HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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This document discusses the relationship between health and economic development. It begins with definitions of health and economic development from WHO and UN sources. It then examines factors that determine health and economic development according to WHO. Several studies are summarized that show the bidirectional relationship between improvements in health outcomes and economic growth. Preston's 1975 analysis found a curvilinear association between income and life expectancy. Barro's 1997 analysis projected that a 10% increase in life expectancy could lead to a 0.4% rise in economic growth. Bloom and Canning's 2000 study analyzed how better health impacts productivity, education, investment and demographics to stimulate economic development. The document concludes by considering whether healthier populations or greater wealth leads to improvements in the other.
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Health care financing in India
- Government health spending in India is very low at just over 1% of GDP, well below what is needed to meet the country's health needs. This has forced many people to rely on private healthcare, leading to high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty.
- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
- Initiatives have been launched such as the National Rural Health Mission and health insurance programs, but more focus is needed on primary care, community participation, and direct
Health financing in india
The document discusses health financing in India. It provides information on what constitutes a health system and the functions of health financing mechanisms. The main sources of health financing in India are public funds (20.3% of total funds), private funds like household expenditures (72% of funds), and external support (2.3% of funds). Health expenditure in India is 4.8% of GDP, lower than many other countries. Out-of-pocket expenditures constitute a large portion of private health spending. The majority of public health funds are spent on salaries, while hospitalization and medication costs burden households.
Health financing in India
This document provides an overview of health financing, including:
1. It defines health financing and outlines its key principles of raising revenues, pooling risks, and purchasing health services efficiently.
2. It describes different models of health care financing including social health insurance, out-of-pocket payments, and community-based insurance.
3. It discusses the global scenario of health spending, challenges in low and middle income countries, and the need to reduce out-of-pocket costs and improve access to healthcare.
Health economics
Health economics deals with planning and budgeting for healthcare resources. It determines the price and quantity of limited financial and non-financial resources used to care for the sick and promote health. Health economics uses microeconomics and macroeconomics principles. Microeconomics examines individual and organizational behaviors and their effects on costs and resource allocation. Macroeconomics considers large-scale economic factors like GDP. Economic analyses in health include cost-minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses. Nurses play an important role in health economics by leading cost containment efforts, improving quality of care, and advocating for patients' needs.
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The document discusses various indicators used to measure development, including economic indicators like GDP and social indicators like life expectancy. It explains that composite indicators which combine multiple factors, like the Human Development Index, provide a more comprehensive picture of a country's development level than any single indicator. Reasons for differences in development levels between countries include natural resources, industrialization, political stability, location, and access to trade. Within countries, there are also often disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of access to services.
Principles of health economics
This document discusses key concepts in health economics, including:
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- Health economics is relevant for health workers and policymakers to understand patient utility, predict behavior, support planning and policymaking, and promote efficient use of limited health resources.
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- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
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Health financing in india
The document discusses health financing in India. It provides information on what constitutes a health system and the functions of health financing mechanisms. The main sources of health financing in India are public funds (20.3% of total funds), private funds like household expenditures (72% of funds), and external support (2.3% of funds). Health expenditure in India is 4.8% of GDP, lower than many other countries. Out-of-pocket expenditures constitute a large portion of private health spending. The majority of public health funds are spent on salaries, while hospitalization and medication costs burden households.
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This document provides an overview of health financing, including:
1. It defines health financing and outlines its key principles of raising revenues, pooling risks, and purchasing health services efficiently.
2. It describes different models of health care financing including social health insurance, out-of-pocket payments, and community-based insurance.
3. It discusses the global scenario of health spending, challenges in low and middle income countries, and the need to reduce out-of-pocket costs and improve access to healthcare.
