electronic care record (EHR) systems, a nurse can merely check for patients’ allergies, case history, weight, age, and prescription through the press of a button. However, the most quantity as institutions are clasp technology to stay up their health records, there are series of risks associated with these technologies. Since the start of technology inside the upkeep of care records, the care trade has been a primary target for cyber crimes. The motives behind cyber-attacks on care are clear as insurance firms, hospitals, care clinics, and totally different care suppliers keep health records that contain valuable information. The use of America Department of Health and Human Services for Civil Rights has acknowledged that over 100 million people square measure suffering from care data security breach. Gregorian calendar month 2015 was a foul month for electronic data jointly of the most important hacks on health care records on Anthem Blue Cross resulting in over seventy-eight million patients’ health data was taken. The cyber-attack scarf sensitive data that contained social securities, names, and residential addresses of people. Constant year, Premera Blue Cross reported that a cyber-attack has exposed medical information of over eleven million customers. Back in 2011, over 4.9 million health records were taken electronically from Science Application International Corporation. These are few cases of a care data breach with sensitive data falling into the hands of third parties. In guaranteeing that there are privacy and security in care records, bureau insurance mobility and responsibility (HIPPA) is providing legislation that hospital and totally different institutions that handle patient’s data to adopt in guaranteeing that varied security measures are enforced in protecting data.
HIPPA and Security Compliance
As much as institutions are clasp technology in storing care data, it is vital for institutions like HIPPA to regulate these bodies to substantiate that shopper rights are protected. The HIPAA Security Rule provides that electronic records of patients got to be protected in any respect times from any unauthorized access nonetheless the information being at rest or in transit.
Running Head Stage 2 Sharing Data1Stage 2 Sharing Data3.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: Stage 2: Sharing Data1
Stage 2: Sharing Data3
Stage 2: Sharing Data
Alesix Tieku
Dr.Lindsey hopper
IFSM 305
July 11th, 2019
Table of Contents
A.Introduction2
B.Need to Share Data2
C.Types of Data to be shared3
D.Data Interchange Standards4
E.Summary4
Stage 2: Sharing DataA. Introduction
Medical care institutions have provided care for their patients since old times before the digital technology era that we are in today. Medical institutions like clinics and hospitals which existed during those previous times, used paper based methods to get most of their basic operations done within the institutions. Operations like obtaining, saving and updating customer details, keeping appointment schedules, and sharing customer data with other institutions. Now in the modern era of technology, the same operations are needed but are simpler now than back then, thanks to digital technology.
The sharing of data between institutions is necessity in the medical profession in for various reasons. The institutions that require such data have different reasons for that as well. For these reasons, data sharing between institutions needs to be properly set and streamlined process for maximum efficiency.B. Need to Share Data
Of the many institutions that exist in the medical industry, two institutions are very crucial to the process of administering medical help to patients; Laboratories and Insurance companies.
Laboratories are essential to the process of diagnosing and treating an illness in a patient for various reasons. First of all, a patient’s diagnosis process can be a difficult problem and a rather complicated one too. When a doctor listens to a patient describe the symptoms of an illness, he/she gets a general idea of what a patient is suffering from and may need further information from a laboratory to confirm his findings. In such a scenario, the doctor sends the patient to a laboratory either within the institution or outside the institution. The laboratory will most definitely require accurate information about the patient to understand the basic nature of the condition of which the patient is required to be tested on, background information like allergies and any other relevant information. This information is usually given by the doctor or retrieved from data storage facilities like a file or a digital database.
Insurance companies are also essential in the process of treating a patient for various reasons. The major reason however is for the purposes of billing of patients expenses. These companies need information about the expenses incurred by a patient during treatment. Such information may include: laboratory test costs, drugs and medicine costs and doctor consultation fees. Proper communication and data sharing frameworks need to be put in place for this purpose as well.
C. Types of Data to be shared
Medical care institutions often need to share patient information with external institutions for the purposes of sa ...
This white paper discusses the various cyber threats targeting healthcare organizations and the challenges security professionals face in securing access to protected health information.
