High Definition Television (HDTV) is a digital television standard that offers significantly higher image quality than standard formats like PAL and NTSC, featuring resolutions starting from 720p to 1080p. The document explains the differences between interlaced and progressive scan methods and highlights the importance of resolution, contrast, and lighting in achieving clear images, especially in medical applications. It also details the HD requirements for equipment, such as monitors and connections, to ensure high-quality video transmission.

1. H igh D efinition T ele v ision Lem 01/07

2. What is HDTV ? HDTV means H igh D efinition T ele v ision: The new standard for high resolution digital television with a higher number of lines compared to PAL or NTSC. This results in a dramatic increased image quality with sharp contours, natural colors and a high depth of field

3. Picture size and ratio

4. Picture size, ratio and resolution Resolution and image size HDTV has a minimal resolution of 720 vertical lines with 1280 horizontal picture elements (approx. 1 millionen pixels per image). Maximal resolution is 1080 vertikal lines with 1920 horizontal picture elements (approx. 2 millionen pixels per image). Details: 1080p30 = 1080i/60 = 1920 × 1080 pixel with 30 full images progessive or 60 frames (half image) interlaced 1080p25 = 1080i/50 = 1920 × 1080 pixel with 25 full images progessive or 50 frames (half image) interlaced 1080p24 = 1920 × 1080 pixel with 24 full images progessive cinema mode 720p30 = 720i/60 = 1280 × 720 pixel with 30 full images progessive or 60 frames (half image) interlaced 720p25 = 720i/50 = 1280 × 720 pixel with 25 full images progessive or 50 frames (half image) interlaced HDTV = 4x PAL / NTSC resolution

5. Image resolution One square is equivalent to one pixel. HDTV is four times the number of pixels in relation to SDTV. One square is equivalent to one pixel. SDTV-resolution. Both fishes are converted to the same size to compare the number of pixels per unit of area. The impression of sharpness is more a result of good contrast than of high resolution. Important fact for optics! Resolution SDTV compared with HDTV

6. Progressive Scan / Interlaced Difference between - Progressive Scan oder Interlaced? Interlaced (frame / line skip) Das TV-Signal made of 2 separate sequential half images (frame) presented one after the other. Disadvantage: fast moving content in the picture might be blurry: flickering or comb effect Progressive Scan (full frame) shows complete images like a movie picture. De-Interlacing filter technology to avoid or minimie flicker or comb effect

7. Image resolution

8. HD-Ready, Full HD Aspect ratio of 16:9 minimal native vertical resolution of 720 lines YUV-input DVI- or HDMI-input, copy protection HDCP must be realized. Must show, HDTV in resolution 720p (=1280x720) /1080i (=1920x1080) with 50 and 60 Hz (like PAL or NTSC) newest standard on tv monitors: 1080p HD Ready for monitors, what does it mean?

9. HD in medicine HD endoscopes

10. HD in medicine HD endocoupler At least nearly all Schölly endo coupler are HD ready. The optic of the new zoom coupler was specially designed to be fully compatible with our HD camera system.

11. HD aspect ratio and endoscope size

12. HD in medicine HD camera head The difference between SD and HD video formats is best visualized by comparing the horizontal and vertical resolution. Typical SD formats offer a 4:3 aspect ratio, 640 by 480 horizontal and vertical lines. The HD format offers a 16:9 aspect ratio, 1280 by 720 horizontal and vertical lines. The 1080 HD standard also offers a 16:9 aspect ratio, but 1920 by 1080 horizontal and vertical lines—seven times the SD resolution at 480 lines. HD endoscopy generally places even greater demands on surgical light sources. To acquire crisp, clear HD endoscopic images with superior resolution, optimum illumination must be provided to the operative field. Because HD cameras have lower sensitivity due to smaller pixel size, a powerful Xenon light source is most often recommended.

13. HD in medicine HD camera controller unit The Camera CCU connects various elements of the HD imaging chain, capturing and processing video signals from the camera head for display on the monitor, as well as for transfer to existing recording and printing devices

14. HD in medicine HD monitors HD-SDI Advantages: cable length up to 70m possible. One single cheap cable. Industrial and medical approved standard in broadcast quality. Video Cables that carry digital image data between the camera head, camera CCU, and monitor and recording devices must offer sufficient bandwidth for video transmission of HD data over long distances. For example, a 1080p HD imaging system provides approximately 2 million pixel resolution at 60 frames per second, requiring twice the bandwidth as a 1080i system at 30 frames per second.

15. HD in medicine HD system The whole optical and video system must be HD ready to provide the HD advantages

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