Hasani Ahmad Said at. all. - The Review Of Castration Punishment For Pedophile In Islamic Law- International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology - Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4932-4937.pdf
Hasani Ahmad Said at. all. - The Review Of Castration Punishment For Pedophile In Islamic Law- International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology - Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4932-4937.pdf
Crime is considered as a serious issue. It makes people worried on their own safety especially when the crime rate is increasing. The study generated the trend analysis and forecasted data of the recorded crimes in Ozamiz City using autoregressive integrated moving average through the GRTEL software. Results showed that majority of the crimes recorded decreased from 2018 to 2021. These include crimes against person, crimes against property, crimes against personal liberty and security and violations against special laws particularly the comprehensive dangerous drugs Act of 2002. However, the violators who resisted persons in authority drastically increased. On the other hand, forecasted data revealed that most of the crimes will most likely increase in occurrence in the year 2022 and will be stabilized in the remaining years. The data gathered from this study can be used by the different law enforcement agencies in planning and creating intervention strategies towards mitigating the occurrence of crimes in Ozamiz City.
The study was conducted in Anywaa Zone Prison Center in Gambella Regional State of Ethiopia. It was designed with the objective of studying psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoners in Anywaa Zone Prison Center. To achieve its objectives, descriptive survey design through systematic random sampling technique was applied to conduct the study from 169 out of 280 prisoners. In order to obtain the data, both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary data were collected using open and closed ended questionnaires, semi structured interview, document review and recorded files of young prisoners in the office Anywaa Zone Prison Center. To analyze the data for quantitative data, simple statistical tools and logistic regression were used. On the other hand, qualitative data were narrated in textual form. Therefore, the overall findings of the study showed that drug, anxiety, guilty, feeling shame, depression, and isolation from other peoples are the major problems that have psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoners. So, to overcome the psychosocial consequences of crime, job opportunities must be created in order to alleviate these psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoner’s issue.
SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDREN SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDRENAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The special criminal justice system for children certainly has a special purpose for the benefit of
the future of the child and the society in which the principles of restorative justice are contained, the definition
of restorative justice itself is not uniform, because there are many variations of models and forms that develop in
its application. Therefore, much terminology is used to describe the concept of restorative justice, such as viii
communitarian justice, positive justice, relational justice, reparative justice, and community justice.
KEYWORDS: legal, copulation, criminal
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
Journal online sexual abuse of children ecpat indonesiaECPAT Indonesia
Online Child Sexual Exploitation (OCSE) is a form of crime against children that can be reviewed from various perspectives such as criminal law, criminology and culture. This offence is governed in several international legal instruments because perpetrators and victims are often located in different territories or have different nationalities. The Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC) is one that provides a reference in combating this crime, but this instrument has the disadvantage of not providing specific guidance in overcoming sexual crimes of children who are in the online sphere. OPSC focuses more on child pornography, whereas OCSE has evolved rapidly enough to give birth to new forms of crime that are not just child pornography. Another weakness can be found in national laws, due to the lack, or limited, response to address the issue. Therefore, a cultural approach is important to prevent and tackle this problem. This paper is aimed to weight the needs to use a Preventive Cultural approach and a Crime-Based Enforcement in addressing Online Sexual Abuse in Indonesia. It is a normative legal research that reads various primary and secondary legal materials. The study recommends that there is a need to use appropriate legal terminology and provide a clear interpretation of the terminology in national law so that these crimes can be quickly addressed. In addition, it also argued that cultural approaches may be used to prevent the occurrence of OSCE by means of involving the community and religious leaders, educating family, as well as raising the awareness of children.
Crime is considered as a serious issue. It makes people worried on their own safety especially when the crime rate is increasing. The study generated the trend analysis and forecasted data of the recorded crimes in Ozamiz City using autoregressive integrated moving average through the GRTEL software. Results showed that majority of the crimes recorded decreased from 2018 to 2021. These include crimes against person, crimes against property, crimes against personal liberty and security and violations against special laws particularly the comprehensive dangerous drugs Act of 2002. However, the violators who resisted persons in authority drastically increased. On the other hand, forecasted data revealed that most of the crimes will most likely increase in occurrence in the year 2022 and will be stabilized in the remaining years. The data gathered from this study can be used by the different law enforcement agencies in planning and creating intervention strategies towards mitigating the occurrence of crimes in Ozamiz City.