This white paper discusses the various cyber threats targeting healthcare organizations and the challenges security professionals face in securing access to protected health information.
1)Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should .docxteresehearn
1)
Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should be kept safe. Data security is one of the critical activities which has become challenging for many organizations (Frith, 2019). Due to technology advancements, people can save their health data online. Similarly, people are also able to share data with close friends or any other person of interest. Using online platforms to store the data has brought a lot of benefits. The primary benefit is the fact that individuals can share data with medical experts easily. By, this the medical experts will be able to assist the sick people if possible. The data is always accessible as long as one is authorized.
I read different articles that shared information concerning health data breaches. Various health organizations have been affected by data breaches (Garner, 2017). A good example is the University of Washington Medicine. This organization reported that 974,000 patients' data was affected. The attack was noticed by a patient who found some files containing personal information on public sites. The patient then notified the organization, which claimed that some employees made some errors, which led to the leakage. The files were accessible through Google, so the organization had to ask Google to remove the data. Fortunately, the files were removed from the search list, and this occurred in January 2019.
It was risky to let the files containing personal information available on the website (Ronquillo, Erik Winterholler, Cwikla, Szymanski & Levy, 2018). The organization was lucky that the data breach was not significant, and hence, the patients were not significantly affected. It is good to ensure that files containing health data are handled carefully to avoid some problems. In keeping the health data secure, it is good to ensure that the systems are well-protected. The systems can be protected by making use of firewalls which prevent unauthorized people from accessing them. During the data sharing process, a health organization should ensure that the information is encrypted. Encryption prevents unauthorized people from understanding the message that is being shared using different channels. Users should make sure that they use strong passwords.
2)
Protection of patient’s information is the top most priority of health care providers and professionals. Patient’s health information contains personal data and their health conditions hence the federal laws requires to maintain security and privacy to safeguards health information. Privacy, as distinct from confidentiality, is viewed as the right of the individual client or patient to be let alone and to make decisions about how personal information is shared (Brodnik, 2012). Health data is usually stored on paper or electronically, in both these ways it is important to respect the privacy of the patients and hence follow policies to maintain security and privacy rules.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountabili.
HEALTHCARE IT: IS YOUR INFORMATION AT RISK? IJNSA Journal
Healthcare Information Technology (IT) has made great advances over the past few years and while these advances have enable healthcare professionals to provide higher quality healthcare to a larger number of individuals it also provides the criminal element more opportunities to access sensitive information, such as patient protected health information (PHI) and Personal identification Information (PII). Having an Information Assurance (IA) programallows for the protection of information and information systems andensures the organization is in compliance with all requires regulations, laws and directive is essential. While most organizations have such a policy in place, often it is inadequate to ensure the proper protection to prevent security breaches. The increase of data breaches in the last few years demonstrates the importance of an effective IA program. To ensure an effective IA policy, the
policy must manage the operational risk, including identifying risks, assessment and mitigation of identified risks and ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance.
Part of the "2016 Annual Conference: Big Data, Health Law, and Bioethics" held at Harvard Law School on May 6, 2016.
This conference aimed to: (1) identify the various ways in which law and ethics intersect with the use of big data in health care and health research, particularly in the United States; (2) understand the way U.S. law (and potentially other legal systems) currently promotes or stands as an obstacle to these potential uses; (3) determine what might be learned from the legal and ethical treatment of uses of big data in other sectors and countries; and (4) examine potential solutions (industry best practices, common law, legislative, executive, domestic and international) for better use of big data in health care and health research in the U.S.
The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School 2016 annual conference was organized in collaboration with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University and the Health Ethics and Policy Lab, University of Zurich.
Learn more at http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/2016-annual-conference.
Virtual Mentor American Medical Association Journal of Ethi.docxsheronlewthwaite
Virtual Mentor
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics
September 2012, Volume 14, Number 9: 712-719.
