This document provides an overview of ageing and social work. It discusses stereotypes and perceptions of older people, changing demographics as the population ages, theoretical perspectives on aging, policy reforms in aged care, and specific areas of social work practice including dementia, palliative care, and elder abuse. Traditional and emerging settings for social work with older clients are outlined. The roles of social workers in counseling, advocacy, assessment, and case management are also summarized.
Countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS) have a tremendously high number of children who grow up in formal care: 1.3 million. Around half of them grow up in large scale residential care institutions which risks harming their health, development and future life chances.
Care, caring, and caregiver are words used to describe those who take care of family members or friends out of love. These terms are also used by those who are paid to help and support others. This is confusing on a number of fronts.
One: there is a big difference between being paid to provide care versus not expecting and not receiving financial compensation.
Two: the policy discussions and funding decisions tend to focus on professional and paid care provided by non profits, governments or institutions as if they were the only ones. This paid sector receives the bulk of the financial resources allocated by governments. In this regard, natural care is playing teeter totter with an elephant.
That the dimensions, requirements and scale of natural care is invisible is a serious public policy issue. We have relegated it as a private matter. In fact, it defines us as a species, as a country, as a society, as an individual.
Providers of natural care need resources to support themselves and the people they are caring for. It is a matter of decency, natural justice and our collective survival. This serious matter should be a high public policy priority.
Al Etmanski delivered this presentation on December 7, 2011 along with a webinar you can access here: http://bit.ly/v6w0Bx
Visit our SiG website for further resources: http://sigeneration.ca
Countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS) have a tremendously high number of children who grow up in formal care: 1.3 million. Around half of them grow up in large scale residential care institutions which risks harming their health, development and future life chances.
Care, caring, and caregiver are words used to describe those who take care of family members or friends out of love. These terms are also used by those who are paid to help and support others. This is confusing on a number of fronts.
One: there is a big difference between being paid to provide care versus not expecting and not receiving financial compensation.
Two: the policy discussions and funding decisions tend to focus on professional and paid care provided by non profits, governments or institutions as if they were the only ones. This paid sector receives the bulk of the financial resources allocated by governments. In this regard, natural care is playing teeter totter with an elephant.
That the dimensions, requirements and scale of natural care is invisible is a serious public policy issue. We have relegated it as a private matter. In fact, it defines us as a species, as a country, as a society, as an individual.
Providers of natural care need resources to support themselves and the people they are caring for. It is a matter of decency, natural justice and our collective survival. This serious matter should be a high public policy priority.
Al Etmanski delivered this presentation on December 7, 2011 along with a webinar you can access here: http://bit.ly/v6w0Bx
Visit our SiG website for further resources: http://sigeneration.ca
Presentation by David Craig – Executive Officer, Action for Community Living at field's 'The great debate - has life improved for people with a disability'.
Forum was held on Wednesday 23 September 2009,
Further information www.field.org.au
The Minnesota Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities is currently touring MN presenting its tools for advocacy and 2011 legislative session wrap. Here is the PowerPoint from this tour.
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• Establishing patterns
• The sociological imagination-
Theories:
• Sociological theory- pg 7 in Pretoruis
• Why are theories useful and practical?
• The generally accepted definition of a theory
• The main sociological theories:
• 1) Structuralism/ Functionalism (Durkheim): Society as an organism, tendency towards equilibrium, statuses and roles, functions: manifest and latent+ benefits and disadvantages of this approach
• 2) Conflict theory (Karl Marx): Evaluation
• 3) Symbolic theory (Max Weber)
• Comparison of theoretical perspectives
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Presentation by David Craig – Executive Officer, Action for Community Living at field's 'The great debate - has life improved for people with a disability'.
Forum was held on Wednesday 23 September 2009,
Further information www.field.org.au
The Minnesota Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities is currently touring MN presenting its tools for advocacy and 2011 legislative session wrap. Here is the PowerPoint from this tour.