The study was conducted in Anywaa Zone Prison Center in Gambella Regional State of Ethiopia. It was designed with the objective of studying psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoners in Anywaa Zone Prison Center. To achieve its objectives, descriptive survey design through systematic random sampling technique was applied to conduct the study from 169 out of 280 prisoners. In order to obtain the data, both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary data were collected using open and closed ended questionnaires, semi structured interview, document review and recorded files of young prisoners in the office Anywaa Zone Prison Center. To analyze the data for quantitative data, simple statistical tools and logistic regression were used. On the other hand, qualitative data were narrated in textual form. Therefore, the overall findings of the study showed that drug, anxiety, guilty, feeling shame, depression, and isolation from other peoples are the major problems that have psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoners. So, to overcome the psychosocial consequences of crime, job opportunities must be created in order to alleviate these psychosocial consequences of crime on prisoner’s issue.
SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDREN SEXUAL ACTS COMMITTED BY CHILDRENAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The special criminal justice system for children certainly has a special purpose for the benefit of
the future of the child and the society in which the principles of restorative justice are contained, the definition
of restorative justice itself is not uniform, because there are many variations of models and forms that develop in
its application. Therefore, much terminology is used to describe the concept of restorative justice, such as viii
communitarian justice, positive justice, relational justice, reparative justice, and community justice.
KEYWORDS: legal, copulation, criminal
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
In our society juvenile offenders are increasing day by day and juvenile delinquency crime is one of the burning
issues in all over the world. So the purpose of the article is to reduce juvenile delinquency from the society. The article explains
who is juvenile. The study focus on reasons behind juvenile offender. The paper argues that family problem, social
environment, mantle torture, educational dissatisfaction and lack of legal provisions are also factors that constitute such
offender. The paper reveals the historical development about the definition, legal provisions and Acts on juvenile offender. The
article describes what step should be taken to improve their situation in the society.
Journal online sexual abuse of children ecpat indonesiaECPAT Indonesia
Online Child Sexual Exploitation (OCSE) is a form of crime against children that can be reviewed from various perspectives such as criminal law, criminology and culture. This offence is governed in several international legal instruments because perpetrators and victims are often located in different territories or have different nationalities. The Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC) is one that provides a reference in combating this crime, but this instrument has the disadvantage of not providing specific guidance in overcoming sexual crimes of children who are in the online sphere. OPSC focuses more on child pornography, whereas OCSE has evolved rapidly enough to give birth to new forms of crime that are not just child pornography. Another weakness can be found in national laws, due to the lack, or limited, response to address the issue. Therefore, a cultural approach is important to prevent and tackle this problem. This paper is aimed to weight the needs to use a Preventive Cultural approach and a Crime-Based Enforcement in addressing Online Sexual Abuse in Indonesia. It is a normative legal research that reads various primary and secondary legal materials. The study recommends that there is a need to use appropriate legal terminology and provide a clear interpretation of the terminology in national law so that these crimes can be quickly addressed. In addition, it also argued that cultural approaches may be used to prevent the occurrence of OSCE by means of involving the community and religious leaders, educating family, as well as raising the awareness of children.
A capstone project in fulfillment of the IEDP requirements at Penn GSE. The policy brief discusses the ongoing juvenile justice reform in Vietnam and provides suggestions to attain success.