STATE OF THE ART AND SCIENCE
Electronic Health Records: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security
Laurinda B. Harman, PhD, RHIA, Cathy A. Flite, MEd, RHIA, and Kesa Bond, MS,
MA, RHIA, PMP
Health Information Systems: Past and Present
To understand the complexities of the emerging electronic health record system, it is
helpful to know what the health information system has been, is now, and needs to
become. The medical record, either paper-based or electronic, is a communication
tool that supports clinical decision making, coordination of services, evaluation of
the quality and efficacy of care, research, legal protection, education, and
accreditation and regulatory processes. It is the business record of the health care
system, documented in the normal course of its activities. The documentation must
be authenticated and, if it is handwritten, the entries must be legible.
In the past, the medical record was a paper repository of information that was
reviewed or used for clinical, research, administrative, and financial purposes. It was
severely limited in terms of accessibility, available to only one user at a time. The
paper-based record was updated manually, resulting in delays for record completion
that lasted anywhere from 1 to 6 months or more. Most medical record departments
were housed in institutions’ basements because the weight of the paper precluded
other locations. The physician was in control of the care and documentation
processes and authorized the release of information. Patients rarely viewed their
medical records.
A second limitation of the paper-based medical record was the lack of security.
Access was controlled by doors, locks, identification cards, and tedious sign-out
procedures for authorized users. Unauthorized access to patient information triggered
no alerts, nor was it known what information had been viewed.
Today, the primary purpose of the documentation remains the same—support of
patient care. Clinical documentation is often scanned into an electronic system
immediately and is typically completed by the time the patient is discharged. Record
completion times must meet accrediting and regulatory requirements. The electronic
health record is interactive, and there are many stakeholders, reviewers, and users of
the documentation. Because the government is increasingly involved with funding
health care, agencies actively review documentation of care.
The electronic health record (EHR) can be viewed by many users simultaneously and
utilizes a host of information technology tools. Patients routinely review their
electronic medical records and are keeping personal health records (PHR), which
Virtual Mentor, September 2012—Vol 14 www.virtualmentor.org 712
contain clinical documentation about their diagnoses (from the physician or health
care websites).
The.
In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, the accurate and efficient management of medical data is paramount. Medical data entry is the cornerstone of this process, ensuring that patient information, treatment records, and research data are recorded, stored, and accessed with precision. In this article, we will delve into the importance of medical data entry, best practices, and the challenges faced in this critical aspect of healthcare.
1. Computer Science Journal of Moldova, vol.24, no.2(71), 2016
Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review
of Privacy and Security Risks and Some
Recommendations ∗
Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
Abstract
In todays world, health data are being produced in ever-
increasing amounts due to extensive use of medical devices gen-
erating data in digital form. These data are stored in diverse
formats at different health information systems. Medical prac-
titioners and researchers can be benefited significantly if these
massive heterogeneous data could be integrated and made ac-
cessible through a common platform. On the other hand, dig-
ital health data containing protected health information (PHI)
are the main target of the cybercriminals. In this paper, we
have provided a state of the art review of the security threats in
the integrated healthcare information systems. According to our
analysis, healthcare data servers are leading target of the hack-
ers because of monetary value. At present, attacks on health-
care organizations’ data are 1.25 times higher compared to five
years ago. We have provided some important recommendations
to minimize the risk of attacks and to reduce the chance of com-
promising patients’ privacy after any successful attack.
Keywords: Health Data, Privacy, Security, Data Breach, PHI
1 Introduction
Health data refers to pieces of information collected to use in the di-
agnosis of a health condition. Health Information is collected about
∗
This research is supported by the ICT Division, Ministry of Posts, Telecom-
munication and Information Technology, Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh.
c 2016 by Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
273
2. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
a patient, his/ her family, often during creating of a nursing history
for the patient. A health record may include multiple types of health
data such as various notes entered by health care professionals over
time, recording observations and administration of drugs, test results,
x-rays, reports, etc. Digital health data are health data generated by
medical devices in digital form e.g., fasting plasma glucose test (FGT)
result, or other patient health related information e.g., height, weight,
blood group etc stored in digital form at computers, laptops, or in
database of health information systems [1]–[3].
