The document is a research paper that analyzes the status of public healthcare management across Indian states using a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. It ranks the states based on 30 indicators related to healthcare outcomes and resources. The paper uses the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) MCDM method, which identifies ideal and negative-ideal solutions to rank the states based on their distance from these solutions while accounting for the relative weight of each indicator. The paper concludes that states in South India rank higher in terms of public healthcare management compared to other parts of the country.
A Study of Healthcare Quality Measures across Countries to Define an Approach...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that examines healthcare quality measures across different countries to define an approach for improving healthcare quality. It discusses factors such as increasing population growth and changing disease patterns that pose challenges for healthcare systems. It also reviews healthcare quality definitions, metrics like structure, process and outcomes, and approaches some countries use to enhance quality, including developing quality strategies and addressing various quality domains.
The document discusses the Indian healthcare system and its key challenges. It notes that the system faces substantial challenges in providing quality healthcare due to factors such as a fast growing population, changing disease profiles, a multilayered healthcare landscape, lack of infrastructure, shortage of manpower, low public expenditure on health, and inaccessibility of services - especially in rural areas. It also examines the disease burden in India and initiatives by the government to improve the system. However, it concludes that India still lags in key healthcare indicators and there is need for improved healthcare planning, resources, and financing to address the country's growing healthcare challenges.
Customer perception of health insurance hi products a study inIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on customer perception of health insurance products in Imphal City, Manipur, India. It discusses the purpose of studying customer awareness, perceptions, and buying behaviors related to health insurance. It also reviews past literature on topics like health insurance awareness and perception, factors that influence health insurance penetration, and the importance of the insurance industry providing education and ensuring transparent claim settlement processes. The document concludes by noting that health insurance falls under the service industry and discusses relevant aspects of the marketing mix for services.
The document summarizes the Indian healthcare landscape. It notes that India has a large population but low spending on healthcare per capita compared to other countries. Healthcare is provided through both public and private sectors. The burden of disease is shifting from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Government initiatives aim to increase access through programs and infrastructure growth, but challenges remain around access, costs and quality across the public and private sectors. The healthcare industry is seen as a major growth opportunity in India.
Project Synopsis -A STUDY ON AWARENESS OF HEALTH INSURANCE PRODUCTS AND
CLAIM SETTLEMENT PROCESS WITH REFERENCE TO THE
UNITED INDIA INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED
This document discusses human resources for healthcare in India. It notes that India faces shortages of healthcare providers across all categories, with a doctor-to-population ratio of 0.6 per 1,000 compared to the WHO benchmark of 1. Not only is there a shortage, but providers are unevenly distributed between rural and urban areas and across states. Poor working conditions, lack of incentives, and inadequate infrastructure contribute to absenteeism and out-migration of providers. Expanding medical education intake will still not meet demand. Improving rural postings and living conditions for providers is needed to address shortages and distributional issues.
A Study of Healthcare Quality Measures across Countries to Define an Approach...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that examines healthcare quality measures across different countries to define an approach for improving healthcare quality. It discusses factors such as increasing population growth and changing disease patterns that pose challenges for healthcare systems. It also reviews healthcare quality definitions, metrics like structure, process and outcomes, and approaches some countries use to enhance quality, including developing quality strategies and addressing various quality domains.
The document discusses the Indian healthcare system and its key challenges. It notes that the system faces substantial challenges in providing quality healthcare due to factors such as a fast growing population, changing disease profiles, a multilayered healthcare landscape, lack of infrastructure, shortage of manpower, low public expenditure on health, and inaccessibility of services - especially in rural areas. It also examines the disease burden in India and initiatives by the government to improve the system. However, it concludes that India still lags in key healthcare indicators and there is need for improved healthcare planning, resources, and financing to address the country's growing healthcare challenges.
Customer perception of health insurance hi products a study inIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on customer perception of health insurance products in Imphal City, Manipur, India. It discusses the purpose of studying customer awareness, perceptions, and buying behaviors related to health insurance. It also reviews past literature on topics like health insurance awareness and perception, factors that influence health insurance penetration, and the importance of the insurance industry providing education and ensuring transparent claim settlement processes. The document concludes by noting that health insurance falls under the service industry and discusses relevant aspects of the marketing mix for services.
The document summarizes the Indian healthcare landscape. It notes that India has a large population but low spending on healthcare per capita compared to other countries. Healthcare is provided through both public and private sectors. The burden of disease is shifting from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Government initiatives aim to increase access through programs and infrastructure growth, but challenges remain around access, costs and quality across the public and private sectors. The healthcare industry is seen as a major growth opportunity in India.
Project Synopsis -A STUDY ON AWARENESS OF HEALTH INSURANCE PRODUCTS AND
CLAIM SETTLEMENT PROCESS WITH REFERENCE TO THE
UNITED INDIA INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED
This document discusses human resources for healthcare in India. It notes that India faces shortages of healthcare providers across all categories, with a doctor-to-population ratio of 0.6 per 1,000 compared to the WHO benchmark of 1. Not only is there a shortage, but providers are unevenly distributed between rural and urban areas and across states. Poor working conditions, lack of incentives, and inadequate infrastructure contribute to absenteeism and out-migration of providers. Expanding medical education intake will still not meet demand. Improving rural postings and living conditions for providers is needed to address shortages and distributional issues.
Factors Affecting Retention of Human Resources for Health in TRANS-NZOIA Coun...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on factors affecting retention of health workers, specifically nurses, in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. Over the past 5 years, the county has experienced a high turnover rate of 40% among nurses each year. The study aims to determine the key factors influencing nurse retention related to job satisfaction, training and development opportunities, compensation and rewards, and work-life balance. Understanding these retention factors is important as the county's population is growing while the number of nurses is declining significantly below World Health Organization recommendations. The results of the study could help the county government address the issues contributing to nurses leaving their jobs.
This document summarizes salary trends for doctors in India in 2016. It finds that salaries have generally increased over the past 5 years for MBBS, MD/MS, and DM/MCh doctors. However, there remains a significant demand-supply gap of doctors in India compared to recommendations from the World Health Organization. While the number of medical colleges and seats have increased in recent years, higher salaries alone have not fully addressed the shortage of qualified doctors, especially in rural and tier 2/3 areas. Government efforts are ongoing to boost doctor recruitment and supply through new medical colleges and seats.
The document discusses the healthcare industry and provides context for analyzing delays in patient discharge processes at a hospital from May to July 2015. It describes the objectives of studying delays, the sample size, tools used, and limitations. It then provides an overview of the global healthcare industry, key segments including hospitals, providers and professionals, models for healthcare delivery, and the market size of the industry in different regions. Porter's five forces model is applied to analyze competition in the healthcare industry.
The document provides an overview of the healthcare sector in India. It discusses key aspects of the Indian healthcare system including its structure, the growing private sector, expanding middle class, changing demographics, and technological advancements. It also analyzes the sector using PEST and SWOT frameworks, highlighting political, economic, social, and technological factors as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The Indian healthcare industry is large and growing rapidly but still faces challenges in providing universal access to high quality care.
While India has several centers of excellence in healthcare delivery, overall infrastructure and access to healthcare is limited across much of the country. The Indian healthcare sector is large at $40 billion currently but expenditure and infrastructure are still amongst the lowest globally. However, the sector is growing rapidly at over 12% annually due to factors such as rising incomes, increasing disease burden from both infectious and lifestyle diseases, and expansion of health insurance coverage. If challenges around quality, access and regulation can be addressed, the sector is expected to reach $55 billion by 2020 and provide many new jobs.