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETYijejournal
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
httpyvj.sagepub.comYouth Violence and Juvenile Justice .docxwellesleyterresa
http://yvj.sagepub.com
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
DOI: 10.1177/1541204002250875
2003; 1; 128 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Richard E. Redding
The Effects Of Adjudicating And Sentencing Juveniles As Adults: Research and Policy Implications
http://yvj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/2/128
The online version of this article can be found at:
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
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10.1177/1541204002250875ARTICLEYouth Violence and Juvenile JusticeRedding / EFFECTS OF TRYING JUVENILES AS ADULTS
THE EFFECTS OF ADJUDICATING AND
SENTENCING JUVENILES AS ADULTS
Research and Policy Implications
Richard E. Redding
Villanova University School of Law and Drexel University
Across the nation, serious and chronic juvenile offenders are increasingly being tried as
adults in criminal court and incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This trend
raises important questions for policy makers. To what extent do trials in criminal courts
and incarceration in adult prisons promote or inhibit community protection and the
accountability and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders? This article discusses the legal
consequences of adjudication in criminal court and offers a comprehensive review of
research findings on the deterrent effects of transfer laws, conviction and sentencing
patterns and recidivism rates in juvenile versus criminal courts, and conditions and
programming in juvenile versus adult correctional facilities. The implications of these
research findings for juvenile justice policies on adjudicating and sentencing juveniles
as adults and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: juvenile offenders; transfer; criminal court; sentencing; incarceration
In response to public concern about juvenile crime (see Snyder & Sickmund, 1999;
Zimring, 1998), the federal government and state legislatures have revised state laws to
make it easier to transfer, waive, refer, remand, or certify (hereinafter transfer) juvenile
offenders from the juvenile court to the criminal court for trial and sentencing.1 Transfer
laws are designed to enhance community protection by deterring juveniles from committing
serious crimes and by providing greater certainty ...
Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2...Free Law - by De Jure
Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially, the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE 1
JUVENILE JUSTICE 21
Title of Project: Juvenile Justice System
XXXXXXX E. XXXX
Mentor: Prof. Christine Hansen
Liberal Arts Capstone (LIB-495-OL008)
State University
11 January 2018
Abstract
The Juvenile Justice Systems has been established with a significant aim of diverting adolescent offender’s destructive punitive actions of criminal courts as well as encouraging youth rehabilitation that is based on the needs of an individual juvenile. This system differs from adult criminal courts in numbers of ways. It looks at an adolescent as a person who needs assistance, instead of looking at the act that made him or her appearance before the court. The judge ought to act in the best suitable interests of the child. Juvenile court proceedings were always closed to the public. Juvenile records were also to remain very confidential so that they do not to interfere with the ability of the child or adolescent to be rehabilitated and merged back into the society. Juveniles are never charged with any crimes, instead of with delinquencies. They are never found guilty but instead, are considered delinquent. They are never sent to prison, but rather to training schools or reformatories. Treatment that incorporates the provision of educational facilities for juvenile offenders, counseling, and guidance, etc. are far better off than punishments that involve prison sentences or fines. This is so because a child would feel loved and cared for. This element plants a seed of love into the juvenile offender’s heart making him or her better person. On the other hand, however, punishment makes them more aware of their criminal character because it gives them what they deserve. They live in self-condemnation.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Chapter 1 5
Introduction 5
Background of the Topic 5
Problem Statement 6
Significance of the Study 6
Methodology 6
Definition of Terms 8
Chapter 2 9
Literature review 9
Introduction 9
History of the Juvenile Justice 9
Risk Factors that Escalate Juvenile Crime 10
Chapter 3 15
Research Design and Methodology 15
Introduction 15
Triangulation 15
Sampling 15
Plan of Action 16
Main Research Question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 17
Sub research question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 17
Conclusion 18
Chapter 4 19
Results of the Study 19
Introduction 19
Findings 20
Main Research question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 20
Sub-question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 22
Discussion from Questionnaires Responses 23
Summary 23
Chapter 5 25
Summary and Discussion 25
Introduction 25
Statement of Problem 26
Explanation of Project 27
Re ...
Authors Olle Folke & Johanna Rickne
We study sexual harassment in nationally representative survey linked with register data,
combined with a novel survey experiment. Across the Swedish labor market, one sex has a higher
risk of sexual harassment from colleagues and managers than the other. In gender-mixed and
male-dominated occupations and workplaces, women have a higher risk than men, and men’s
risk is higher in highly women-dominated contexts. A hypothetical job-choice experiment with
vignettes for sexual harassment measures the disutility of this risk. Respondents have a large
disutility for high-risk contexts, described as having a harassment victim of their own sex, but a
low disutility when the victim was of the opposite sex. We argue that the lack of disutility among
the low-risk sex, coupled with information frictions, prevent economic compensation to the highrisk
sex. Wage patterns that would indicate economic compensation are also absent in data from
tax records. We conclude that sexual harassment should be conceptualized as gender
discrimination in workplace amenities, and that this discrimination reinforces sex segregation and
pay-inequalities in the labor market.