At present, enormous quantity of digital health data are generated
daily by healthcare providers. Medical records of patients are increas-
ingly digital, in the form of Electronic Health Record (EHR). These
EHRs are more useful than paper records for better healthcare and
medical research because electronic data can be stored easily and ma-
nipulated by software. These precious data are stored in various health
information systems (HIS) in hospitals, research centers and diagnos-
tic laboratories. Many of these data fall in the category of protected
health information.
Protected health information (PHI) is defined as personally iden-
tifiable health information collected from an individual, and covered
under federal or international data breach disclosure laws [4]. PHI of
an Individual is information which relates to:
a. the individuals past, present, or future physical or mental health
or condition,
b. the provision of health care to the individual,
c. the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health
care to the individual, and that identifies the individual or for
which there is a reasonable basis to believe that the information
could be used to identify the individual.
PHI includes many common identifiers such as name, date of birth,
address, National ID / Social Security Number, telephone and fax num-
bers, E-mail addresses etc. when they can be associated with the health
information listed above [5].Laboratory reports, medical records, and
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3. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
hospital bills are examples of PHI because each document contains a
patient’s name and/or other identifying information associated with
the health data content.
Security of a HIS deals with protecting medical data from intrud-
ers, malwares, and frauds. It retains confidentiality and integrity of
healthcare data. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifi-
able information or other sensitive information is collected and stored
in any form. A major challenge in health data privacy is to share
data among medical practitioners while protecting personally identi-
fiable information. Information privacy may be applied in numerous
ways, including encryption, authentication and data masking – each
attempting to ensure that information is available only to authorized
persons [6],[7].
Nowadays, hacking PHI by cybercriminals is observed as a growing
trend. Hackers goal is to take advantage of personal information of the
patients. Average sell value of a complete medical record varies from
$10 to $1,000 in black market. Although privacy of a patient can be
compromised with paper based medical records, it alarmingly increased
along with digitized record keeping by the healthcare providers [8],[9].
It is obvious that developing a national health data warehouse
(NHDW), where integrated data from all the diverse HIS will be made
available for better health delivery and medical research, is very much
essential for every country [10]–[16]. However NHDW raises high risk to
data security and privacy of individuals. Before integration to NHDW,
sensitive and private data of patients reside to a single organization such
as a hospital or a diagnostic center. Only that particular organization
is responsible by law to protect the data privately. Now the situation
is far different in the case of national warehouse. So proper measures
have to be taken to safeguard privacy of patients in the NHDW.
In this paper we have presented a comprehensive review of security
and privacy risks of digital health data and integrated health informa-
tion systems. We have exposed the statistics of high rise of security
threads in healthcare data servers. In addition, we have provided some
general recommendations to reduce risks of PHI breaches and some spe-
cific recommendations for developing national scale integrated health
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4. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
information systems.
2 Data Breaches of Health Information Sys-
tems
A health data breach or leakage is defined as an event that involves the
loss or exposure of personal health records. Personal health records are
data containing privileged health related information about an individ-
ual that cannot be readily obtained through other public means, which
information is only known by an individual or by an organization under
the terms of a confidentiality agreement [17]. For example, leakage of
a health insurer’s record of the policyholder with doctor and payment
information will be treated as a health data breach. According to the
research by IBM and Ponemon Institute in 2015 where 350 companies
in 11 countries were interviewed extensively, more than 18 thousand
records were breached on an average in each breached incident [18].
This is presented in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Average number of breached records in a data breach incident
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5. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
The costs of a data breach can vary according to the cause and the
protections in place at the time of the breach. Direct costs refer to the
direct expense spent to carry out a given activity such as hiring foren-
sic experts and law firm or offering identity protection services to the
victims. Indirect costs include the time, effort and other organizational
resources spent during the data breach resolution. Indirect costs also
include the loss of goodwill and customer churn. In 2015, the average
cost of data breach per lost or stolen record was 154USD but in case of
a breach of healthcare organization, the average cost was 363USD [18].
This is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Cost of each breached record in different sector. The cost is
maximum for the healthcare industry.
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6. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
2.1 Health data breaches
According to 2015 Fifth Annual Benchmark Study on Privacy and Se-
curity of Healthcare Data which covered 90 healthcare organizations in
USA, more than 90% of healthcare service providers had a data breach,
and 40% had more than five data breaches over the past two years [19].
