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Actin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein that makes up microfilaments in the cytoskeleton and thin filaments in muscle cells. It exists as a monomer at low salt concentrations but polymerizes into filaments called F-actin when salt concentrations rise. The sliding of actin filaments interacting with myosin is the basis for muscle contraction and cell movement. Actin has isoforms that are divided into three groups - alpha actins found in muscle, and beta and gamma actins that coexist as cytoskeleton components in most cell types.
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2.22.2010
Actin filaments interact with myosin proteins to enable cell movement. Specifically, myosin I interacts with actin filaments and transports vesicles along actin filaments, moving toward the plus end. When the globular heads of myosin bind to actin filaments, they cause the filaments to bend inward toward the minus end, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin II is involved in cell division. There are several steps to cell movement, including formation of a leading edge and protrusion of lamellipodia and filopodia, which adhere to actin filaments via myosin I, and severing and contraction of actin filaments at the cell rear mediated by myosin II.
Cell - signalling, Communication, Junctions
Cell signaling allows for communication between cells and is crucial for many biological processes. It works through signal molecules that transmit information from one cell to another through direct contact, over short distances through paracrine signaling, or over long distances through endocrine signaling like hormones. Errors in cell signaling can lead to diseases like cancer and diabetes. The main steps involve signal molecules binding to receptors on the target cell surface, which activates intracellular signaling pathways to ultimately change gene expression. Different types of cell junctions like tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes help regulate cell-cell communication and maintain tissue structure.
Ribosome, mitochondria and lysosome
This document provides information about ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes. It describes them as follows:
Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in all cells that function to synthesize proteins. They consist of RNA and proteins arranged into small and large subunits. Mitochondria are organelles that generate energy for cells through ATP production. They contain inner and outer membranes, intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix. Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest unwanted materials inside and outside of cells through autophagy and heterophagy.
Molecular chaperones
Molecular chaperones are proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins but are not part of the final folded structure. They help prevent misfolding and aggregation of proteins. The first observations of molecular chaperones date back to the 1970s but their function was not fully understood until the 1980s and 1990s when it was discovered that they play a key role in protein folding and homeostasis. Molecular chaperones are found in all compartments of the cell where protein folding occurs and help protect proteins from misfolding, especially under stressful conditions.
Cell communication
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication allows cells to respond to their environment and coordinate behaviors. Cell communication involves three main steps: reception of a signal molecule by a receptor, transduction of the signal through intracellular pathways, and response through activities in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specific responses in different cell types through varied protein expression. Termination mechanisms inactivate signaling to end the cellular response.
Variable expression
This document discusses gene expression and its regulation over time and across tissues. It covers several key points:
1) Epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and histone modifications control which genes are accessible for transcription and expression levels. These changes can be passed down to daughter cells.
2) Gene expression profiles differ across tissues and change based on environmental conditions. For example, blood plasma protein levels vary during infection.
3) Chromatin remodeling and microRNAs are two major processes that regulate gene expression. Histone modifications and microRNAs respectively control transcription and translation.
11.16 (dr. surriya sheikh) cell signalling 1 1 neurotransmitter
The document summarizes key aspects of cell signaling and communication. It discusses:
1. Cell signaling involves three main stages - reception of a signal by a receptor, transduction of the signal through a signaling pathway, and cellular response.
2. Cells can communicate over short or long distances through direct contact, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, or hormones.
3. The main types of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and ion channel receptors. Binding of a ligand induces a conformational change in the receptor to initiate signaling.
Cell signalling
Cell signalling occurs through the interaction of signalling molecules and receptors. Signalling molecules are secreted or expressed on cell surfaces and bind to receptors on other cells. This initiates intracellular reactions that regulate cell behavior. Signalling can occur through direct cell contact or through secreted molecules acting over short (paracrine) or long (endocrine) distances. Examples of signalling molecules include nitric oxide (NO) and steroid hormones. NO regulates blood vessel dilation by diffusing into cells and activating guanylate cyclase, while steroid hormones enter cells and regulate gene expression by binding nuclear receptors.
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2.22.2010
Actin filaments interact with myosin proteins to enable cell movement. Specifically, myosin I interacts with actin filaments and transports vesicles along actin filaments, moving toward the plus end. When the globular heads of myosin bind to actin filaments, they cause the filaments to bend inward toward the minus end, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin II is involved in cell division. There are several steps to cell movement, including formation of a leading edge and protrusion of lamellipodia and filopodia, which adhere to actin filaments via myosin I, and severing and contraction of actin filaments at the cell rear mediated by myosin II.