Analysis of Employee Retention Strategies on Organizational Performance of Ho...inventionjournals
Globally, the retention of skilled medical staff in health care sector has been a serious concern to management due to higher turnover of medics. The desired critical measures for retention strategies of medics need to be done to sustain competition among health care providers. The purpose of this study was to analyse of employee retention strategies on organizational performance of hospitals in Mombasa County. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyse the relationship between recruitment strategies and organizational performance, to examine the extent to which supervision strategies affects organization performance,. The study employed descriptive correlational research design. Target populations of 102 respondents, the study had a sample size of 102 respondents all drawn from senior staff in the County’s ministry of health department. Sampling procedure will be census. Semi-structured Questionnaire will be used, Likert five point scale questionnaire will be used, factoring Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis was used to measure the relationship between variables. Data was presented in cumulative frequency tables. The finding the study were The relationship between recruitment strategies and organization performance of public hospitals in Mombasa County was found to be positive and significant in that its R was 0.485 and had a p-value less than 0.05 (ε= 0.006). The regression results revealed that supervision strategies effect on performance was statistically significant (overall p-value = 0.036).The study concluded that all the employee retention strategies need to be improved because they have been found to have a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study recommended that the management of public hospitals in Mombasa County should improve on employee retention strategies because they have been found by this study to have a positive effect on the organizational performance
The document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system, including key trends, growth drivers, and challenges. It notes that the size of the Indian healthcare industry is $35 billion and growing at 17% annually, faster than any other country. The industry employs over 4% of the population and includes 229 medical colleges, 600,000 doctors, and over 800,000 hospital beds. However, healthcare infrastructure and access remains inadequate, with 80% of healthcare spending being out-of-pocket. The government is taking steps to improve access through initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission and increasing healthcare spending.
2007 Bmc H Serv Chi&Che Deva 1472 6963 7 43wvdamme
This document summarizes a study on two Indian community health insurance (CHI) schemes and whether they protect households from catastrophic health expenditures. The two schemes studied were ACCORD, which provides insurance to indigenous people in Tamil Nadu, and SEWA, which insures self-employed women in Gujarat. Both schemes cover hospitalization costs up to a maximum limit. The study reviewed insurance claims from 2003-2004 to analyze out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic expenditures. The results showed that both schemes halved the number of households experiencing catastrophic expenditures compared to having no insurance. However, 4% of ACCORD households and 23% of SEWA households still experienced catastrophic expenditures, related to low incomes, low maximum limits
This is a report about Indian Health care industry and How different sectors like Hospitals, Pharmacy and Diagnostics industry are growing. What are the new government policies that are implemented for Health care sector in India.
Universalizing access to quality primary healthcare
India currently spends only 1.1% of its GDP on public health expenditures, which is far below the recommended 5% by WHO. A large portion of public health expenditures go towards salaries rather than essential supplies. This has led to poor health outcomes, with over 1.5 million estimated deaths annually from preventable diseases. The document proposes training Bachelor of Primary Health Care (BPHC) doctors to deliver basic healthcare services in rural areas. BPHC would be a 3-year program focused on common diseases, costing an estimated Rs. 9,000 crore annually. This could help reduce disease burdens and save lives through improved access to primary care.
Health sector is considered as one of the most important sectors in any economy because the
wellness of a country depends on the wellness of its citizens. This can be only achieved when there is an efficient
and effective health system in the country. Despite many government interventions to ensure that services are
not interrupted in public hospitals in Kenya, there are still many challenges as pertains to efficient stock
management leading to frequent stock outs
For the last 10 years or more, the industry has been crying out loud for a major reform of the way medical education and supply side constraints of talent in India has been governed. The major constraints in
the implementation of government’s health programmes and schemes have been in the realm of physical infrastructure, manpower and other support facilities for an effective healthcare delivery system.
An assessment of healthcare reforms in kazakhstanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms since gaining independence in 1991. It discusses four key aspects of Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms: 1) increased funding for healthcare, 2) improvements to healthcare quality, 3) reforms to the human resources sector, and 4) increased partnerships. The reforms have helped modernize Kazakhstan's healthcare system, though continued reform is still needed as the country transitions from the Soviet system.
India faces several issues in its health sector including a shortage of doctors, inequities between urban and rural access to healthcare, and poor facilities even in large government hospitals. While private providers and hospitals have become major sources of healthcare, rising costs and commercialization have created new problems. However, India also has strengths like lower healthcare costs compared to other nations, world-class facilities, and a variety of medical traditions that it can leverage to grow its healthcare industry and better serve its population.
This document outlines a study on improving Myanmar's national healthcare system. It includes an introduction describing Myanmar's growing population and need to improve healthcare. It then performs a SWOT analysis of the current system and provides facts and figures on its organization and challenges. The objectives are to identify factors that strongly affect healthcare system improvement and determine which variables like technology, budget, training, and facilities most relate to improvement. The research question asks what factors affect improvement of Myanmar's national healthcare system.
This document summarizes a research paper on quality management and performance. The paper reviews 120 other research papers on topics related to total quality management (TQM). Some key points:
1. TQM aims to continuously improve processes and management through techniques like statistical process control and employee involvement to increase customer satisfaction.
2. Factors that affect successful TQM implementation include leadership support, organizational culture, human resource management, customer orientation, and information technology.
3. TQM can positively impact organizational performance but may fail if not properly implemented due to factors like lack of management commitment or cultural barriers.
4. The paper identifies gaps in existing research on TQM that could be explored further, such as developing frameworks
This document proposes a new Network-on-Chip (NoC) router design called Minimally-Buffered Deflection (MinBD) Router that combines deflection routing with a small buffer. The MinBD router uses deflection routing but incorporates a small side buffer and prediction buffer. It can buffer or deflect incoming packets to reduce deflections and improve performance over bufferless routers. The prediction buffer generates status signals to neighboring routers to help control congestion by predicting routing flows. The document discusses the MinBD router design, prediction-based flow control, packet formats, and FPGA implementation results showing low resource utilization.
This document compares the performance of ARM Cortex M3 and M4 processors for sensor data acquisition and processing in micro aerial vehicles (MAVs). It finds that a flight controller using an STM32F4 microcontroller based on a Cortex M4 processor outperforms one using a PSoC5 microcontroller based on a Cortex M3. The STM32F4 has faster sensor read times and faster execution of an attitude estimation algorithm due to its higher maximum clock frequency compared to the PSoC5. Further optimizations to the STM32F4's phase locked loop settings were able to reduce times even further, showing the benefit of the Cortex M4's enhanced features.
This document proposes a new Cloud Elasticity as a Service (CES) framework in OpenStack for efficiently managing cloud infrastructure utilization. CES allows cloud administrators to define policies with configurable quality-of-service parameters. It periodically validates policies by collecting monitoring data and automatically scales resources up or down using templates when policy conditions are met, without human intervention. The framework was tested by increasing load on a virtual machine and observing CES scale it up by triggering the policy template as CPU usage exceeded thresholds.
The document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Mathadivagu basin located in Adilabad District, Telangana, India. 37 water samples were collected from wells across different lithological units and analyzed. The groundwater was classified based on its ionic composition. The main water types present are Mixed Cationic Ca dominating bicarbonate water and Mixed Cationic and anionic Ca dominating bicarbonate water, which together make up the majority of the area. Graphical analysis showed that most areas have medium salinity and low sodium levels, making the water suitable for irrigation. However, some pockets have high salinity or sodium levels.
This document discusses quantum programming and quantum computers. It begins by defining quantum programming languages as those that allow constructing quantum algorithms using high-level languages. It then provides a brief history of quantum computing developments. It describes some popular quantum programming languages like QCL and Q Language. It discusses functional quantum languages like QFC and QPL. The document also covers other quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's algorithms that have practical applications. It concludes by stating that the first useful quantum computer is still one or two decades away.
A comprehensive study of non blocking joining techniquesIAEME Publication
The document discusses and compares various non-blocking joining techniques for databases. It describes 7 different non-blocking joining algorithms: 1) Symmetric hash join, 2) XJoin, 3) Progressive merge join, 4) Hash merge join, 5) Rate based progressive join, 6) Multi-way join, and 7) Early hash join. For each algorithm, it explains the basic approach, memory overflow handling technique, and provides diagrams to illustrate the process. The goal of the paper is to explain and evaluate these non-blocking joining techniques based on factors like execution time, memory usage, I/O complexity, and ability to handle continuous data streams.
Factors Affecting Retention of Human Resources for Health in TRANS-NZOIA Coun...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on factors affecting retention of health workers, specifically nurses, in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. Over the past 5 years, the county has experienced a high turnover rate of 40% among nurses each year. The study aims to determine the key factors influencing nurse retention related to job satisfaction, training and development opportunities, compensation and rewards, and work-life balance. Understanding these retention factors is important as the county's population is growing while the number of nurses is declining significantly below World Health Organization recommendations. The results of the study could help the county government address the issues contributing to nurses leaving their jobs.