The following chart of Fig. 3 shows the total numbers of health data
breaches in USA in last five years till February 26, 2016. We have
calculated the data from [20].
Figure 3. Total number of health records breached in USA
According to the report [19], for the first time, criminal attacks
are the number one cause of healthcare data breaches. Criminal at-
tacks on healthcare organizations are 1.25 times higher compared to
five years ago. The main causes of data breach in healthcare sectors
are illustrated in Fig. 4.
Some recent attacks on health information centers are listed below:
• Hackers have shut down the internal computer system at a Hol-
lywood Presbyterian Medical Center for more than a week for a
payoff of 9,000 bitcoins, or almost USD 3.7 million [21]. It is due
to a malicious software called ransomware that encrypts sensitive
data until it can only be decrypted with a code.
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7. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
Figure 4. Main causes of data breach in the healthcare industry
• In February 2016, Jackson Health System discovered that a hos-
pital employee have stolen confidential PHI of patients including
names, birthdates, social security numbers and home addresses
around 24,000 patient records over the last five years [22].
• The Washington State HCA reported, in February 2016, that an
employee error resulted in a healthcare data breach compromising
91,000 Medicaid patient files. The information affected includes
clients social security numbers, dates of birth, Apple Health client
ID numbers and private health information [23].
• Six hard drives containing personal and health information on
clients of health insurance company Centene Corp were lost
which contained Social Security numbers, birthdates, health
data, names, addresses, and insurance identification numbers for
950,000 patients who received laboratory services between 2009-
2015 [24].
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8. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
• Premera Blue Cross was targeted with a sophisticated cyber at-
tack after hackers gained access to the financial and medical infor-
mation of 11 million members in January 2015. Hackers swiped
Social Security numbers, financial information, medical claims
data, addresses, email addresses, names and dates of birth [25].
• Health insurer Anthem Inc. has suffered a massive data breach on
March 3, 2015 after hackers gained access to a corporate database
reportedly containing personal information on around 80 million
of the health insurer’s current and former USA customers and
employees [26].
• In last ten years at least 18 health breaches reported in Europe
affected minimum 9,337,197 individual records [17]. The health
records include details on the patients conditions, names, home
addresses and dates of birth. The health networks and servers
containing integrated health records are in high risk of cyber at-
tacks all over the world.
2.2 Data breaches of healthcare servers
From 2014, hackings on healthcare servers increased terrifyingly. The
attackers motivation is to get huge PHI in a single successful hack.
Table 1 presents last 12 big criminal attacks on integrated health
records in USA within last 12 months. We have summarized these
data from [20].
We have analyzed the data provided by U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services and found that hackers are increasingly targeted
healthcare servers which is very alarming to national level health in-
formation system development. Table 2 and Fig. 5 illustrate the fact
clearly.
2.3 Other impacts of health data breaches
There are other impacts of health data breaches. They are discussed
below:
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9. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
Table 1. Latest 12 big breaches in USA on Health Data Servers
Sl. Name of Health-
care Org.
Affected In-
dividuals
Breach
Date
Type of Breach
1 Alliance Health
Networks, LLC
42372 2/15/2016 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
2 OH Muhlenberg,
LLC
84681 11/13/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
3 Excellus Health
Plan, Inc.
10000000 9/9/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
4 Medical Informat-
ics Engineering
3900000 7/23/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
5 University of Cal-
ifornia, Los Ange-
les Health
4500000 7/17/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
6 CareFirst Blue-
Cross BlueShield
1100000 5/20/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
7 Freelancers Insur-
ance Company
43068 3/24/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
8 ATnT Group
Health Plan
50000 3/23/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
9 Premera Blue
Cross
11000000 3/17/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
10 Anthem, Inc.
Affiliated Covered
Entity
78800000 3/13/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
11 Virginia (VA-
DMAS)
697586 3/12/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
12 Georgia Depart-
ment of Commu-
nity Health
912906 3/2/2015 Hacking/IT Inci-
dent
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10. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
Table 2. Statistics of Healthcare server attack compared to total health-
care breach
Reporting Year
Total Health Data
Breach affecting 500 or
more individuals
Healthcare
Server
Attach
January 1, 2011 to
December 31, 2011
194 27
January 1, 2012 to
December 31, 2012
202 25
January 1, 2013 to
December 31, 2013
263 35
January 1, 2014 to
December 31, 2014
290 55
January 1, 2015 to
December 31, 2015
265 50
Figure 5. Criminal attack on Healthcare data servers are increasing
high.