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Cell signaling allows for communication between cells and is crucial for many biological processes. It works through signal molecules that transmit information from one cell to another through direct contact, over short distances through paracrine signaling, or over long distances through endocrine signaling like hormones. Errors in cell signaling can lead to diseases like cancer and diabetes. The main steps involve signal molecules binding to receptors on the target cell surface, which activates intracellular signaling pathways to ultimately change gene expression. Different types of cell junctions like tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes help regulate cell-cell communication and maintain tissue structure.
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This document provides information about ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes. It describes them as follows:
Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in all cells that function to synthesize proteins. They consist of RNA and proteins arranged into small and large subunits. Mitochondria are organelles that generate energy for cells through ATP production. They contain inner and outer membranes, intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix. Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest unwanted materials inside and outside of cells through autophagy and heterophagy.
Molecular chaperones
Molecular chaperones are proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins but are not part of the final folded structure. They help prevent misfolding and aggregation of proteins. The first observations of molecular chaperones date back to the 1970s but their function was not fully understood until the 1980s and 1990s when it was discovered that they play a key role in protein folding and homeostasis. Molecular chaperones are found in all compartments of the cell where protein folding occurs and help protect proteins from misfolding, especially under stressful conditions.
Cell communication
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Variable expression
This document discusses gene expression and its regulation over time and across tissues. It covers several key points:
1) Epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and histone modifications control which genes are accessible for transcription and expression levels. These changes can be passed down to daughter cells.
2) Gene expression profiles differ across tissues and change based on environmental conditions. For example, blood plasma protein levels vary during infection.
3) Chromatin remodeling and microRNAs are two major processes that regulate gene expression. Histone modifications and microRNAs respectively control transcription and translation.
11.16 (dr. surriya sheikh) cell signalling 1 1 neurotransmitter
The document summarizes key aspects of cell signaling and communication. It discusses:
1. Cell signaling involves three main stages - reception of a signal by a receptor, transduction of the signal through a signaling pathway, and cellular response.
2. Cells can communicate over short or long distances through direct contact, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, or hormones.
3. The main types of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and ion channel receptors. Binding of a ligand induces a conformational change in the receptor to initiate signaling.
Cell signalling
Cell signalling occurs through the interaction of signalling molecules and receptors. Signalling molecules are secreted or expressed on cell surfaces and bind to receptors on other cells. This initiates intracellular reactions that regulate cell behavior. Signalling can occur through direct cell contact or through secreted molecules acting over short (paracrine) or long (endocrine) distances. Examples of signalling molecules include nitric oxide (NO) and steroid hormones. NO regulates blood vessel dilation by diffusing into cells and activating guanylate cyclase, while steroid hormones enter cells and regulate gene expression by binding nuclear receptors.
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cell signalling
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Ribosome by kk sahu sir
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TYPES OF RIBOSOMES:
► 70S
► 80S
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF 70 & 80S RIBOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF RIBOSOME
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
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This document provides information about mitochondria and ribosomes. It discusses the structure, composition, and functions of mitochondria and ribosomes. Some key points:
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- Ribosomes are subcellular particles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that facilitate protein synthesis. They consist of RNA and protein subunits.
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Mitochondria ppt
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Mitochondria are double membranous organelle, the inner membrane is more larger than the outer one. For this reason the inner membrane of the mitochondria folds inside forming a special figure called creasteae. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) contains the subunits for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). And this inner mitochondrial membrane coverd by a second membrane called the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). We called mitochondria as a power house of cell not only they generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation they also take part in various biochemical pathways such as- pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, the regulation of N2 balance in urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, keton body production and fatty acid degradation and elongation. They also take part in cell signalling via regulating the protein-protein interaction or by regulating the cellular concentration of calcium ion(Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species(ROS).
During various biological diseasesmitochondrial morphology altered, as in the case when there is lack of nutrient in our body mitochondria combine together to share their nutrient and alo their DNA and ETC components to maintain their OXPHOS. But in case of high energy demand of a part of body mitochondria undergo division or called fission because they move rapidly than lager one (Zhao et al., 2013). Fission also occur in mitotic cell to share equal amount of mitochondria to the daughter cells. Many questions arise in mitochondrial dinamics but here I am going to answer a most doubtful question- Is mitochondrial dynamics play any role in tumorigenic process? Is any oncogenic signalling play crucial role in morphological alteration of mitochondria?