Health economics
Health economics deals with planning and budgeting for healthcare resources. It determines the price and quantity of limited financial and non-financial resources used to care for the sick and promote health. Health economics uses microeconomics and macroeconomics principles. Microeconomics examines individual and organizational behaviors and their effects on costs and resource allocation. Macroeconomics considers large-scale economic factors like GDP. Economic analyses in health include cost-minimization, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses. Nurses play an important role in health economics by leading cost containment efforts, improving quality of care, and advocating for patients' needs.
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The document discusses various indicators used to measure development, including economic indicators like GDP and social indicators like life expectancy. It explains that composite indicators which combine multiple factors, like the Human Development Index, provide a more comprehensive picture of a country's development level than any single indicator. Reasons for differences in development levels between countries include natural resources, industrialization, political stability, location, and access to trade. Within countries, there are also often disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of access to services.
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This document discusses key concepts in health economics, including:
- Scarcity of resources and unlimited wants create economic problems that require choices in allocating limited resources.
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- Health economics is relevant for health workers and policymakers to understand patient utility, predict behavior, support planning and policymaking, and promote efficient use of limited health resources.
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Health economics is concerned with applying economic theory and methods of analysis to the production and consumption of health and health care. It involves studying how scarce resources are allocated among alternative uses for health care and improving health. Key aspects of health economics include efficiency in resource allocation, the health care market, demand and supply of health care, equity in health outcomes and care, and health sector budgeting and planning. Economic evaluation techniques used in health economics include cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-minimization analysis to compare costs and consequences of alternative health interventions or programs.
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Health care finance in india
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in health economics, including:
1) It discusses who has access to healthcare based on ability to pay and examines issues of equity, finance, delivery, and outcomes in healthcare systems.
2) It explores expenditures on healthcare as a percentage of GDP and characteristics of the insured population in the US.
3) It introduces basic questions of economic systems that also apply to health economics, such as what and for whom to produce, and how to achieve economic growth with scarce resources.
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This document discusses health economic evaluations and their importance. It defines key concepts such as health systems, health economics, scarcity, opportunity cost, and efficiency. It explains the basic framework for economic evaluations including defining the problem, identifying options, measuring costs and outcomes, and selecting the appropriate technique. The main techniques discussed are cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis, with a focus on measuring and comparing costs and outcomes.
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Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
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The document provides an overview of health economics. It defines economics and health economics, explaining that health economics applies economic principles to issues related to health and healthcare. It discusses key concepts in health economics including resources, markets, and the roles of micro- and macroeconomics. The importance of health economics is that it can inform policies around resource allocation and program evaluation. Methods discussed include cost analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and others.
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What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
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Market equilibrium
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P o P u l a t i o n a n d d e v e l o P m e n t R e v i e w 3 6 ( 4 ) : 6 5 5 – 6 9 2 ( d e c e m b e R 2 0 1 0 ) 6 5 5
Routes to Low Mortality
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Randall Kuhn
a quarter century ago, Population and Development Review published a highly
influential article by John caldwell titled “Routes to low mortality in Poor
countries” (caldwell 1986). writing at the end of an era of unparalleled
mortality improvements in poor countries, caldwell sought to reinvigorate
the international health paradigm by looking at the successes of three coun-
tries (china, costa Rica, and Sri lanka) and one indian state (Kerala) that
achieved exceptional success in lowering mortality at low levels of income.
Just as memorably, he framed his analysis with an illustrative list of the
world’s superior and poor health achievers, based on comparing a country’s
ranking on health indicators to its ranking on income per head. the article
was transformative in many respects. while best known for demonstrating
the powerful role of women’s education in health outcomes, it also described
in vivid historical detail the importance of health systems and social consensus
during breakthrough periods of health transition. to mark the twenty-fifth
anniversary of caldwell’s achievement, this article examines the fates of
caldwell’s original exceptional achievers and charts modern routes to low
mortality.