The changing health care needs of communities and health systems responses in...ReBUILD for Resilience
Presentation given by Tim Martineau as part of a Satellite Session at the Fifth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research on 9th October 2018: 'No longer invisible - finally bridging the divide between health care, social and societal engagement to build systems for health', organised by CORE Group and Save the Children.
The changing health care needs of communities and health system responses in ...ReBUILD for Resilience
Presentation given by Tim Martineau of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and the ReBUILD Consortium on health systems in fragile settings and their changing needs.
Presented as part of a session at the Fifth Global Symposium for Health Systems Research - 'No Longer Invisible - finally bridging health care, social and societal engagement to build systems for health' in October 2018.
The sociological perspective:
• What is the sociological perspective? Direct and indirect relationships
• Establishing patterns
• The sociological imagination-
Theories:
• Sociological theory- pg 7 in Pretoruis
• Why are theories useful and practical?
• The generally accepted definition of a theory
• The main sociological theories:
• 1) Structuralism/ Functionalism (Durkheim): Society as an organism, tendency towards equilibrium, statuses and roles, functions: manifest and latent+ benefits and disadvantages of this approach
• 2) Conflict theory (Karl Marx): Evaluation
• 3) Symbolic theory (Max Weber)
• Comparison of theoretical perspectives
• Applying the theoretical theories:
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this ppt is based on problems faced by elderly in urban and rural areas and how to solve those problems, this ppt is for student who wants to do this ppt and can use this as reference
Ageing is an important physiological phenomenon faced by all living individuals that is multifactorial and complex. The causation is still a matter of controversy. There is a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate age of ageing, though most of the countries uses chronological ages.
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1. Ageing and Social Work
HCS103 Topic 9
Acknowledgement: Some slides from Karen Bell
2. 2
What do you think of when you hear the
phrase ‘aged person’?
What is an ‘aged person’?
What do they look like?
Where do they live?
2
3. 3
When I searched for some ‘clip art’ for these
PowerPoint slides using the search terms ‘old
people’ and ‘elderly’ – the images below were
the ones to pop up.
Which stereotypes about ageing do you think
most of them represent?
What do you think these images convey about
‘old people’?
4. Ageing and disease should not be equated
(Hammond & Jilek 2003, cited by Wiles 2005, p.167)
Less than 25% of elderly people (75+) have a
disability requiring outside assistance
(McCallum & Geiselhart 1996, cited by Wiles 2005, p.167)
Age does increase vulnerability
to a range of health problems
though difficulties are not
inevitable.
44
5. ‘Older people do not require social work
because of their age but because of disability,
lifestyle and loss issues as they age. Social
work responses can be as diverse as the older
population itself. Social workers play pivotal
roles in the provision of a range of social,
health, housing and financial services, and in
assisting older people in adjusting to the
transitions and losses of older age. The work
of our profession is an important component
of government, commercial and not-for-
profit programs for older people’
(Naughton & Schofield 2013, p. 207).
5
6. Traditional settings for social work
with elderly people
• Hospitals
• Community health centres/ aged care
assessment teams (ACAT)
• Nursing homes & hostels
• Community care agencies
66
7. 77
More recently…
There’s been a growth in private sector – financial
planning, retirement villages, user-pays aged care.
8. Background – aged care policy and
service provision
1901 – Federation – agreement on need for national support
system for aged people
1909 – payment of age pension commenced
88
The old age pension ‘more than any other factor… defined old age in early 20th
century Australia. In taking the pension an old person entered into an implicit
contract to retire from the workforce’ (Davison, 1993, cited by Wiles 2005, p. 164).
9. Mid 1950s
Increased federal government funding for
expansion in number of nursing home beds
Aged care conceptualised as a medical problem
and residential care as the standard response
Some community / domiciliary
support services (e.g. ‘Meals On
Wheels’) developed
99
10. 10
1975 – Henderson Inquiry into Poverty – aged
people as the single largest group at risk of
disadvantage
10
11. 1980s
Increased emphasis on community care
1982 – McLeay report – indicated the aged people were
often in residential care for accommodation/social
reasons rather than medical / health reasons. Argued
community care to be a more humane and cost effective
option.