Gender inequality goes beyond discrimination and sexism. It is also a matter of efficiency and development, and therefore, the socioeconomic losses that result from such inequality must be acknowledged and tackled. This policy brief summarizes the presentations held during the 6th SITE Academic Conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on December 17-18 2018. The event brought together scholars from around the world to examine existing forms of gender inequality, its causes, consequences, and policy interventions through a series of keynote speeches, research presentations and panel discussions.
Read more: http://freepolicybriefs.org/
Dr. KH. Hasani Ahmad Said, M.A. - Dalil-dalil-Perayaan-Maulid-Nabi-Muhammad-S...Hasaniahmadsaid
Dr. KH. Hasani Ahmad Said, M.A. - Dalil-dalil-Perayaan-Maulid-Nabi-Muhammad-SAW.pptx
More Related Content
Similar to Hasani Ahmad Said at. all. - The Review Of Castration Punishment For Pedophile In Islamic Law- International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology - Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4932-4937.pdf
A capstone project in fulfillment of the IEDP requirements at Penn GSE. The policy brief discusses the ongoing juvenile justice reform in Vietnam and provides suggestions to attain success.
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETYijejournal
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
httpyvj.sagepub.comYouth Violence and Juvenile Justice .docxwellesleyterresa
http://yvj.sagepub.com
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
DOI: 10.1177/1541204002250875
2003; 1; 128 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Richard E. Redding
The Effects Of Adjudicating And Sentencing Juveniles As Adults: Research and Policy Implications
http://yvj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/2/128
The online version of this article can be found at:
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
can be found at:Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Additional services and information for
http://yvj.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts:
http://yvj.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.navReprints:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navPermissions:
http://yvj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/1/2/128 Citations
at University of Haifa Library on April 22, 2010 http://yvj.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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10.1177/1541204002250875ARTICLEYouth Violence and Juvenile JusticeRedding / EFFECTS OF TRYING JUVENILES AS ADULTS
THE EFFECTS OF ADJUDICATING AND
SENTENCING JUVENILES AS ADULTS
Research and Policy Implications
Richard E. Redding
Villanova University School of Law and Drexel University
Across the nation, serious and chronic juvenile offenders are increasingly being tried as
adults in criminal court and incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This trend
raises important questions for policy makers. To what extent do trials in criminal courts
and incarceration in adult prisons promote or inhibit community protection and the
accountability and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders? This article discusses the legal
consequences of adjudication in criminal court and offers a comprehensive review of
research findings on the deterrent effects of transfer laws, conviction and sentencing
patterns and recidivism rates in juvenile versus criminal courts, and conditions and
programming in juvenile versus adult correctional facilities. The implications of these
research findings for juvenile justice policies on adjudicating and sentencing juveniles
as adults and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: juvenile offenders; transfer; criminal court; sentencing; incarceration
In response to public concern about juvenile crime (see Snyder & Sickmund, 1999;
Zimring, 1998), the federal government and state legislatures have revised state laws to
make it easier to transfer, waive, refer, remand, or certify (hereinafter transfer) juvenile
offenders from the juvenile court to the criminal court for trial and sentencing.1 Transfer
laws are designed to enhance community protection by deterring juveniles from committing
serious crimes and by providing greater certainty ...
Child In Conflict With Law Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act 2...Free Law - by De Jure
Children are one of the most valued assets of the future generation who are required to be protected. Recently, there is an unprecedented increase in the juvenile crime rate. This is due to many changes such as behavioral change, lack of education, subjugation, upbringing environment, harassment, lack of parental care, sexual indulgence, violent treatment, poverty, and the advent of modern lifestyle. Shrewd criminals indulge children in criminal activities especially, the ones between 6-12 years because at this point minds are innocent and can be easily manipulated as well as lure them to the world of crime. However, children below 7 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible for an offence because of a lack of understandability and are known as “Doli Incapax Maxim”.