This document summarizes salary trends for doctors in India in 2016. It finds that salaries have generally increased over the past 5 years for MBBS, MD/MS, and DM/MCh doctors. However, there remains a significant demand-supply gap of doctors in India compared to recommendations from the World Health Organization. While the number of medical colleges and seats have increased in recent years, higher salaries alone have not fully addressed the shortage of qualified doctors, especially in rural and tier 2/3 areas. Government efforts are ongoing to boost doctor recruitment and supply through new medical colleges and seats.
The document discusses the healthcare industry and provides context for analyzing delays in patient discharge processes at a hospital from May to July 2015. It describes the objectives of studying delays, the sample size, tools used, and limitations. It then provides an overview of the global healthcare industry, key segments including hospitals, providers and professionals, models for healthcare delivery, and the market size of the industry in different regions. Porter's five forces model is applied to analyze competition in the healthcare industry.
The document provides an overview of the healthcare sector in India. It discusses key aspects of the Indian healthcare system including its structure, the growing private sector, expanding middle class, changing demographics, and technological advancements. It also analyzes the sector using PEST and SWOT frameworks, highlighting political, economic, social, and technological factors as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The Indian healthcare industry is large and growing rapidly but still faces challenges in providing universal access to high quality care.
While India has several centers of excellence in healthcare delivery, overall infrastructure and access to healthcare is limited across much of the country. The Indian healthcare sector is large at $40 billion currently but expenditure and infrastructure are still amongst the lowest globally. However, the sector is growing rapidly at over 12% annually due to factors such as rising incomes, increasing disease burden from both infectious and lifestyle diseases, and expansion of health insurance coverage. If challenges around quality, access and regulation can be addressed, the sector is expected to reach $55 billion by 2020 and provide many new jobs.
Analysis of Employee Retention Strategies on Organizational Performance of Ho...inventionjournals
Globally, the retention of skilled medical staff in health care sector has been a serious concern to management due to higher turnover of medics. The desired critical measures for retention strategies of medics need to be done to sustain competition among health care providers. The purpose of this study was to analyse of employee retention strategies on organizational performance of hospitals in Mombasa County. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyse the relationship between recruitment strategies and organizational performance, to examine the extent to which supervision strategies affects organization performance,. The study employed descriptive correlational research design. Target populations of 102 respondents, the study had a sample size of 102 respondents all drawn from senior staff in the County’s ministry of health department. Sampling procedure will be census. Semi-structured Questionnaire will be used, Likert five point scale questionnaire will be used, factoring Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis was used to measure the relationship between variables. Data was presented in cumulative frequency tables. The finding the study were The relationship between recruitment strategies and organization performance of public hospitals in Mombasa County was found to be positive and significant in that its R was 0.485 and had a p-value less than 0.05 (ε= 0.006). The regression results revealed that supervision strategies effect on performance was statistically significant (overall p-value = 0.036).The study concluded that all the employee retention strategies need to be improved because they have been found to have a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study recommended that the management of public hospitals in Mombasa County should improve on employee retention strategies because they have been found by this study to have a positive effect on the organizational performance
The document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system, including key trends, growth drivers, and challenges. It notes that the size of the Indian healthcare industry is $35 billion and growing at 17% annually, faster than any other country. The industry employs over 4% of the population and includes 229 medical colleges, 600,000 doctors, and over 800,000 hospital beds. However, healthcare infrastructure and access remains inadequate, with 80% of healthcare spending being out-of-pocket. The government is taking steps to improve access through initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission and increasing healthcare spending.
2007 Bmc H Serv Chi&Che Deva 1472 6963 7 43wvdamme
This document summarizes a study on two Indian community health insurance (CHI) schemes and whether they protect households from catastrophic health expenditures. The two schemes studied were ACCORD, which provides insurance to indigenous people in Tamil Nadu, and SEWA, which insures self-employed women in Gujarat. Both schemes cover hospitalization costs up to a maximum limit. The study reviewed insurance claims from 2003-2004 to analyze out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic expenditures. The results showed that both schemes halved the number of households experiencing catastrophic expenditures compared to having no insurance. However, 4% of ACCORD households and 23% of SEWA households still experienced catastrophic expenditures, related to low incomes, low maximum limits
This is a report about Indian Health care industry and How different sectors like Hospitals, Pharmacy and Diagnostics industry are growing. What are the new government policies that are implemented for Health care sector in India.
Universalizing access to quality primary healthcare
India currently spends only 1.1% of its GDP on public health expenditures, which is far below the recommended 5% by WHO. A large portion of public health expenditures go towards salaries rather than essential supplies. This has led to poor health outcomes, with over 1.5 million estimated deaths annually from preventable diseases. The document proposes training Bachelor of Primary Health Care (BPHC) doctors to deliver basic healthcare services in rural areas. BPHC would be a 3-year program focused on common diseases, costing an estimated Rs. 9,000 crore annually. This could help reduce disease burdens and save lives through improved access to primary care.
Health sector is considered as one of the most important sectors in any economy because the
wellness of a country depends on the wellness of its citizens. This can be only achieved when there is an efficient
and effective health system in the country. Despite many government interventions to ensure that services are
not interrupted in public hospitals in Kenya, there are still many challenges as pertains to efficient stock
management leading to frequent stock outs
For the last 10 years or more, the industry has been crying out loud for a major reform of the way medical education and supply side constraints of talent in India has been governed. The major constraints in
the implementation of government’s health programmes and schemes have been in the realm of physical infrastructure, manpower and other support facilities for an effective healthcare delivery system.
An assessment of healthcare reforms in kazakhstanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms since gaining independence in 1991. It discusses four key aspects of Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms: 1) increased funding for healthcare, 2) improvements to healthcare quality, 3) reforms to the human resources sector, and 4) increased partnerships. The reforms have helped modernize Kazakhstan's healthcare system, though continued reform is still needed as the country transitions from the Soviet system.
India faces several issues in its health sector including a shortage of doctors, inequities between urban and rural access to healthcare, and poor facilities even in large government hospitals. While private providers and hospitals have become major sources of healthcare, rising costs and commercialization have created new problems. However, India also has strengths like lower healthcare costs compared to other nations, world-class facilities, and a variety of medical traditions that it can leverage to grow its healthcare industry and better serve its population.
This document outlines a study on improving Myanmar's national healthcare system. It includes an introduction describing Myanmar's growing population and need to improve healthcare. It then performs a SWOT analysis of the current system and provides facts and figures on its organization and challenges. The objectives are to identify factors that strongly affect healthcare system improvement and determine which variables like technology, budget, training, and facilities most relate to improvement. The research question asks what factors affect improvement of Myanmar's national healthcare system.
This document summarizes a research paper on quality management and performance. The paper reviews 120 other research papers on topics related to total quality management (TQM). Some key points:
1. TQM aims to continuously improve processes and management through techniques like statistical process control and employee involvement to increase customer satisfaction.
2. Factors that affect successful TQM implementation include leadership support, organizational culture, human resource management, customer orientation, and information technology.
3. TQM can positively impact organizational performance but may fail if not properly implemented due to factors like lack of management commitment or cultural barriers.
4. The paper identifies gaps in existing research on TQM that could be explored further, such as developing frameworks
This document proposes a new Network-on-Chip (NoC) router design called Minimally-Buffered Deflection (MinBD) Router that combines deflection routing with a small buffer. The MinBD router uses deflection routing but incorporates a small side buffer and prediction buffer. It can buffer or deflect incoming packets to reduce deflections and improve performance over bufferless routers. The prediction buffer generates status signals to neighboring routers to help control congestion by predicting routing flows. The document discusses the MinBD router design, prediction-based flow control, packet formats, and FPGA implementation results showing low resource utilization.
This document compares the performance of ARM Cortex M3 and M4 processors for sensor data acquisition and processing in micro aerial vehicles (MAVs). It finds that a flight controller using an STM32F4 microcontroller based on a Cortex M4 processor outperforms one using a PSoC5 microcontroller based on a Cortex M3. The STM32F4 has faster sensor read times and faster execution of an attitude estimation algorithm due to its higher maximum clock frequency compared to the PSoC5. Further optimizations to the STM32F4's phase locked loop settings were able to reduce times even further, showing the benefit of the Cortex M4's enhanced features.
This document proposes a new Cloud Elasticity as a Service (CES) framework in OpenStack for efficiently managing cloud infrastructure utilization. CES allows cloud administrators to define policies with configurable quality-of-service parameters. It periodically validates policies by collecting monitoring data and automatically scales resources up or down using templates when policy conditions are met, without human intervention. The framework was tested by increasing load on a virtual machine and observing CES scale it up by triggering the policy template as CPU usage exceeded thresholds.