New ideology emerges – independence, community
care, reduced institutional care – ideals still influential
today
1985 – Home and Community Care (HACC) program
started
1111
12. Changing demographics…
- Increasing proportion of aged people in Australian
population
- Increased awareness of aged care issues and consideration
in social policy, more social work research and practice
theory development
Go to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
website for an overview of changing demographics in
Australia
http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442454211
1212
13. 13
ABS – Population projections, Australia, 2002-2101
Increase in the number and proportion of people aged over
65 years:
- Falling fertility
- Increasing life expectancy
- Effect of the baby boomer generation moving through older age
groups
This trend will grow over the coming decades, to such an extent, that
the:
- Number of people aged over 65 years will increase from the current
2.5 million to around 7.2 million by 2051
- Proportion of people aged over 65 years will grow from the current
13%, to one quarter of the population by 2051
- Proportion of people over 85 years will grow from the current 1.4% to
approximately 6% by 2051
- Proportion of the population aged between 15 - 64 years (labour
force age) will fall from the current 67%, to around 59% by 2051
13
14. 14
‘The ageing experience may be considered with according to a range of
variables influencing the quality of life of the aged, including
socioeconomic class, gender, disability, ethnicity, diversity, and living in
rural regions. In terms of social class, there is little doubt that
inequalities experienced over the life cycle continue or even intensify
into old age’
(Wiles 2005, p.166)
14
15. Gender
- Women out-live men – world-wide trend
- Much social policy based on men’s experiences of
ageing, paid employment, parenthood, etc.
- Recognition of gender aspect of ageing often
neglected.
1515
16. Cultural diversity
In 2011, 36% of Australia's older people were
not born in Australia (ABS 2011)
Emergence of ethno-specific
services & culturally
appropriate practice guidelines
1616
17. Psychosocial needs of aged people
Economic- housing, income, etc
Health – nutrition, exercise, health services
Social – staying connected with wider society, family, friends,
meaning in life
Emotional – meaning in life, loss & grief issues, respect
Cultural – lifelong learning, hobbies, communication, ethno-
specific needs
Environmental – transport, accessibility, safe & secure housing
1717
18. Policy reform in aged care service
delivery
Go to this ABC online site and view the video of this story.
http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3288609.htm
Have a look at the latest aged care policy initiatives in Australia at the
Department of Social Services website –
https://www.dss.gov.au/ageing-and-aged-care
18
19. Policy directions and issues in aged
care in Australia
1. Encourage self-funded retirement
2. Continued marketisation of aged care – user-
pays, community care a cheaper & preferred option
3. Health promotion for healthy ageing
4. Promotion of positive ageing
1919
20. Theoretical perspectives on ageing (1)
Disengagement (1950s) - detachment from paid
work and community / public life in preparation for
death, segregation into ‘old people’s homes’ - e.g.
Cumming & Henry 1961.
Activity theory (1960s -70s) – successful
adjustment to ageing, continuing activities, health
promotion & prevention, positive productive
retirement, increased community care – e.g.
Havighurst 1963.
2020
21. Theoretical perspectives on ageing (2)
Continuity theory – commonalities across the
lifespan, each person unique, ageing increasing
integration of life experiences, e.g. Atchley 1976
Life review – (Butler 1963) – normal,
constructive part of ageing, the past is evaluated
and reconstructed through storytellling
2121
22. Depression
- Often goes unrecognised and untreated in
elderly people
- Some might be organic, some might be
reactive (to situations, experiences)
- Peak in suicide rates for elderly males 75+
2222
23. Care
‘The modern emphasis on family care, typically
recognised as per of the support offered by the
family, and especially female carers, is also
acknowledged as a product
of the retreat from state
responsibility for aged care’
(Wiles 2005, p.171).