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE 1
JUVENILE JUSTICE 21
Title of Project: Juvenile Justice System
XXXXXXX E. XXXX
Mentor: Prof. Christine Hansen
Liberal Arts Capstone (LIB-495-OL008)
State University
11 January 2018
Abstract
The Juvenile Justice Systems has been established with a significant aim of diverting adolescent offender’s destructive punitive actions of criminal courts as well as encouraging youth rehabilitation that is based on the needs of an individual juvenile. This system differs from adult criminal courts in numbers of ways. It looks at an adolescent as a person who needs assistance, instead of looking at the act that made him or her appearance before the court. The judge ought to act in the best suitable interests of the child. Juvenile court proceedings were always closed to the public. Juvenile records were also to remain very confidential so that they do not to interfere with the ability of the child or adolescent to be rehabilitated and merged back into the society. Juveniles are never charged with any crimes, instead of with delinquencies. They are never found guilty but instead, are considered delinquent. They are never sent to prison, but rather to training schools or reformatories. Treatment that incorporates the provision of educational facilities for juvenile offenders, counseling, and guidance, etc. are far better off than punishments that involve prison sentences or fines. This is so because a child would feel loved and cared for. This element plants a seed of love into the juvenile offender’s heart making him or her better person. On the other hand, however, punishment makes them more aware of their criminal character because it gives them what they deserve. They live in self-condemnation.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Chapter 1 5
Introduction 5
Background of the Topic 5
Problem Statement 6
Significance of the Study 6
Methodology 6
Definition of Terms 8
Chapter 2 9
Literature review 9
Introduction 9
History of the Juvenile Justice 9
Risk Factors that Escalate Juvenile Crime 10
Chapter 3 15
Research Design and Methodology 15
Introduction 15
Triangulation 15
Sampling 15
Plan of Action 16
Main Research Question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 17
Sub research question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 17
Conclusion 18
Chapter 4 19
Results of the Study 19
Introduction 19
Findings 20
Main Research question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 20
Sub-question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 22
Discussion from Questionnaires Responses 23
Summary 23
Chapter 5 25
Summary and Discussion 25
Introduction 25
Statement of Problem 26
Explanation of Project 27
Re ...
Authors Olle Folke & Johanna Rickne
We study sexual harassment in nationally representative survey linked with register data,
combined with a novel survey experiment. Across the Swedish labor market, one sex has a higher
risk of sexual harassment from colleagues and managers than the other. In gender-mixed and
male-dominated occupations and workplaces, women have a higher risk than men, and men’s
risk is higher in highly women-dominated contexts. A hypothetical job-choice experiment with
vignettes for sexual harassment measures the disutility of this risk. Respondents have a large
disutility for high-risk contexts, described as having a harassment victim of their own sex, but a
low disutility when the victim was of the opposite sex. We argue that the lack of disutility among
the low-risk sex, coupled with information frictions, prevent economic compensation to the highrisk
sex. Wage patterns that would indicate economic compensation are also absent in data from
tax records. We conclude that sexual harassment should be conceptualized as gender
discrimination in workplace amenities, and that this discrimination reinforces sex segregation and
pay-inequalities in the labor market.
Gender inequality goes beyond discrimination and sexism. It is also a matter of efficiency and development, and therefore, the socioeconomic losses that result from such inequality must be acknowledged and tackled. This policy brief summarizes the presentations held during the 6th SITE Academic Conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on December 17-18 2018. The event brought together scholars from around the world to examine existing forms of gender inequality, its causes, consequences, and policy interventions through a series of keynote speeches, research presentations and panel discussions.
Read more: http://freepolicybriefs.org/
A statistical study on awareness and attitude of students of assam, india tow...Alexander Decker
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Cv Dr. Hasani Ahmad Said, M.A. pdf feb 2022 (1).pdfHasaniahmadsaid
Hasani Ahmad Said adalah dosen muda Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dengan keahlian ilmu al-Qur'an dan Tafsir dan tafsir Nusantara.