The document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Mathadivagu basin located in Adilabad District, Telangana, India. 37 water samples were collected from wells across different lithological units and analyzed. The groundwater was classified based on its ionic composition. The main water types present are Mixed Cationic Ca dominating bicarbonate water and Mixed Cationic and anionic Ca dominating bicarbonate water, which together make up the majority of the area. Graphical analysis showed that most areas have medium salinity and low sodium levels, making the water suitable for irrigation. However, some pockets have high salinity or sodium levels.
This document discusses quantum programming and quantum computers. It begins by defining quantum programming languages as those that allow constructing quantum algorithms using high-level languages. It then provides a brief history of quantum computing developments. It describes some popular quantum programming languages like QCL and Q Language. It discusses functional quantum languages like QFC and QPL. The document also covers other quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's algorithms that have practical applications. It concludes by stating that the first useful quantum computer is still one or two decades away.
A comprehensive study of non blocking joining techniquesIAEME Publication
The document discusses and compares various non-blocking joining techniques for databases. It describes 7 different non-blocking joining algorithms: 1) Symmetric hash join, 2) XJoin, 3) Progressive merge join, 4) Hash merge join, 5) Rate based progressive join, 6) Multi-way join, and 7) Early hash join. For each algorithm, it explains the basic approach, memory overflow handling technique, and provides diagrams to illustrate the process. The goal of the paper is to explain and evaluate these non-blocking joining techniques based on factors like execution time, memory usage, I/O complexity, and ability to handle continuous data streams.
This document describes the design and implementation of a modulus 65 synchronous up counter using J-K flip flops. Two counters are cascaded, with one counting the ones place from 0-9 and the other counting the tens place from 0-6. Partial decoding is used to reset the counters at the appropriate values and clear both after reaching 65. The design was implemented using Electronics Workbench software and displays the count in decimal on two seven segment displays.
1. The document describes using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to identify appropriate sites for artificial groundwater recharge structures in residential areas with hard rock subsurface.
2. ERI was conducted along the southern and eastern boundaries of a housing complex site in Jharkhand, India. The ERI revealed weathered and fractured zones in the subsurface suitable for recharge well construction.
3. The eastern boundary site was found to be more highly fractured and weathered compared to the southern site, making it the ideal location for a recharge well to divert roof rainwater runoff into the subsurface.
This document discusses occupational stress among employees in the information technology sector. It begins by defining stress and classifying it as either eustress (positive stress) or distress (negative stress). It then examines stress from the employer's perspective, dividing employees into two classes: those who join with dreams but become frustrated over time, and those who join and work with constant stress. The document outlines various causes of stress, including biological, social, psychological, rational, experiential, and spiritual factors. It also discusses the consequences of stress on health, personal characteristics, and work efficiency. The document concludes by providing recommendations for avoiding stress, such as time management, laughter, humor, and relaxation techniques.
This document evaluates the performance of a biodiesel blend with a combustion enhancer additive in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from jatropha oil through transesterification. A blend of 80% diesel, 20% jatropha biodiesel, and 5% diethyl ether additive was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Performance and emissions were evaluated at compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 and compared to normal diesel and an 80% diesel 20% jatropha blend. The blend had the best performance at a compression ratio of 18. At this ratio, brake thermal efficiency was highest for the blend due to better combustion. Emissions of CO and HC were lower for the blend while NO
This document presents research on unidominating functions of paths. It introduces the concepts of unidominating functions and unidomination number. It then proves that the unidomination number of a path is either the length of the path or one less than the length. It also determines that the number of unidominating functions of minimum weight for a path is either 1, the length of the path, or 2. Examples are provided to illustrate the findings.
This document describes the design and implementation of a modulus 65 synchronous up counter using J-K flip flops. Two counters are cascaded, with one counting the ones place from 0-9 and the other counting the tens place from 0-6. Partial decoding is used to reset the counters at the appropriate values and clear both after reaching 65. The design was implemented using Electronics Workbench software and displays the count in decimal on two seven segment displays.
This study analyzed survey data from 391 non-gazetted police staff in Pune, India to determine if gender influences stress levels in a police job. Ten common job stress factors were examined, including law and order problems, crime rate, VIP visits, and political disputes. While all ten factors were identified as dissatisfiers by over 60% of respondents, statistical analysis found that male police reported significantly higher stress levels than females for nine of the ten factors. Specifically, male police reported higher stress associated with law and order problems, crime rate, VIP visits, communal issues, property crimes, murders/suicides, human atrocities, and political disputes. This suggests that gender does influence stress levels in police work,
Up gradation of geometric design of sh 131 ch 9 35 km 15 575km using mxroad ...IAEME Publication
This document discusses upgrading the geometric design of State Highway 131 in Maharashtra, India from 9.35km to 15.575km using MXROAD software. The objectives are to improve the highway's geometric features and upgrade it from two to four lanes. MXROAD is used to rapidly and accurately design the road alignment, profiles, cross-sections and calculate earthworks. The upgraded design attained high precision within the limited right-of-way to minimize land acquisition costs, an important factor. The software helped match the horizontal and vertical alignments to existing drainage structures.
This document analyzes drill bit performance data from four oil wells in Upper Assam, India to determine the most suitable bits for different formations using the specific energy method of bit selection. It studies drill bit data from wells drilling through sand/clay and sand/clay/coal/shale formations. For 8.5" bits in sand/clay, PDC bits had the lowest specific energy. For 12.25" bits in sand/clay/coal/shale, bit types showed increasing specific energy with Bit Type 1 having the lowest. The specific energy method allows comparison of bit performance to select the most efficient bit for a given formation.
Electromagnetic studies on nano sized magnesium ferriteIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the electromagnetic properties of nano-sized magnesium ferrite synthesized using microwave techniques. Key findings include:
1) Magnetic properties were measured using VSM which showed the material has a high coercivity of 785.12 Oe, classifying it as a hard magnetic material.
2) Dielectric measurements found the ac conductivity and dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency. Both increased with temperature initially before decreasing.
3) The dielectric loss showed expected dispersion behavior, decreasing with frequency and generally increasing with temperature.
4) A high quality factor of 150 was obtained, higher than for bulk ferrites, indicating potential applications in microwave devices.
Optical and afm studies of vacuum evaporated cds thin filmsIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation. CdS thin films of varying thicknesses were deposited on glass substrates. The optical band gap, absorption coefficient, and extinction coefficient were estimated from optical measurements. AFM images showed the surface morphology consists of round nano particles with grain sizes ranging from 40-180 nm. Both the optical band gap and particle size increased with increasing film thickness, while the extinction coefficient decreased with thickness.
Este documento describe los tipos de suelo en la región de Bio-Bio en Chile. Explica que los suelos se clasifican en Alfisoles, Ultisoles, Inceptisoles, Entisoles y Mollisoles. También discute factores como la clasificación sísmica, un estudio de mecánica de suelos en Coronel, y los riesgos naturales como anegamientos, inundaciones, derrumbes y sismos a los que está expuesta la región.
Este documento fornece orientações sobre como realizar o lançamento de um livro, incluindo definir o formato (intimista ou maior), local (casa, faculdade ou biblioteca), convidar a audiência e rede de contatos, trazer exemplares para vender, registrar presenças e publicar fotos após o evento.
Rashtriya swasthya bima yojna health insurance for the poor - a brief analys...iaemedu
This document provides an overview of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY) health insurance scheme in India, which aims to provide health insurance coverage to below poverty line families. It discusses the challenges of access to healthcare in India, including high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty each year. Previous government-run health insurance schemes had low enrollment and claims ratios. The document examines the implementation of RSBY in Kerala state through interviews with hospitals and insurers, finding some of the same challenges reported elsewhere, such as with enrollment and fraud. Further research is needed to improve the effectiveness of the program.