the past quarter century has seen further dramatic change in interna-
tional health. by 1986, the post–world war ii epidemiologic transition had
decelerated, but no country had yet recorded a sustained reversal in trends
in life expectancy. the next two decades saw three unique patterns of rever-
sal relating to (1) conflict, especially in sub-Saharan africa; (2) Hiv/aidS in
Southern africa; and (3) non-communicable disease and injuries in the former
Soviet union (wilson 2001; mcmichael et al. 2004; moser et al. 2005). the
2000 millennium declaration ushered in a period of programmatic action
against disease embodied in the united nations millennium development
Goals. this effort aimed to harness the untapped economic potential of the
world’s poor and was rebranded under the term “global health” (mcmichael
and beaglehole 2000; Sachs 2001). Progress has been swift, with rapid spread
6 5 6 r o u t e s t o L o w M o r t a L i t y i n P o o r c o u n t r i e s r e v i s i t e d
of antiretroviral therapies (aRts) for Hiv/aidS, declining child and maternal
mortality, and reversal of some mortality setbacks (Reniers et al. 2009; Raja-
ratnam et al. 2010a). meanwhile, many poor countries have maintained their
postwar trajectories of persistent mortality reduction (Hughes et al. 2010).
amid this progress, caldwell’s concerns from an earlier era have re-
gained salience just a decade into the global health era. targeted interventions
could soon run their course, as Hiv/aidS and preventable diseases give way
to a dauntin.
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What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
Factors determine price & quantity of health care
What is the production function for health
Market equilibrium
Investing in the healthcare sector
Cost production in healthcare
Different healthcare system
Models of non-profit agencies
References
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Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Prof. Tanimola Akande and Dr. Francis Ukwuije. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
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countries” (caldwell 1986). writing at the end of an era of unparalleled
mortality improvements in poor countries, caldwell sought to reinvigorate
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and beaglehole 2000; Sachs 2001). Progress has been swift, with rapid spread
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Paulista University
Rosane P. Ribeiro
University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto
José Ernesto dos Santos
University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto
Health disparities or health inequalities refer to enduring differences between population
groups in health status, well-being, and mortality. Health inequalities have been described
by race, ethnic group, gender, and social class. A variety of theories have been proposed
to account for health inequalities, including access to medical care and absolute material
deprivation. Several theorists (including Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson) have
argued that relative deprivation is the primary factor. By this they mean the inability of
individuals to achieve the kind of lifestyle that is valued and considered normative in their
social context. In this article, we show that the concept and measurement of cultural consonance
can operationalize what Marmot and Wilkinson mean by relative deprivation. Cultural
consonance is the degree to which individuals approximate, in their own beliefs and behaviors,
the prototypes for belief and behavior encoded in shared cultural models. Widely shared cultural
models in society describe what is regarded both as appropriate and desirable in many different
domains. These cultural models are both directive and motivating: people try to achieve the
goals defined in these models; however, as a result of both social and economic constraints,
some individuals are unable to effectively incorporate these cultural goals into their own
lives. The result is an enduring loss of coherence in life, because life is not unfolding in
the way that it, culturally speaking, “should.” The resulting chronic stress is associated with
psychobiological distress. We illustrate this process with data collected in urban Brazil. A theory
of cultural consonance provides a uniquely biocultural contribution to the understanding of
health inequalities. [cultural consonance, cultural consensus, relative deprivation, Brazil]
The Black Report (named for the chairman, Sir Douglas Black, of the commission that
released it) was issued in Britain in 1980 (Black and Townsend 1982). It summarized the
findings of a commission whose charge was to examine available health statistics and
ANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE 38.2, pp. 214–231. ISSN: 2153-957X. C© 2015 by the American
Anthropological Association. DOI:10.1111/napa.12053
2 1 4 A n n a l s o f A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l P r a c t i c e 3 8 . 2 / C u l t u r e a s a M e d i a t o r o f H e a l t h D i s p a r i t i e s
determine if there were detectable and reliable inequalities in health in Britain. By this
they meant systematic and enduring health differences between identifiable population
groups. The commission found inequal ...