Saat ini sebagai ketua Prodi Ilmu Tasawuf Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Jakarta.
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Hasani Ahmad Said at. all. - The Review Of Castration Punishment For Pedophile In Islamic Law- International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology - Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4932-4937.pdf
1. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 4932-4937
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
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The Review Of Castration Punishment For Pedophile In Islamic Law
Perspective
2
, Hasani Ahmad Said
1
Isnawati Rais
Ushuluddin
Faculty of
2
,
Shari’a and Law
Faculty of
1
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia
hasaniahmadsaid@uinjkt.ac.id
mail:
-
E
2
,
@uinjkt.ac.id
rais
.
isnawati
mail:
-
E
1
Abstract
Pedophilia has become an international issue and is part of a sexual crime against children. Cases of
sexual abuse against children that occur in Indonesia are increasing every year, so the government
sets castration laws for pedophile offenders. The purpose of this study was to review castration law
against pedophile from an Islamic perspective. The approach of this study was the reviewing of
various literature relating to castration law against pedophiles in the perspective of Islamic law. We
have succeeded in summarizing the findings of castration law for pedophiles in an Islamic
perspective, including the following; First, castration punishment for pedophiles has been carried out
in many European nations as non-Muslim communities and also some countries in Southeast Asia, but
the punishment of pedophiles in Indonesia has received pros and cons responses from various walks
of life both from Islamic scholars and Islamic leaders/ ulamas. Second, pedophile punishment, namely
by castration on the perpetrators, is in fact contrary to Islamic law because it has eliminated the
nature as a real man. Third, the punishment for pedophile crimes according to Islamic law derivation
from the Qur'an and Hadith is stoning to death.
Keywords: Castrated Punishment, Pedophile Actors, and Islamic legal perspective.
INTRODUCTION
Pedophilia is an act of sexual crimes against children that should receive severe penalties namely
castration punishment (Warjiyati, 2019) cases of sexual crimes tend to increase every year both in
Indonesia and in other countries, so governments in each country set castration laws so that This
crime rate can decrease, but the castration penalty for pedophiles in Indonesia is still a debate between
state law based on the law and Islamic law sourced from the Koran and Hadith.
As a predominantly Muslim country, the basis for the consideration of every legal product in
Indonesia related to pedophiles is inseparable from the perspective of Islamic law which is based on
the Koran and Hadith. (Arief et al., 2020); (Said, 2013); (Said, 2014); (Said, 2015); (Said, 2017),
(Said, Pongsibanne, Sobariyah, 2020). So that the law is easily applied to every citizen in order to get
legal justice. The views and positive values and negative values of each legal product relating to
pedolfilia do not appear to be such a big difference between state law and Islamic based law resulting
from a shift in the way of assessing positive law penalties for pedolfilia. (Aslan and Hifza, 2020).
Among the positive values that experienced a shift committed by some humans is sexual
crimes against children or known as pedophilia. Sexual abuse that occurs at this time is quite
extensive, although in reality most of the abused children are women. (Banton and West, 2020);
(Gerke et al., 2020). However, it is also undeniable about sexual abuse that occurs in boys. (Bustnay,
2020). The characteristics of someone who likes to do pedophiles are heterosexual, homosexual or
bisexual. Usually the first time you experience a kiss incident and then continue to things that are so
sensitive. (Murray, 2000). Someone who has pedophile characteristics, then the interest in boys is so
great without him knowing it. (Lehmann et al., 2020); (Brody and Costa, 2020). To avoid the
predators of children, various services do not occur to the child but these services do not run as fully
as possible. (Wild et al., 2020); (Arbanas et al., 2019). The incidence of pedophiles that attack
children, has occurred throughout the world so that it is known as a global crime, which is also not
excluded in Indonesia.