A STUDY ON PATIENT’S PREFERENCES AND SERVICE QUALITY OF THE HOSPITALS WITH SP...IAEME Publication
Patient satisfaction regarding health care is a multidimensional concept that now becomes a very crucial health care outcome. An analysis of this satisfaction with the health care received revealed the following aspects for patient satisfaction and overall performance of an organization encompassing the total quality, trust, reputation, continuity, competence, information, organization, facilities, attention to psychosocial problems, humaneness and outcome of care. All of these factors have high influence on service quality of health care organizations and at the same time. Patients have been given the choice and opportunity to choose between the different hospitals in country regions, and sometimes amongst different hospitals in neighbouring countries. This kind of choice is promoting competition. While many current health care improvement efforts are taken by the government of India such as provision of health infrastructure, equipment, introduction of the health insurance scheme and the adjustments of the salaries of health workers, they seem to have overshadowed the need for constant monitoring to examine the quality of service being provided. Hence empirical research on service quality in health care in is the need of the hour that signals an alarm to the health industry.
healthcareworkforceindia sabu this is a useful document for healthcaredeepak162
The document discusses the healthcare workforce challenges in India. It notes that India faces a shortage of 7.4 million skilled healthcare workers to provide adequate coverage. Some key workforce shortages include a need for over 2 million doctors by 2030, a shortage of 2.5 million nurses, and a supply/demand gap of 6.5 million allied health workers. The success of India's goal of universal health coverage by 2022 and programs like the National Health Protection Mission will depend on having an adequately trained healthcare workforce. However, India currently lacks reliable national data on the availability and qualifications of healthcare professionals across different fields.
Data Analysis ....Stepping Towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage(UHC) b...Nazmulislambappy
The document discusses a study on Shasthya Surokhsha Karmasuchi (SSK), a special health care project in Bangladesh aimed at ensuring quality health services without financial hardship. The study aims to assess if SSK can meet universal health coverage requirements and reduce out-of-pocket health expenditures. Interviews were conducted with SSK patients and health providers. Findings indicate SSK successfully eliminates costs for admitted patients but many still face health costs. SSK coverage and services need expansion to better achieve financial protection goals. Challenges include limited treatments covered, scarce resources, and poor infrastructure.
Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for EnhancementsIOSRJBM
One of the basic vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services like health care. But many times it could mean a condition of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the access to these services. Thus an important part of social sector development is incomplete without adequate health care facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is both an end and means of development strategy. The relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health contributes to economic development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the population in a country. India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid pace particularly after the advent of New Economic Policy of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has not been accompanied by social development particularly health sector development. Health sector has been accorded very low priority in terms of allocation of resources. Public expenditure on health is less than 1 per cent of GDP in India. This research paper focuses on the current status of the Indian healthcare industry, the challenges faced plus the comparison of few selected Indian states based on health indicators. Furthermore comparison of India with some developed and developing countries is also employed in order get the clear picture of the health sector. In order to boost the development line, some opportunities in the health care industry are also discussed and necessary policy implications. Regarding in this connection India lags behind in regard of health improvement as compared to U.S.A, Canada, China, and Brazil, but contrary to other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh the scenario is better with life expectancy, Mortality ratios, health care spending speak volumes about the healthcare status. When analyzed through the prism eye, within India there are large disparities amongst states in achieving health outcomes as well. Before liberalization the improvement was at a snail’s pace, but after liberalization the whole picture changed because the key initiatives to improve the current healthcare standard a two prong strategy focusing on the infrastructure needs and the technology solution were implemented, which resulted in the healthy scenario of the healthcare industry. Healthcare sector, a leading weapon as the contributor to GDP (approx.8%) is thus the matter to be deeply looked into, so that golden harvest is reaped.
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for information and communication technology (ICT) in India's healthcare sector. It notes that while ICT could help address issues like the shortage of doctors and hospital beds in rural areas, the sector faces challenges like low government healthcare spending, lack of infrastructure, and lack of awareness and access in rural areas. The document advocates for government policies to better implement ICT and realize its potential to improve healthcare access, quality and lower costs.
The document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare in India. It defines a PPP in healthcare as a legal arrangement between the government and private sector aimed at health promotion. The key principles of a PPP include complexity, coordination, financing through the private entity, legal agreements, and mutual benefit. PPPs allow organizations to achieve goals using less investment, expand private sector markets, supplement public funding with private capital, and capitalize on both partners' expertise. However, PPPs also face challenges like complexity, debt accumulation, lack of competition, and cultural differences between sectors. Overall, PPPs are presented as a model that can draw on the strengths of both the public and private sectors for more effective
An Empirical Study on Patient Delight and the Impact of Human and Non-Human F...IOSR Journals
Health, one of the Fundamental Human Rights has been accepted in the Indian Constitution. Today the healthcare industry has emerged as one of the most challenging sectors as well as one of the largest service sector industries in India. Patient perceived service quality become the prominent aspect to choose between hospitals. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate patient perceived service quality in Indian hospitals. Further the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight is examined. A questionnaire was administered to the in-patients and multiple regression analysis has been used to examine the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight. Findings emphasize eight distinct dimensions of patient perceived service quality and the impact on patient satisfaction and patient delight. A positive and significant relationship with patient satisfaction and patient delight has been found, except two dimensions. The results of this study are limited, as they are based on Indian hospitals. The contribution of this research paper, incorporate patient delight in health care sector. In addition, this paper highlights the importance of emotional attachment for patient satisfaction and patient delight in health care.
Innovative social enterprise, rural health, India Infrastructure Report 2014Poonam Madan
It is a moot issue just how much time and resources can get used up by social entrepreneurs in seeking public partnerships to scale their work, while it would be in the interest of the nation for governments to examine, identify and work with them.
Allied Health Professionals, Essential but Neglectedijtsrd
In today’s changing health scenario, management and quality health care has been the crude demand of society, where the pandemic of Covid 19 during 2019 21 has been a major lesson for individuals about the current devastating health scenario. The health management system in India has been described based on the responsibility of general practitioners, nurses, and allied healthcare professionals. However, the balance of educational support and other efforts has been not considered effectively rather the era of nepotism and disregard in the healthcare sector have been increasing irrespective of consideration for respective needs. ”œHealth is for all, and everyone plays their own part in maintaining so”, these quotes may be found to be more lucrative than their actual practical existence in the surrounding especially for the case of different spectra of healthcare workers. Hence, it is an urgent call for considering the responsibilities of each individual role in healthcare rather than limiting to the old books that need to be torn apart. This paper thus highlights the role, need, scarcity, actuality, reality, and ahead steps for the management of the health system. Dr. Sinchan Das | Priyankesh Mishra | Swastika Subba "Allied Health Professionals, Essential but Neglected" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57561.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/57561/allied-health-professionals-essential-but-neglected/dr-sinchan-das
The document analyzes health care access in Bangladesh using data from a survey of 664 households. It investigates the determinants of illness, choice of health care provider, and household out-of-pocket health expenditures. The summary is:
- The study uses survey data from 664 Bangladeshi households to analyze factors that influence illness, choice of health care provider, and household health care spending.
- Independent variables include individual characteristics, illness conditions, health facility attributes, household characteristics, environment, and economic status. Dependent variables include illness, choice of provider, and out-of-pocket expenditures.
- Preliminary univariate analysis of the survey data shows that 59% of respondents were young adults
This document is from the International Journal of Marketing and Human Resource Management and discusses several previous studies on medical tourism. It provides an abstract of a study that analyzes why developing countries like India attract foreign patients for medical treatment and evaluates patient satisfaction levels at a hospital in New Delhi. The document also summarizes 6 previous reviews on medical tourism that examined topics like definitions of medical tourism, what motivates medical tourists, ethical issues, and the benefits and consequences of medical tourism for developing and developed countries. Overall, the studies concluded that countries can benefit economically from medical tourism but must ensure quality care and avoid creating dual healthcare systems.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
Human resource management in the health sector of BangladeshAhsan Aziz Sarkar
1. The document discusses human resource management in the health sector of Bangladesh, outlining key HR functions and challenges.
2. It notes Bangladesh has a shortage of health professionals, with physician and nurse densities of 3.0 and 2.8 per 10,000 people respectively. Vacancy rates are highest for lower-level positions.
3. Strategic challenges include inadequate salaries, lack of incentives for rural postings, political influence in appointments, and migration of skilled workers abroad. Improving HR management is seen as vital to strengthening the health system.
Consumer Behavior And Awareness Towards Health Insurance-Minor Research Projectniharikayadav26
This document summarizes a minor research project conducted by students at Prestige Institute of Management and Research on consumer behavior and awareness towards health insurance policies. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking those involved in the project. It also includes a declaration by the students stating the work is original. A faculty guide certification is provided. The document outlines the various chapters that will be included, such as an introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis and interpretation, findings, conclusion and suggestions. Tables of demographic data and health insurance purchasing behavior are previewed.