282
11. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
a. Breaches of PHI drastically effect on the goodwill of a healthcare
organization. In a research report it is shown that, people are
withholding their health information from healthcare providers
because they are concerned that there could be a confidentiality
breach of their records [27]. An unwillingness to fully disclose
information could delay a diagnosis of a communicable disease.
This is not only a potential issue for the treatment of a specific
patient; there are potential public health implications.
b. Penalty of healthcare providers are imposed in two ways. They
have to pay ransom to the hackers to get their breached data
back or to restore their hacked system [21] and they also pay
the government privacy penalty for failing to safeguard patient
information [28].
3 Analysis of the risks related to Health Infor-
mation Systems
If we analyze the increase trend of healthcare data breach around the
globe, it becomes quite clear that the main reason of the breaches is
the sell value of complete health records. What makes medical data
so unique is that it often contains most of the information hackers
are looking for such as credit card information, and Social Security
and bank account numbers giving them a one-stop stealing strategy.
Fraudsters use this data to create fake IDs to buy medical equipment or
drugs that can be resold, or they combine a patient number with a false
provider number and file made-up claims with insurers. Sometimes the
cyber criminals use this data to blackmail a patient with good social
status. For example, F1 racing legend Michael Schumachers and pop
legend Michael Jacksons medical records were hacked.
If we look at Table 1, we can see that, all big breaches in health-
care servers are cause of hacking or IT incident though there are other
causes available in the U.S. Govt. reporting form i.e., Theft, Unau-
thorized Access/Disclosure, Lossor unknown cause. So the owner of
the healthcare servers should pay high attention to develop a secure
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12. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
framework to protect their health information servers from hacking or
improper IT involvements.
Another important thing to notice is that, a healthcare company
is looser in many ways after a successful breach. It has to pay money
to both the hackers and the government. This situation will eventu-
ally increase healthcare cost and decrease better healthcare delivery.
Policymaker should think about this.
If the stored health data are de-identified in every place from health
information system software to backups and also in health data ware-
houses, then the risk of data breach can be significantly reduced. Be-
cause there is almost no sell value of de-identified health records. An-
other positive thing of de-identification is if a data breach occurs, pri-
vacy of individual patient will not be affected.
4 Some general recommendations to reduce
the chance of health data breaches
a. At the very least, healthcare companies should back up all their
important health data regularly so that, in emergency situations,
hard drives can be cleaned and restored to their previous states.
PHIs in database backups must also be encrypted.
b. Internal HIS software should be screened for loopholes that could
be way in of hackers. All third party software should be up-
dated with latest patch and service packs. No free software from
unknown or un-trusted source should ever be downloaded or in-
stalled.
c. Doctors and nurses should be more careful when handling PHI of
patients. They should encrypt these records in their own laptops
and pen drives. After working in the workstations, they must
always sign out from their accounts when they have finished in-
putting patient information or viewed patients reports.
d. Health-care consumers should be smarter. The more the patients
will query healthcare providers about how they are securing PHI,
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13. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
the more attention the providers will pay to enhance security and
privacy of patients PHI.
e. It is more effective to integrate privacy and security into health
apps, devices, and services from the start. For any piece of infor-
mation collection and storage, the following should be considered:
i. Minimize the amount of personal information collected
ii. Decide how long the information needs to be stored
iii. Encrypt information when possible
iv. Delete the information earliest
f. Rather than spending a lot of money after breaches, the health-
care organizations should increase their budget for HIS security.