2323
24. The future of social work and human services
with elderly people
- Centrality of bio-psycho-social model
- Casework and group work
- Need for advocacy on social justice principles to
advocate for the marginalised
- Awareness of policy context,
program reform, political action
2424
25. Core social work, welfare and human service
roles in working with older people
• Counsellor – dealing with major life transitions, losses, chronic health issues
• Information provider / referrer – complex service systems, information needed on
options and associated costs, referrals to community service agencies
• Advocate – to get the best outcomes for clients, SWs often need to negotiate with
service providers and/or take action to advocate for an older person’s rights
• Assessor – assessment of need, making judgements about the capacities of carers
and social network to support the older person, thorough knowledge of services
and resources available
• Case manager – identification of needs, establishment and monitoring of service
plan to meet older person’s requirements to live at home. Managing complex care
situations, regular review.
• Service broker – selection and purchasing of most cost effective ‘packages’ of
services to meet client requirements, identification of individual service solutions,
focus on achieving maximum purchasing power
(Naughtin & Schofield 2013).
25
26. Specific areas of practice
People with dementia
Medical aspect – understanding the physiological and behavioural changes of the
dementia diseases.
The social aspect – how dementia is experienced by the individual and their social
network in the context of their cultural and community context.
Citizenship aspect – promoting the rights of people with dementia and recognising their
contributions as citizens, people with dementia as experts in dementia.
Expected increase in numbers of people with dementia –
220,000 in 2007 to 730,000 in 2050 (Access Economics 2009).
‘Whether practising with older people in the community or an institutional
setting, social workers are likely to be involved in the assessment and support of
people with dementia and their family carers across the spectrum from pre-
diagnosis to end-of-life care’ (Naughtin & Schofield 2013, p.215).
26
27. Specific areas of practice
Palliative care – the holistic response to people with life-threatening
illnesses or conditions when there is no cure; a team approach to
fostering maximum autonomy until death.
SW and human services roles include
– Supporting the person and/or their family through loss and bereavement
– Taking a system perspective – including responding to practical issues,
emotional and spiritual issues
– Counselling related to end-of-life decisions (Naughtin & Schofield 2013).
27
28. Specific areas of practice
• Elder abuse – emerging as a significant issue requiring
assessment of risk and vulnerability.
• SW practice in risk assessment, protection planning, advocacy,
criminal justice issues, social change
• Multi-agency collaboration, team work
• Mistreatment of elderly people is
widely under-reported.
(Naughtin & Schofield 2013). 28
29. Watch this… from the ABC in 2013
29
http://www.abc.net.au/lateline
/content/2013/s3804571.htm
30. Other resources
Australian Human Rights Commission (2012) Respect &
choice: A human rights approach to ageing and health
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-approach-
ageing-and-health-respect-and-choice-home-based-and-
residential-care-older
COTA - Connecting Over 50s Throughout Australia:
www.cotaover50s.org.au
Alzheimer’s Australia. www.alzheimers.org.au
Department of Social Services – Media Hub –
https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/ageing-and-
aged-care/aged-care-media-hub
31. References
Australian Bureau of Statistics – http://www.abs.gov.au
Access Economics 2009. ‘Keeping dementia front of mind: Incidence and prevalence
2009-2050’, report for Alzheimer’s Australia. www.alzheimers.org.au
Chenoweth, L. & McAuliffe, D. 2015. The road to social work and human service
practice. French Forest, Thomson.
Giles, R., Irwin, J., Lynch, D. & Waugh, F. 2010. In the field: From learning to practice.
OUP.
Naughtin, G. & Schofield, V. 2013. ‘Working with older people’. In Connolly, M. &
Harms, L. (eds) 2009. Social work contexts and practice. Melbourne, OUP, chapter 14.
Wiles, D. 2005. ‘Gerontological social work’. In Alston, M. & McKinnon, J. (eds) Social
work fields of practice. Melbourne, OUP.
3131