This document is a project report on a study about awareness and willingness to pay for health insurance in Durgapur, West Bengal. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and results from surveys of 200 individuals. Chi-square tests and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Key findings included low levels of health insurance awareness and willingness to pay, and factors like gender, age, education and income affecting willingness. The conclusion discusses determinants of awareness and recommends how to increase health insurance uptake.
This document discusses healthcare in India and proposes ways to make it more affordable and accessible. It notes that healthcare costs are rising and most people rely on private healthcare, while public healthcare is underfunded and understaffed. It analyzes issues like disease burdens, the growth of private sector, health insurance schemes, use of generics, and medical tourism. It recommends increasing public spending on healthcare to at least 5% of GDP, improving infrastructure, enhancing the health workforce, and promoting primary healthcare to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner.
STATUS OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN INDIA (2010)Ruby Med Plus
Research is well-established on a national level, especially essential national Health research (ENHR), with the Indian Council of Medical Research identifying the priority areas. However, the main users of these research findings are academics and researchers. In India, for commissioned research, there is a direct channel of communication between Health care researchers and policymakers. For non-commissioned research the channels of dissemination to policymakers are less clear and more varied, as dissemination of noncommissioned research is limited to academic channels (e.g. papers in peer-reviewed journals or presentations at conferences). The direct dissemination of noncommissioned research at central government level is available to a range of policymakers by distribution of a research report or inviting key policymakers and other stakeholders to a dissemination workshop often less intensively. Another Major constraint, policymakers may not fully understand how to use research to support policy formation as policymakers may not have the ability to evaluate the quality of a research study, difference between qualitative and quantitative research or to interpret research findings, thus experience difficulties in incorporating research findings into policy development for health care programs, which may lead to the failure to translate research into policy or to extraneous conclusions drawn from research results.
“Sarvé bhavantu sukhinaḥ, sarvé santu nirāmayāḥ, Sarvé bhadrāṇi pashyantu, mā kashchid_duḥkha-bhāg-bhavét”. The meaning of this Sanskrit Sloka is “All should/must be happy, be healthy, see good; may no one have sorrow. Mahatma Gandhi also says, “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and silver”. Without robust health nobody can do anything. WHO emphasized on “Health for all” in this 21st Century in Geneva Conference in 1998. Government of India also committed to the goal of ‘Health for All’. WHO defined “health” as "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". There are strong linkages between population, health and development. India’s health challenges are not only huge in magnitude due to its large population but they are complex due to its diversity and the chronic poverty and inequality. There are extreme inter-state variations, caused by not only the cultural diversity but because -the states are at different stages of demographic transition, epidemiological transition and socio economic development. Along with the old problems like persistence of communicable diseases and high maternal mortality in some parts, there is an urgent need to address the emerging issues like the threat of non-communicable diseases, HIV (AIDS) and health problems of the growing aged population. Accelerating demographic transition is not only necessary for the population stabilization but it is closely related to health goals. Despite substantial improvements in some health indicators in the past decade, India contributes disproportionately to the global burden of disease, with health indicators that compare unfavorably with other middle-income countries and India's regional neighbours. Large health disparities between states, between rural and urban populations, and across social classes persist. A large proportion of the population is impoverished because of high out-of-pocket health-care expenditures and suffers the adverse consequences of poor quality of health care. The obligation of the Government of India is to ensure the highest possible health status to its population and access to quality health care has been recognized by a number of its key policy documents. This paper attempts to study the over view of health care in India.
Key words: Health Care, National Health Policy, Access, Affordability, Equity, Urban Vs Rural-------------
Similar to Healthcare management status of indian states aninterstate comparison of the public sector using a mcdm approach (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
2. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
KEY WORDS
Healthcare, MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making), TOPSIS (Technique for Order
Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), Shannon’s Weight
INTRODUCTION
Health care refers to the treatment and prevention of illness which is delivered by
professionals in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy and allied health. The health care
industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing services and products
with the objective of improving the health of individuals. This industry consists of
players from public sector (Government) as well as private sector. The delivery of
modern health care depends on an expanding group of trained professionals coming
together as an interdisciplinary team in both the sectors. The rate of growth of the health
care industry in India is moving ahead neck to neck with the software industry of the
country and the health care industry in India is reckoned to be the engine of the economy
in the years to come. Indian population mostly resides in the rural areas (~70%) and it the
public healthcare system that primarily offers healthcare need solutions in those areas.
India in case of health care facilities still lakes the adequate supply, especially in the rural
areas. In fact there is huge gap between demand and supply at all the levels of society.
Still there are many urban areas where one can hardly find any multi specialty hospital.
Researches indicate that there are many constraints in healthcare system in India of which
the absence of health insurance for the unorganized sector and the adverse resource
allocation for the rural sector stand out significantly in case of public healthcare system.
Various state governments and the centre have adopted comprehensive agenda of health
sector reforms and health care management systems to improve the services and also
narrow the demand supply gap. The present study aims to evaluate the healthcare
management status in Indian states.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Amlan Majumder (2005) in his work on “Economics of Health Care: A Study of
Health Services in Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri Districts” draws attention to the
economic side of the health care services. The study applies econometric tools to
investigate facts empirically in the rural and urban areas of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri
districts of North Bengal. Demographic factors like age, and family size has been found
to be important determinants of utilisation of care from modern source. Negative
relationship between education and utilisation of a care has been found out. Demand for
public health facilities is also very high among rural mass. So, privatization or plan of
leasing out the primary health care system to private operators is not justified. Utilisation
of health facilities by rural people is associated with low reported quality of care. In his
another work on “Demand for Healthcare in India”, Amlan Majumder (2006)
highlights the need for different types of health care which is changing very rapidly
among Indian population in the phase of transition. The present study tries to investigate
in Indian context whether the demand for public health facilities has decreased among all
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3. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
sections of population for the easy availability of private sources of care or whether
public health care is perceived inferior to the private ones. The research highlights that
public health care, in Indian context, is an inferior commodity. Moreover, acceptability of
it is concentrated among some religious or some ethnic minorities who generally occupy
lower stratum in the local hierarchy. Among the factors in the supply side, availability of
drugs played positively towards utilisation of public health facilities.
J.K. Satia and Ramesh Bhat (1999) in their paper “Progress and challenges of health
sector: A balance sheet” highlights that considerable progress has been made in
improving the health status of the population over the last half-century in India. Despite
this impressive progress, many challenges remain. The life expectancy is still 4 years
below world average. So is under five mortality (12 per 1000 per year) higher than global
average. New disease patterns and non-communicable diseases are also emerging as
major challenges. The paper makes an attempt to explain the tardy progress in the health
sector. The programme management by public sector, allocation of public resources to
health sector, centre-state roles and financing of programmes, private sector role,
contribution and role of NGOs, public-private partnerships in health have been analysed.
The paper suggests that key challenge in the next century is the leadership challenge and
reforms in the health sector require several measures. Firstly, it requires policy and
programme emphasis that ensures access to quality primary health care for all. Secondly,
there is a need for inclusive political dialogue and decision making which will involve
community groups representing voices of the poor, local private sector and the
government in operationalizing the new vision of health sector. Thirdly, the social capital
in the sector needs to be built up which will promote trust, cooperation and other norms
that enable health markets to function effectively.
Dileep Mavalankar (1998) in his paper on “Need and Challenges of Management
Education in Primary Health Care System in India” points out that Primary Health
Care (PHC) system in India is very large and consumes large amount of resources. The
paper argues that given the lack of training of doctors in management it is imperative that
the doctors who are put in charge of the PHC system receive reasonable skills and
training in management so that the resources spent on the PHC system can be utilized
well. It is also observed that most management training is very divorced from the day-to-
day realities of the working of the PHC system and the kind of challenges they face. The
paper also argues that there is a need for developing a separate health management cadre
in India who will be trained in public health and health management to take up leadership
role in PHC system in future. Finally the paper argues that substantial efforts will be
needed in preparing doctors for the management posts in the PHC system.
Research studies conducted on Indian healthcare system and its management reveals that
most of the works have been conducted on specific healthcare issues and problems, many
of them restricting to select geographical areas. Though public healthcare and its
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4. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
management in Indian States have drawn attention but relative progress made by them
has not been found in the substantial number of literatures that were reviewed. The same
has thus been identified as the gap in the present research study.