A Experiment On Actin And Myosin
This research paper discusses the most accepted model of muscle contraction, known as the sliding filament theory. It involves the interaction of the contractile proteins actin and myosin within the muscle sarcomere. When an action potential stimulates the muscle, calcium ions are released which allow the myosin heads to bind to actin. This triggers a power stroke that causes the actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and contracting the muscle fiber. Key structures involved are the myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin thin filaments, myosin thick filaments, and regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin.
Actin & Myosin
Actin and myosin are proteins that play important roles in muscle contraction. Actin exists as monomers called G-actin and polymers called F-actin that form microfilaments. Myosin has a head domain that binds to actin and uses ATP to generate force and move along actin filaments. During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin, exert tension through a power stroke, causing actin filaments to slide and muscles to shorten. Precise interactions between actin and myosin are crucial for muscle function and movement.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that fold into complex 3D shapes defined by their sequence. There are 20 types of amino acids that can be combined to form the primary structure of a protein. The sequence determines the unique secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures which define a protein's specific function. Proteins perform most of the work in cells and have roles in structure, function, regulation and catalysis. The seven main types of proteins include enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins and more, each with distinct functions in the body.
Proteins chemistry project.pptx chemistry practical
This document discusses proteins, including their structure, types, and functions. It notes that proteins are composed of amino acids, of which there are 20 common types. Proteins can have fibrous or globular structures depending on how the polypeptide chains are arranged. The structures of proteins include primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures. Examples of protein functions include digestion, transport, structure, signaling, defense, and storage. The document also discusses amino acid classification, protein denaturation, and the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
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Lysosome & Mitochondria- Eukaryotic organless
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They break down molecules so nutrients can be absorbed by cells. Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi apparatus as single-membrane vesicles containing enzymes. Mitochondria likely formed through endosymbiosis and contain four compartments. They produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation using nutrients from food digestion to generate ATP for cell functions.
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Basics only
A variety of small cellular components bounded by single membrane found in Plant and
animal cell. Microbodies are of two types; Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
A Deeper Study Into Cell Parts, Processes and Substances
Cells are the basic unit of life and come in many forms. They contain various structures that allow different functions like metabolism, waste disposal, movement, and protein production. Key parts include a membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and lysosomes. Cells use complex chemical processes like cellular respiration and protein synthesis to carry out functions and remain healthy.
Brain's molecular velcro
Cadherins are proteins that act as molecular Velcro to adhere neurons together and form synapses. They work with cytoskeletal proteins like actin and microtubules to maintain cell shape and adhesion. Defects in cadherins or cytoskeletal proteins could cause neurons to lose contact and synapses to break down, leading to conditions like schizophrenia. Many schizophrenia risk genes code for these adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting neuronal architecture and connectivity may underlie the disorder.
cell signalling
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Cell and cell organelles
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell. It describes that the cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and is the basic structural and functional unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structures of the cell discussed include the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. Each structure performs important functions essential for cellular activities.
Cell signalling
To make multicellular organisms cell must communicate. This communication is mediated by extracellular signal molecules.
Ribosome by kk sahu sir
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TYPES OF RIBOSOMES:
► 70S
► 80S
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF 70 & 80S RIBOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF RIBOSOME
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
Cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their activities in response to environmental changes. Specialized receptors called integrins provide communication links between the interior and exterior of cells. They interact with enzymes and are involved in many cellular processes. The formation of specialized tissues in multicellular organisms depends on coordinated regulation of cell number, location, morphology, and function through complex communication networks between cells. Signals are received and processed in target cells to trigger intracellular reactions that dictate physiological functions.
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This document summarizes several major families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and adhesion receptors. It discusses cadherins, which form homophilic bonds between adjacent cells and link to the cytoskeleton. Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that bind extracellular matrix proteins and require calcium or magnesium. Selectins contain lectin domains that recognize sugar structures on neighboring cells. Neural cell adhesion molecules are single-pass transmembrane proteins important for neural tissue formation.
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This document provides information about mitochondria and ribosomes. It discusses the structure, composition, and functions of mitochondria and ribosomes. Some key points:
- Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain enzymes for cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes are subcellular particles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that facilitate protein synthesis. They consist of RNA and protein subunits.
- Both mitochondria and ribosomes play essential roles in cellular metabolism and protein production. Mitochondria generate energy through respiration while ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.