Global ecological destinies: fashioned by population, politics and denial
Global ecological destinies: fashioned by population, politics and denialAustralian National University
Slides given to a workshop organised by the Foundation for the Future, in Seattle, WA, USA, to commemorate 7 billion daySoc 2113 ch 20 2017
This document discusses several topics related to population, urbanization, and the environment. It begins by describing the process of fracking and some of its environmental risks, such as large water usage, potential groundwater pollution, and induced seismic activity. However, fracking also provides economic benefits like job creation and access to untapped energy reserves. The document then discusses trends in global population growth, noting that populations are growing most rapidly in developing countries with high fertility rates. It also outlines the stages of demographic transition and projects population changes for different world regions over the 21st century. The document further examines the process of urbanization, including the growth of cities and suburbs, and some challenges faced by urban and suburban areas like pollution, sprawl
Diversity and Cultural Competency in Health Care Je.docx
This document discusses the changing demographics of the US population and its implications for health care. It notes that non-Hispanic whites will comprise less than 50% of the population by 2050 as racial/ethnic minority groups grow more rapidly. An aging population and declining youth also impact the health workforce. The health care industry must adapt to serve a more diverse population and recruit from all groups to address future needs.
Diversity and Cultural Competency in Health Care Je.docx
Diversity and Cultural
Competency in Health Care
Jean Gordon, RN, DBA
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:
☛ Define diversity.
☛ Define cultural competency.
☛ Define diversity management.
☛ Understand why changes in U.S. demographics affect the health care industry.
OVERVIEW
Demographics of the U.S. population have changed dramatically in the
past three decades. These changes directly impact the health care indus-
try in regard to the patients we serve and our workforce. By 2050, the term
“minority” will take on a new meaning. According to the U.S. Census Bureau,
by midcentury the white, non-Hispanic population will comprise less than
50 percent of the nation’s population. As such, the health care industry needs
to change and adopt new ways to meet the diverse needs of our current and
future patients and employees.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) defines
diversity as: “(1) the fact or quality of being diverse; difference, and (2) a point
in which things differ.” Dreachslin (1998) provided us with a more specific def-
inition of diversity. She defined diversity as “the full range of human similari-
ties and differences in group affiliation including gender, race/ethnicity, social
class, role within an organization, age, religion, sexual orientation, physi-
cal ability, and other group identities” (p. 813). For our discussions, we will
focus on the following diversity characteristics: (1) race/ethnicity, (2) age, and
(3) gender.
This chapter is presented in three parts. First, we discuss the chang-
ing demographics of the nation’s population. Second, we examine how these
changes are affecting the delivery of health services from both the patient’s
and employee’s perspectives. Because diversity challenges faced by the health
care industry are not limited to quality-of-care and access-to-care issues, in
part three of our discussions we explore how these changes will affect the
health services workforce, and more specifically the current and future leader-
ship within the industry.
15
CHAPTER 2
9781284087062_CH02_PASS02.indd 15 17/02/15 6:10 PM
CHANGING UNITED STATES POPULATION
There is no doubt that the demographic profile of the U.S. population has
undergone significant changes within the past 10 years regarding age, gender,
and ethnicity (see Table 2–1 ).
Data from the 2010 Census provide insights to our racially and ethnically
diverse nation (Humes, Jones, & Ramirez, 2011). According to the 2010 Cen-
sus, 308.7 million people resided in the United States on April 1, 2010—an
increase of 27.3 million people, or 9.7 percent, between 2000 and 2010. The
vast majority of the growth in the total population came from increases in
those who reported their race(s) as something other than White alone and
those who reported their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino. For the first time in.
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Low fertility rates are becoming widespread globally, with nearly half the world's population living in countries at or below replacement level fertility in 2000. While concerns about very low fertility (well below replacement) are valid due to issues like population aging and program solvency, the author argues low fertility itself is not a crisis. Motivations remain for 1-2 children due to affective reasons for parenting and institutional adjustments could make small families compatible with modern societies. Very low fertility is not inevitable given distinctions between low and high parity births and flexibility of individualism to incorporate parenthood.