OBJECTIVE
To rank and compare the relative position of Indian States basis their healthcare
management status using TOPSIS, a Multi Criteria Decision Making approach.
METHODOLOGY
Evaluating the relative position of Indian states basis their healthcare management status
involves finding out the state ranks against a set of chosen parameters. State ranks can be
evaluated using additive rule that involves ranking each state against individual
parameters considered and then adding them to arrive at the total rank score. The lower
the value of the total rank score, higher is the overall ranking for that state. This method
has a major limitation in considering equal weightage of all parameters since in reality all
parameters cannot have equal importance. This limitation is overcome by incorporating
relative weight of the parameters in the overall rank determination when studied amidst
in a multi criteria decision making environment (MCDM). Within the MCDM approach,
data of input parameters are first classified as positive or negative. A parameter is
considered as positive if increase in its value enhances or improves the healthcare status,
otherwise negative. The absolute values of the parameters are then subjected to statistical
normalization to annul the effect of disparate units followed by weight determination
using Shannon’s method before finally applying the MCDM approach for rank
determination. Within this study, 30 input parameters (indicator variables) have been
chosen in the present study which according to the researcher is the most important ones
that influence the healthcare management status. The 30 indicator variables chosen are
shown in Exhibit 1.
Sl # INDICATOR VARIABLES Sl # INDICATOR VARIABLES
1 Fertility Rate 16 Primary Health Centres (per 1 lac population)
2 Vaccination Coverage (%) 17 Hospital Beds (per 1 lac population)
3 HIV awareness (males%) 18 Rev. Exp. On Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
4 HIV awareness (females%) 19 Cap. Exp. On Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
5 Low BMI Males (%) 20 Health Exp. As a % of Tot. Exp.
6 Low BMI Females (%) 21 Rev. Exp. On Family Welfare (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
7 Life Expectancy at Birth 22 Exp. On Medical Services (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
8 Birth Rate (per 1000 population) 23 Exp. On Public Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
9 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 24 Rev. Exp. On Med. Edu, Training & Research (In Mn per 1 lac pop.)
10 Institutional Births 25 Severe Anemia amongst pregnant women (%)
11 Birth Attended by trained Practiciners 26 Severe Anemia amongst adolescent girls (%)
12 Doctors (per 1 lac population) 27 % of Children as under nourished by weight (0-71 mths)
13 Nurses (per 1 lac population) 28 % of Children having iron deficiency - anemic (0-71 mths)
14 Hospitals (per 1 lac population) 29 Female per 1000 Male
15 Dispenseries (per 1 lac population) 30 Maternal Mortality Ratio
Exhibit 1. List of Indicator Variables
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5. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
THE MCDM APPROACH
In a MCDM environment, there are a number of alternatives to be assessed on the basis
of their preference order. Many MCDM techniques available among which the technique
for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) proposed by Yoon (1980),
Hwang and Yoon (1981) is a very effective one. The basic principle in this method is that
the best alternative should have the shortest distance from the ideal alternative.
The MCDM environment: Suppose there are all together K alternatives to be assessed
and the best alternative is to be selected. Let the alternatives be denoted by S1, ………SK.
there are also N criteria identified to assess the alternatives, which are denoted by C1,
….CN. The k-th alternative’s value on the n-th criteria is obtained as xkn, and the same is
written as: Sk = (xk1, ……., xkN), 1,……,K, and Cn = (x1n, ……, xkn), n = 1, ……,N.
The ideal solution: It is feasible to compare each alternative with an “ideal alternative”
to solve the assessment or decision making problem. TOPSIS adopts an intuitive
approach to the construction of the best and worst alternative and calls them the ideal and
the negative-ideal alternatives or solutions. The ideal alternative S+, is formed by taking
all the best values attained on each criterion by some alternatives, and can be denoted by:
S+ = (x+1, ….., x+N) = [min {xk1}, …., min {xkM}, max {xkm + 1},……., max {xkN}].
and the negative-ideal alternative S-, comprises of all the worst criterion values attained
by some alternatives, and is denoted by
S- = (x-1, ….., x-N) = [max {xk1}, …., max {xkM}, min {xkm + 1},……., min {xkN}].
The TOPSIS Procedure: With the above notation and explanation, the TOPSIS
procedure for assessing the ranking can be described as follows:
1. Firstly we normalize the n-th criterion vector Cn into TCn:
TCn = C n / || C n ||= ( x1n / || C n ||,....., xkn / || C n ||) ≡ (t1n ,......,t kn ), n = 1,...., N ,
K
where ||Cn|| = ∑ (x
k =1
kn ) 2 is the Euclidean length or norm of Cn, so the new criterion
vectors have the same unit length and are thus unit free and directly comparable. Under
the new criterion values, the k-th alternative, Sk, and the ideal and negative ideal
solutions S+ and S- , are transformed to TSk, TS+ and TS-, respectively:
TSk = (tk1,…..,tkN) = (xk1/||C1,…., xkN/||C1||), k=1,….,K,
TS+= (t+1,….., t+N) = (x+1/||C1||,…..,x+N /||CN||,
TS- = (t -1,….., t - N) = (x -1/||C1||,…..,x – N /||CN||,
2. Next the distances of Sk and x+ as the weighted Euclidean distance of TSk from
TS+ are defined:
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6. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
N N
d ( S k , S + ) =|| w • (TS k − TS + ) ||= ∑[Wn (t kn − t +1 ]2 =
n =1
∑[W ( x
n =1
n kn − x+ n / || C n || 2
N
= ∑ [W n ( x kn − min {x jn }) || C n ||] 2 +
j
∑
n = M +1
[Wn ( x kn − max{x jn }) / || C n ||] 2
j
k = 1,…..,K,
where “ • ” is vector product operator and w is an N-dimensional weight vector whose
elements represent the relative importance of the N criteria. Similarly, the distance of Sk
from S- is defined as the weighted Euclidean distance of TSk from TS- and the same is
N N
represented as: d ( S k , S − ) =|| w • (TS k − TS − ) ||= ∑ [W (t
n =1
n kn − t −n ] 2
∑ [W
n =1
n ( x kn − x − n / || C n ||) 2
M N
= ∑[Wn ( xkn − max{x jn }) || Cn ||] 2 +
n =1
j
∑
n = M +1
[Wn ( x kn − min{x jn } / || C n ||] 2 k = 1,……,K,
j
3. Finally the K alternatives are ranked according to the preference order by their
relative closeness to the ideal alternative S+ which for the k-th alternative is
defined as: r(Sk, S+) = d(Sk, S+)/[d(Sk, S+) + d(Sk, S-)], k = 1,…..,K
The assessment criterion of TOPSIS is that the smaller the value of r(Sk, S+) which
ranges between 0 and 1, the more preferred is the alternative Sk.
Choice of weights: A reasonably good approach to obtain internal importance weights is
to use the entropy concept. It is a criterion for the amount of information (or uncertainty)
represented by a discrete probability distribution, p1, …..pk and this measure of
k
information was given by Shannon and Weaver (1947) as E ( p1 ,...., p k ) = −φk ∑ pk1n( pk )
k =1
where φ k=1/1n(K) is a positive constant which guarantees that 0 ≤ E(p1,……,pk) ≤ 1. it
is noted that the larger the E(p1,……,pk) value, the smaller the variations among the pk’s
and that 0 entropy means maximum information and 1 minimum information. For the n-
th criterion vector Cn in an MCDM environment, let Xn = x1n + …+ xKn be the total value
of the criterion. If we view the normalized values pkn = xkn / Xn for k = 1, ….,K as the
“probability distribution” of Cn on the K alternatives, the entropy of Cn may be defined
K K
as: E(Cn) = - ø k ∑ p k 1n( p k ) = φk ∑ ( xkn / X n )1b( xkn / X n ), n = 1,......N , and define the
k =1 k =1
N
weights as wn = (1 − E (C n )) / ∑ (1 − E (C j )), n = 1,...., N .
j =1
FINDINGS & ANALYSIS
The values of 30 indicator variables have been initially plotted for each state as shown
below. To annul the effect of the varying units of indicator variables, Statistical
Normalization was done followed by weight determination using Shannon’s Method. The
distance from Normalized Ideal and Negative Ideal is calculated before finally
calculating the rank of Indian states.