Mitochondria (introduction function & Structure)
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and ribosomes and likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes. Mitochondria are most concentrated in liver and muscle cells. They have an outer and inner membrane. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur in the matrix and inner membrane respectively to generate ATP. Movement of protons across the inner membrane powers ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Mitochondrial diseases can occur if mitochondria dysfunction and fail to produce sufficient energy.
Mitochondria ppt
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that produce energy through aerobic respiration. They originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own DNA. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae folds in the inner membrane that increase surface area, and a matrix space containing enzymes. They produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to power cellular activities, making them the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited and encodes proteins essential for mitochondrial function.
Ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes
Ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are all cellular organelles with specialized functions. Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for protein synthesis. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins and lipids and modifies them by adding carbohydrates. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function in phagocytosis, autophagy, and breaking down stored components in the cell. Abnormalities in lysosome development or function can lead to storage diseases.
Mitochondrial dynamics and cancer (2)
Mitochondria are double membranous organelle, the inner membrane is more larger than the outer one. For this reason the inner membrane of the mitochondria folds inside forming a special figure called creasteae. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) contains the subunits for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). And this inner mitochondrial membrane coverd by a second membrane called the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). We called mitochondria as a power house of cell not only they generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation they also take part in various biochemical pathways such as- pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, the regulation of N2 balance in urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, keton body production and fatty acid degradation and elongation. They also take part in cell signalling via regulating the protein-protein interaction or by regulating the cellular concentration of calcium ion(Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species(ROS).
During various biological diseasesmitochondrial morphology altered, as in the case when there is lack of nutrient in our body mitochondria combine together to share their nutrient and alo their DNA and ETC components to maintain their OXPHOS. But in case of high energy demand of a part of body mitochondria undergo division or called fission because they move rapidly than lager one (Zhao et al., 2013). Fission also occur in mitotic cell to share equal amount of mitochondria to the daughter cells. Many questions arise in mitochondrial dinamics but here I am going to answer a most doubtful question- Is mitochondrial dynamics play any role in tumorigenic process? Is any oncogenic signalling play crucial role in morphological alteration of mitochondria?
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A Deeper Study Into Cell Parts, Processes and Substances
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Actin and myosin are proteins that play important roles in muscle contraction. Actin exists as monomers called G-actin and polymers called F-actin that form microfilaments. Myosin has a head domain that binds to actin and uses ATP to generate force and move along actin filaments. During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin, exert tension through a power stroke, causing actin filaments to slide and muscles to shorten. Precise interactions between actin and myosin are crucial for muscle function and movement.
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- 1. Actin Antibody Available In Imgenex Now Actin is a ubiquitous protein that helps to produce filaments, which are important parts of the cytoskeleton. Microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and thin filaments, which are part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, have a monomeric subunit. It is the most abundant protein in a typical eukaryotic cell, accounting for roughly 15% of total protein in some cephalopods. The protein is extremely conserved, and when combined with a large number of actin binding proteins, it creates a wide range of structures in cells. The sliding effect created by actin filaments interacting with myosin is the basis of muscle contraction and many aspects of cell movement, including cytokinesis. Individual actin subunits are known as globular actin (G-actin), which assembles into filaments.Individual actin subunits are referred to as globular actin (G-actin), which assembles into long filamentous polymers known as F-actin.https://bit.ly/3gVqRKXMicrofilaments of the cytoskeleton are formed when two parallel F-actin strands twist around each other in a helical shape. Microfilaments have a diameter of around 7 nm and a helix loop that repeats every 37 nm. One molecule is bound by each actin protomer.It exists as a monomer at low salt concentrations, but when the salt concentration rises, filaments form quickly, resulting in ATP hydrolysis. Many types of actin form a tight complex with deoxyribonuclease (DNase I), although the relevance of this is uncertain. DNase I activity is inhibited as a result of the creation of this complex, and actin's capacity to polymerize is lost. ItIt has been discovered that the actin ATPase domain is comparable to the ATPase domains of hexokinase and hsp70 proteins. Actin isoforms in vertebrates are divided into three groups: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha actins are a major component of the contractile apparatus and are found in muscle tissues. In most cell types, beta and gamma actins coexist as cytoskeleton components and mediators.MreB, a significant bacterial cytoskeleton component, shares a lot of structural similarities with its eukaryotic counterpart actin. Members of the Rho family of tiny guanosine triphosphatases have also been hypothesised to have emerged as essential regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, ensuring coordinated control of other cellular activities through their interactions with many target proteins.https://bit.ly/3gVqRKX