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Labor in the Eye of the Hurricane (UUP 19 Oct 2011)
The document discusses austerity measures in Greece that have led to widespread protests and strikes. It argues that continued austerity will plunge Greece deeper into recession and unemployment. It then discusses the broader worldwide trend of austerity policies, and anti-union efforts in many US states aimed at limiting collective bargaining and teachers' unions. The rest of the document focuses on growing income inequality in the US, New York, and New York City over recent decades.
ASS0981 Introduction To Sociology Of Health.docx
The document discusses social determinants of health (SDOH) and how they impact health inequalities in the UK. It examines social class as a key SDOH, noting that those with lower social class/economic status often have less access to resources and face greater health risks like obesity and disease due to poorer diets and lifestyles. Several artifacts are discussed that show the relationship between social class and health outcomes, such as a picture depicting the wealth gap in Georgian Britain and Michael Marmot's Whitehall studies on civil servants. The document concludes that SDOH like income, education and socioeconomic status significantly impact people's health and wellbeing.
Increasing Population Uncertainty Essay
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Galway
This document discusses several projects at the Geary Institute aimed at understanding trends in health and well-being in Ireland over time. It finds that early life conditions are important for later health outcomes, and that conditions in the 1930s-1950s continue to impact the current aging population. Studying the health of Irish emigrants and using natural experiments can help disentangle the effects of early life factors from other influences. Analysis of a harsh winter in 1947 suggests early life shocks have long-term health consequences, particularly for lower socioeconomic groups. Understanding early life conditions is key for policymakers.
World human population growth through history
The human population has grown exponentially since 1350 AD, reaching over 7 billion currently. It took until 1800 for the population to reach 1 billion, but only 127 years to double to 2 billion in 1927. Rapid growth was driven by improved agriculture, medicine, and sanitation. Currently, the population grows by around 75 million per year and is expected to reach 8.5-10.9 billion by 2050. Population growth rates vary by region and development level, with less developed countries having higher birth rates and shorter doubling times. Continued rapid growth could stress environmental resources if not balanced.
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- 1. HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT B LEELA DHAR MDHM (OU) 2014-16; AIHA ROLL NO 1404-01-676031 (INDIA)94904-68518; BOBBALEELADHAR@HOTMAIL.COM
- 2. INTRO
- 3. QUESTION 1 TREE FIRST OR SEED FIRST ?
- 4. QUESTION 2 EGG FIRST OR HEN FIRST?
- 5. HEALTHIER IS WEALTHIER OR WEALTHIER ARE HEALTHIER
- 6. PREVIEW INTRO RECAP / FLASH BACK. INTERSE RELATION BETWEEN HEALTH & ECO-DEVP. CONCLUSION.
- 8. RECAP (FLASH-BACK) HEALTH DEFINITION. ECO DEVP DEFINITION. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH. DETERMINANTS OF ECO DEVP.
- 9. HEALTH (DEFINITION) “A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL- BEING AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY” WHO CONSTITUTION (1948)
- 10. ECO DEVP (DEFINITION) “MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT W/O COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS.” UN WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT & DEVP (1987)
- 11. HEALTH DETERMINANT (AS PER WHO) IS A FORCE OR ELEMENT. AFFECTS HEALTH, EITHER POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY. IS DETERMINED BY INTRINSIC FORCES (GENETICS, BEHAVIOUR, CULTURE, HABITS AND LIFESTYLES) AND EXTRINSIC FORCES (PREVENTATIVE, CURATIVE AND PROMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE HEALTH SECTOR) ELEMENTS OUTSIDE THE HEALTH SECTOR INCLUDING: ECONOMIC FACTORS (TRADE) SOCIAL FACTORS (POVERTY) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (CLIMATE CHANGE) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
- 12. HEALTH DETERMINANTS INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS. SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS. EDUCATION AND LITERACY. EMPLOYMENT/WORKING CONDITIONS. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS. PERSONAL HEALTH PRACTICES & COPING SKILLS. HEALTHY CHILD DEVELOPMENT. BIOLOGY AND GENETICS. HEALTH CARE SERVICES. GENDER. CULTURE. - WHO CONSTITUTION (1948)
- 13. ECO - DEVP DETERMINANTS
- 14. INTERSE RELATION BETWEEN HEALTH & ECO DEVP
- 15. INTERSE RELATION BETWEEN HEALTH & ECO DEVP PRESTON FINDINGS (1975). BARRO’S ANALYSIS (1997). BLOOM & MALANEV’S STUDIES (1998). BLOOM AND CANNING FINDINGS (2000). HDI VS INCOME & NON-INCOME ELEMENTS GRAPH. UN DEFINITION.
