Human Exceptionality by Hardman (c) Cengage

1. Chapter One
UNDERSTANDING EXCEPTIONALITIES
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
(slide 1 of 2)
1-1 Describe why we continue to label people
even when we know it may have a negative
effect on an individual.
1-2 Identify three approaches to describe
human differences.
1-3 Explain how societal views on people with
disabilities changed from widespread
discrimination to an era of inclusion and
support in the 21st century.
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3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
(slide 2 of 2)
1-4 Identify the catalyst, effects, and
provisions of the Americans with
Disabilities Act.
1-5 Describe the role of health care,
psychology, and social services
professionals in meeting the needs of
people with disabilities.
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4. 1-1 WHY LABEL PEOPLE?
• Labeling is the fundamental way society
chooses to describe human difference.
• We use many labels to describe difference:
– Disorder
– Impairment
– Disability
– Handicap
– Exceptional
• Labels have consequences.
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5. Three Approaches to Understanding Human Difference
Figure 1.1
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6. 1-2 THREE APPROACHES TO
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DIFFERENCES
• Developmental Approach
• Cultural Approach
• Self-Labeling
• Effects of Being Labeled
– Separating the Person and the Label
– Contextual Bias
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7. 1-3 CHANGING SOCIETAL VIEWS ON
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITES (slide 1 of 2)
• Throughout history, people perceived as
different have been vulnerable to such
practices as infanticide, slavery, physical
abuse, and abandonment.
• Twentieth century is marked by
contradictions in formal and natural
supports.
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8. 1-3 CHANGING SOCIETAL VIEWS ON
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITES (slide 2 of 2)
• Advocating for Change
– Parental Involvement and Advocacy
– Civil Rights Movement
– Federal and Court Roles
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9. 1-4 THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES
ACT (ADA)
• Vocational Rehabilitation Act amendment
prohibited discrimination against persons with
disabilities in federally assisted programs and
activities.
– Section 504: “No otherwise qualified person with a
disability…shall, solely on the basis of disability,
be denied access to, or the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program or
activity provided by any entity/ institution that
receives federal financial assistance.”
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10. 1. Having a physical or mental impairment
that substantially limits one or major life
activity,
2. Has a record of such an impairment, or
3. Is regarded as having such an
impairment
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1-4a THE ADA DEFINITION OF
DISABILITY

11. 1-4b MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE ADA
(slide 1 of 2)
• The intent of ADA is to create a “fair and
level playing field” for all eligible persons
with disabilities.
– To do so, the law specifies that reasonable
accommodations need to be made that take
into account each person’s need resulting
from his or her disabilities.
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12. • Employment
• Transportation
• Public accommodations
• Government
• Telecommunications
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1-4b MAJOR PROVISIONS OF THE ADA
(slide 2 of 2)

13. 1-5 THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALS IN THE
LIVES OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
• The Role of Health Care Professionals
• The Role of Psychologists
• The Role of Social Services
Professionals
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14. Common Terminology in Medicine, Psychology, and
Sociology
Figure 1.2
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15. 1-5b THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Psychology is the science of behavior.
• Abnormal behavior ranges from deviant to
eccentric, to neurotic disorders to
psychotic disorders.
• Psychologists provide therapy treatments
to many individuals with disabilities.
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16. 1-5c ROLE OF SOCIAL SERVICES
PROFESSIONALS
• Four principles guide the determination of
who is labeled as socially different:
1.Difference is a violation of social norms.
2.Social differences are not illnesses.
3.Cultures impose criteria for normalcy on
the less powerful.
4.Social differences are caused by
interaction of several factors.
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17. • Community-based support
• Development of natural communities of
support
• Formal supports being delivered in the
context of community access and
participation
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LOOKING TOWARD A BRIGHT FUTURE

18. CASE STUDY: KEANI
• Background
• Issues
• Reasonable accommodations
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