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8. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
Rev. Exp. Exp. On Exp. On Rev. Exp. Severe Severe % of % of Children
On Family Medical Public On Med. Anemia Anemia Children as having iron Female Maternal
Welfare (In Services (In Health (In Edu, amongst amongst under deficiency - per 1000 Mortality
Mn per 1 lac Mn per 1 Mn per 1 Training & pregnant adolescent nourished anemic (0-71 Male Ratio
pop.) lac pop.) lac pop.) Research women girls (%) by weight (0- mths)
C21 C22 C23 (In Mn per
C24 (%)
C25 C26 71 C27
mths) C28 C29 C30
Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative
ANDHRA PRADESH 3.22 7.94 1.74 0.69 2.1 23.6 42.3 38.7 978 154
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 1.56 28.07 5.07 0.84 7.8 40.3 32.2 42.9 901 480
ASSAM 2.24 5.15 1.08 0.58 0.4 0.2 12.6 23.6 932 312
BIHAR 0.85 1.93 0.54 0.53 2.2 27.6 54.6 46.6 921 371
CHATTISH GARH 0.45 3.94 0.51 2.13 5.1 48.3 47.4 55.5 990 379
DELHI 11.30 18.23 8.23 6.72 1.3 28.7 35.3 48 821 101
GOA 2.13 36.71 3.23 4.29 0 10.8 30 24.9 960 62
GUJRAT 2.20 7.05 1.92 0.83 5.1 39 46 51.7 921 160
HARYANA 1.34 8.25 1.97 2.32 3.3 40.2 35.6 54.1 861 186
HIMACHAL PRADESH 4.68 28.93 4.22 7.31 4 31 36.4 47.7 970 196
JAMMU & K 1.51 17.96 3.68 2.04 2.6 10.1 20.3 27.9 900 196
JHARKHAND 2.39 6.66 0.72 0.09 1.3 24.2 52.2 40.9 941 371
KARNATAKA 2.24 8.83 0.66 1.61 0.9 14.8 44.8 34 964 213
KERALA 2.76 13.30 1.51 2.24 0 2.2 35.8 10.2 1,058 95
MADHYA PRADESH 1.51 8.27 1.97 0.73 3.4 33.2 55.4 50.2 920 335
MAHARASTRA 1.58 5.42 4.28 1.12 1.8 29.4 47.7 50.2 922 130
MANIPUR 2.80 10.44 4.49 1.38 1.2 9.4 34.9 34.9 978 401
MEGHALAYA 2.50 14.07 2.60 0.56 1.5 0.7 15.2 24.1 975 404
MIZORAM 4.54 20.26 4.18 1.15 1.1 21 21.4 30.5 938 398
NAGALAND 4.27 27.96 1.78 0.13 4 21.4 9.7 39.4 909 396
ORISSA 1.81 6.29 1.42 0.71 3.8 27.2 42.8 40.9 972 303
PUNJAB 1.62 15.67 1.54 2.11 2.9 33.9 40 50.2 874 192
RAJASTAN 2.12 9.14 1.04 0.98 3.3 21.9 58.1 39.7 922 388
SIKKIM 7.78 60.30 4.16 0.14 0.8 19.3 30.2 42.7 875 212
TAMIL NADU 2.62 11.10 2.42 1.29 1.9 17.7 38.3 30.6 986 111
TRIPURA 5.01 11.08 1.71 0.47 1 8.5 29.7 17.8 950 407
UTTAR PRADESH 3.32 0.35 0.89 0.39 3.4 28.8 55.3 47.1 898 440
UTTARANCHAL 26.40 1.32 1.04 1.06 3.2 28.6 52.6 36.6 964 517
WEST BENGAL 2.03 9.43 1.51 0.89 3.7 18 44.9 30.7 934 141
Exhibit 4. Indicator Variables
The relative weights of all the chosen indicator variables has been calculated using
Shannon’s Weight determination method and the same is shown in Exhibit 5. No. of
Hospitals, No. of Dispensaries, Capital Expenditure on Health, Revenue Expenditure on
Medical Training, Revenue Expenditure on Family Welfare, Expenditure on Medical
Services, No. of Primary Health Centres, Low BMI of male & females, Anemia amongst
pregnant women have been found to be the 10 most important indicator variables
affecting the healthcare management status of public sector in Indian states.
Shannon's Shannon's
Sl # INDICATOR VARIABLES Sl # INDICATOR VARIABLES
Weight (%) Weight (%)
1 Fertility Rate 0.41 16 Primary Health Centres (per 1 lac population) 4.52
2 Vaccination Coverage (%) 0.76 17 Hospital Beds (per 1 lac population) 3.45
3 HIV awareness (males%) 0.17 18 Rev. Exp. On Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 2.92
4 HIV awareness (females%) 0.59 19 Cap. Exp. On Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 9.10
5 Low BMI Males (%) 4.50 20 Health Exp. As a % of Tot. Exp. 0.42
6 Low BMI Females (%) 3.94 21 Rev. Exp. On Family Welfare (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 5.56
7 Life Expectancy at Birth 0.02 22 Exp. On Medical Services (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 4.30
8 Birth Rate (per 1000 population) 1.92 23 Exp. On Public Health (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 3.00
9 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 2.67 24 Rev. Exp. On Med. Edu, Training & Research (In Mn per 1 lac pop.) 5.82
10 Institutional Births 2.45 25 Severe Anemia amongst pregnant women (%) 3.26
11 Birth Attended by trained Practiciners 2.31 26 Severe Anemia amongst adolescent girls (%) 2.30
12 Doctors (per 1 lac population) 2.47 27 % of Children as under nourished by weight (0-71 mths) 0.87
13 Nurses (per 1 lac population) 2.31 28 % of Children having iron deficiency - anemic (0-71 mths) 0.63
14 Hospitals (per 1 lac population) 13.60 29 Female per 1000 Male 0.02
15 Dispenseries (per 1 lac population) 14.12 30 Maternal Mortality Ratio 1.55
Exhibit 5. Shannon’s Weight of Indicator variables
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9. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
Rank Table
Relative Closeness TOPSIS
STATES Value RANK
KERALA 0.30098236 1
SIKKIM 0.43986403 2
GUJRAT 0.48134232 3
DELHI 0.48945707 4
ARUNACHAL PRADESH 0.49493230 5
ANDHRA PRADESH 0.52015254 6
TAMIL NADU 0.52299724 7
MAHARASTRA 0.52525553 8
PUNJAB 0.52561855 9
GOA 0.53127624 10
HIMACHAL PRADESH 0.54751923 11
MIZORAM 0.56189787 12
KARNATAKA 0.57160608 13
WEST BENGAL 0.60203498 14
JAMMU & K 0.63580135 15
NAGALAND 0.63741721 16
MANIPUR 0.64319223 17
HARYANA 0.64680915 18
MEGHALAYA 0.66260120 19
MADHYA PRADESH 0.67244550 20
ORISSA 0.68935158 21
TRIPURA 0.69413424 22
ASSAM 0.69870290 23
CHATTISH GARH 0.69935484 24
JHARKHAND 0.73008429 25
UTTARANCHAL 0.73437144 26
BIHAR 0.73981427 27
RAJASTAN 0.74733990 28
UTTAR PRADESH 0.78774375 29
Exhibit 6. Rank of Indian States
CONCLUSION
The ensuing research study reveals that Kerala is the state with the best public healthcare
management status in India followed by Sikkim and Gujarat respectively. This indicates
that in these states, the overall healthcare status is being managed better compared to
other states. Looking at the top 10 developed states in India on public healthcare
management status, it is to be noted that 3 states are from South India, 3 from West India,
2 from East India and 2 from North India. Again looking at the bottom 10 states, it is
noted that 5 are from East India and North East, 2 from Central India, 2 from North India
and 1 from West India. Looking at the Top 10 and Bottom 10 states, the researcher
opines that public healthcare management status is positive and has progressed in states
where the impact of globalization has been high and public sector tends to compete with
the private sector, especially in South & West India.
LIMITATIONS & DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
The present work includes 30 indicator variables which could be a limitation in the sense
that there is a scope to increase the same. This research work is based on secondary data
and incorporation of primary data could have led to a more real time analysis. The
research can be extended to other areas on social development like assessing the public
education status and crime status in Indian States.
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10. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
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