- 16. PRESTON ANALYSIS (1975 GRAPH)
- 17. PRESTON (1975) FINDINGS A CURVILINEAR ASSOCIATION - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH (NATIONAL INCOME PER HEAD) AND HEALTH (LIFE EXPECTANCY) IN THE 1930S AND IN THE 1960S. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - BETWEEN THE LOGARITHM OF NATIONAL INCOME AND LIFE EXPECTANCY. IN 1930S - 0.885 & IN 1960S - O.880. DEATON (2003) UPDATED THE PRESTON CURVE IN 2000.
- 18. BARRO (1997) FINDINGS AN AMERICAN MACRO ECONOMIST BARRO PROJECTED THAT A 10% JUMP IN LIFE EXPECTANCY LEADS TO A 0.4% INCREASE IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND MANY STUDIES TOO CONFIRMED THE SAME.
- 19. BLOOM & MALANEV’S STUDIES (1998) WHILE EXAMINING 78 COUNTRIES DURING THE PERIOD 1965-1990, BLOOM & MALANEV SUGGESTED THAT THE MORTALITY CRISIS, WHICH OCCURRED IN RUSSIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF 1990’S LED TO A FALL IN LIFE EXPECTANCY FROM 70 TO 65 CONSEQUENTLY LOWERED THE COUNTRIES GDP BY AN ESTIMATED 1.8 TO 2.7%
- 20. BLOOM & CANNING FINDINGS (2000) RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. ANALYZED - RELATION BETWEEN HEALTH & INCOME. TAPPED FOUR DIFFERENT CHANNELS PRODUCTIVITY. EDUCATION. INVESTMENT IN PHYSICAL CAPITAL. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND.
- 21. BLOOM & CANNING FINDINGS (2000) FINDINGS. INDIVIDUALS WITH GREATER HEALTH NOT ONLY HAVE LESS SICK DAYS, BUT ARE ALSO MORE MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY PREPARED FOR WORK. INDIVIDUALS WHO LIVE LONGER HAVE A GREATER INCENTIVE TO INVEST IN EDUCATION AND ACQUIRE HIGHER RETURN ON SUCH INVESTMENTS.
- 22. BLOOM & CANNING FINDINGS (2000) FINDINGS. THE LEVEL OF SAVINGS INCREASES AS THE INDIVIDUAL’S LIFE EXPECTANCY RISES, HENCE STIMULATING INVESTMENT. BETTER HEALTH IN THE FORM OF HIGHER LIFE EXPECTANCY AND IMPROVED CHILD HEALTH MAY LEAD TO A DECREASE IN THE IMPREGNATION RATE, HENCE ADULTS PARTICIPATE MORE EXTENSIVELY IN THE LABOUR MARKET, ALLOWING THEM TO OBTAIN HIGHER INCOME PER CAPITA.
- 23. HDI VS INCOME & NON-INCOME ELEs GRAPH
- 24. UN DEFINITION
- 25. CONCLUSION
- 26. HEALTHIER IS WEALTHIER OR WEALTHIER ARE HEALTHIER