Pedophile cases that occur in Indonesia from year to year are very worrying, which is not only
done by Indonesians but also by foreign tourists. In 2001, foreign tourists from Italy sexually abused a
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12-year-old child. Meanwhile, the pedophile case committed by Ahmad Sobadri at the age of 24 has
sodomized 73 children in Sukabumi. (Santi and Nawangwulan, 2015). Almost cases of pedophiles
that occur in Indonesia are in schools, families, (Faizah and Latiana, 2017), public places and other
places that are considered to have gaps and time to commit sexual violence against children.
Pedophile cases are increasing every year in Indonesia (Harianto, 2017), with several factors
that cause sexual harassment was carried out (Wismayanti et al., 2019) so that the application of the
law for child abuse is increased as a punishment for deterrence.
State law governing child care is contained in article 2 of regulation no. 4 of 1979, article 3 of
Law No. 4 of 1979 concerning children entitled to receive assistance and protection. "PP No. 2 of
1988 regulates the Government's responsibility in protecting children, article 5 PP No. 2 of 1988”.
(Octaviana, 2019). Laws are increasingly tightened to protect children from sexual violence. UU no.
17 of 2016 concerning the second amendment of Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning the protection of
children so that castration threats are carried out for perpetrators of sexual violence against children.
This sentence is expected to reduce the level of pedophile crime in Indonesia.(Nelvia et al., 2019);
(Arif, 2017); (Ilyas, 2018).
Research on sexual violence against children has been carried out more in many countries like
Octaviana, (2019) by raising the punishment for pedophiles but the results do not get conclusions that
are so accurate. The results only provide a solution to always be alert and pray to avoid pedophile
crime. Then, Nasrun and Nasution, (2016) found an increase in cases of Indonesian pedophiles and
they criticized that educational institutions should be able to become friends so that pedophiles do not
occur in schools. They added that parents, the community, educational institutions, the wider
community must work together so that this does not happen Faizah and Latiana, (2017) by looking at
the understanding of parents who provide sex education to young children in a family environment,
because sexual harassment is very serious in the family environment. However, this study is only to
look at parents' understanding of sex education towards their children based on their level of
education and their respective regions.
Many studies on the one hand there are similarities about pedophiles, but on the other hand
there are differences both from the characteristics, goals and perspectives of pedophiles. So this
research assumed from the Law on pedophiles by way of castration punishment for pedophiles as a
deterrent so that pedophile acts are not carried out. This study was to further understand about
castration in terms of the perspective of Islamic law.
METHOD
This research data collection method is to examine in depth and critically various literature related to
castration punishment for pedophiles in the context of Islamic law. (Zed, 2008). This study uses
secondary data from various literature related to this research problem. The sources of literature
include books, national, international scientific journals, magazines, internet searching and other
reference sources.
Cane and Kritzer, (2010) used qualitative study methods in answering the problem of social
and legal empirical studies such as castration punishment for pedophiles in the perspective of Islamic
law. In other words, when research wants to find arguments for Islamic law when analyzing
government regulations replacing existing castration laws.
After data collection, then proceed with analysis through 3 stages; First, look for data related
to the castration of the pedophile in the perspective of Islamic law. Second, analyze the literature
relating to the research theme both in general and specifically. Third, after analyzing the data, the next
step is to organize and communicate answers to problems according to the topic of this research
problem. (Willison and O’Regan, 2007).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Pedophile cases every year have experienced a drastic increase in the country. To control the increase
in the case, as a deterrent, the government enacted a law for perpetrators of pedophiles that are very
heavy. But the implementation is certainly not easy, especially about castration punishment which is
still a new issue in Indonesia.
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Castration (al-ikhsha', castration) is the cutting of the testicles or two testicles (al-khushsyatain). The
purpose of castration is to eliminate lust and at the same time become infertile. (Qal’aji, 1996). The
implementation of this punishment raises the pros and cons for scholars, intellectuals and other
thinkers. (Zamawi, 2016). This is because, the implementation of castration by performing a surgical
process by cutting or binding the testicles that produce the hormone testosterone, and can also be done
through the injection process with two categories. First, inject drugs that can suppress the production
of the hormone testosterone. Second, injection to enter the hormone estrogen, so that the neutered
person will resemble a woman.