Prevention is better than cure- this proverb should always be
remembered.
g. Medical practitioners need to be more cautious of email attach-
ments and shouldnt include health information in e-mail unless
encryption is used. If encryption is not available, confidentiality
statement needs to be included like below at the top of the e-mail:
Notice: Privacy & Confidentiality of Information
This communication may contain non-public, confidential,
or legally privileged information intended for the sole use of
the designated recipients. If you are not the intended recip-
ient, or have received this communication in error, please
notify the sender immediately by reply email at xxx@xxx.xx
or by telephone at +xxx-xxxxxxxx, and delete all copies of
this communication, including attachments, without read-
ing them or saving them to disk. If you are the intended
recipient, you must secure the contents in accordance with
all applicable state or federal requirements related to the
privacy and confidentiality of information, including the
HIPAA/ EU Data Protection Directive Privacy guidelines.
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14. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
5 Specific Recommendations for Deployment
of National Health Data Warehouse
No information system can be assumed to be completely protected
from all kind of criminal and cyber attacks. Security can be more
vulnerable in the case of large scale, national level health information
systems where Internet communication has to be maintained for the
sake of easy data collection from far-most parts of the country. So
integrated health information systems should be designed in such a
way that:
• There is enough data to maintain record linkage so that doctors,
researchers can get useful insight from the system.
• If data breach occurs, individual patients privacy will be safe-
guarded.
Record linkage is the process of identifying record pairs from different
information systems which belong to the same real world entity. Given
two repositories of records, the record-linkage process consists of de-
termining all pairs that are similar to each other. Record linkage is
essential when joining datasets based on entities that may or may not
share a common identifier such as national id or social security num-
ber [29], [30]. For discovering effective knowledge such as correlations
among diseases from medical dataset it is very essential to maintain
record linkage. On the other hand, identifiable health data have high
risk to patient privacy and make the health information systems secu-
rity vulnerable to hackers [31], [32] For development of national level
health data warehouse our recommendations from security and privacy
point of view are:
1. No Medical record can be stored in any level, from diagnostic
centers to National Health Data Warehouse, with personal iden-
tifiable attributes of the patients.
2. To facilitate knowledge discovery process of the Healthcare re-
searchers, sufficient record-linkage data have to be kept in medical
286
15. Digital Health Data: A Comprehensive Review of Privacy . . .
records by replacing personal identifiable attributes with unique
code using suitable computer cryptographic technique.
3. A data-protection strategy has to be implemented that will cover
data everywhere it is stored, and at every stage, from creation
and processing, to storage, backup and transmission.
4. Proper security measures have to be taken and tested before con-
necting the national health data warehouse with Internet.
5. Proper security measures have to be taken and tested before de-
ploying the national health data warehouse in the public cloud.
We propose the following flow chart that will significantly reduce cyber
attack in the national health data warehouse and also retain the privacy
of the patients after any data breach incident shown in Fig. 6.
6 Conclusions
Widespread use of digital health data could bring positive changes to
the healthcare system in a various ways, as these data are the foun-
dational piece to softwares and technologies that could advance health
care delivery radically. Having every patient’s data stored digitally, in
a national platform creating an easy transfer and comparison of data
among providers, insurers, and researchers, will allow recognition of
interesting medical patterns, development of personalized and predic-
tive medicine, reductions in medical errors, better disease management,
predicting and preventing disease outbreaks, elimination of insurance
fraud, identification of low cost treatments and many more. However
integration of protected health information has high risk to patients’
privacy and makes such systems vulnerable to hackers. In this paper,
we have provided a state of the art review of security and privacy risks
of integrated healthcare information system. We have analyzed cur-
rent security and privacy threats and provided some recommendations
to reduce health data breaches. We have also provided some guidelines
for developing national scale integrated health information systems.
287
16. Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque
Figure 6. Flow chart of security and privacy management of National
health data Warehouse
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Shahidul Islam Khan, Abu Sayed Md. Latiful Hoque Received October 21, 2015
Revised April 5, 2016
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Dhaka-1000
E-mail: nayeemkh@gmail.com
asmlatifulhoque@cse.buet.ac.bd
292