In general, castration is not a problem of new problems for humans and animals, except
castration in a modern way known as castration. Castration is an effort to reduce sexual arousal to
pedophiles with the aim of not repeating acts of sexual harassment. (Usfunan et al., 2017); (Douglas et
al., 2013). Castrated uses hormonal drugs so that testosterone levels decrease. (Lee and Cho, 2013);
(Han et al., 2018).
Pros and cons of sexual violence committed against children, so that every developing
country practiced castration, for example in European countries. (Meyer and Cole, 1997) and
Southeast Asian countries, such as Korea which had castrated Korean society in 2011. (Lee and Cho,
2013). This castration system also wants to be implemented in Indonesia by looking at cases of sexual
violence against children which are increasing every year, as a deterrent for perpetrators who commit
pedophiles to children. However, Indonesia as the largest Muslim majority so that castration
punishment gets pros and cons for those who carry out castration punishment.
In Islam, castration is not justified, either to men or to women who are carried out
operationally (wounded), drugs or in other ways, because it is considered as severing offspring and
reducing the number of generations. Al-Qur'an also explains in QS.4: 1 and 16:72, which advocate
about multiplying offspring from marriage, while castration is contrary to the objectives of the Qur'an.
The scholars of fiqh also forbid about castration without any difference of opinion among these
scholars.
This agreement (ijmak) is based on some authentic hadith which explain about the prohibition
of the Prophet to the Companions to perform tabattul (leaving worldly pleasures for worship) and the
prohibition of castration; First, from Sa'ad bin Abi Waqash RA, he said: "The Messenger of Allah has
refused (forbid) Uthman bin Mazhun RA to do tabattul. If the Messenger of Allah permitted Uthman
bin Mazhun to do Tabattul, surely we had castrated "(Narrated by Bukhari no. 5073, and Muslim no.
3390). (‘Asqalani, 2007); (as-Saabiq, 1977). Secondly, from Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud RA he said:
"Previously we fought with the Prophet, while our wife did not come with us, then we said to the
Prophet; Can we do castration? So Rasulullah forbade us to do such a thing, then Rasulullah gave
dispensation for us to marry women mut'ah. "(HR. Bukhari no. 4615, Muslim no. 1404, Ahmad no.
3650, and Ibn Hibban no. 4141. (‘Asqalani, 2007); (as-Saabiq, 1977). Third, from Ibn Abbas RA:" A
man- a man came to Rasulullah SAW, asking about being single: "Can I do castration? Rasulullah
SAW said: Not including my people who castrate and ask for castration (HR. Thabrany). (as-Saabiq,
1977).
Explanation of these traditions about the prohibition of castration including; The first hadith,
for example, the Messenger of Allāh rejected the desire of Uthman bin Mazhun to preach, namely
deciding not to get married because he wanted to focus on worshiping Allah SWT. The Companions
commented on the Prophet's rejection by saying: If the Messenger of Allāh U allowed Uthman to
preach, surely we had castrated to be able to withstand our biological desires, so we could focus on
worship. If by reason of wanting to focus on worshiping Allah alone it is forbidden by the Messenger
of Allah to castrate, especially for others of course also not justified. The second Hadith, the
Messenger of Allah forbade castration and gave dispensation to commit mut'a marriage to the troops
who fought in exchange for the castration they asked to overcome their biological desires. The third
hadith, the Messenger of Allah very firmly stated that those who did castration did not belong to my
people. This all confirms that castration is strictly prohibited in Islam.
Hadith and firmal Allah surah al-Maidah verse 87, which has also been explained by Ibn
Hajar and Shaykh ‘Adil Mathrudy about the prohibition of castration.(as-Saabiq, 1977); (Al-
Qurthuby, 1995). Castration in an Islamic perspective if related to the 2016 Regulation on Castration
and the second amendment to the 2016 Child Protection Act which sets additional criminal penalties
(penalties) for pedophiles in the form of castration punishment, then the problem is not only limited to
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the haram prohibition, but also related to the prohibition stipulate punishment that is not in accordance
with the provisions of the penalty set by the shari'ah, as explained in the word of God in SWT QS.33:
36, which means; "And it is not appropriate for the believing man and not (also) for the believing
woman, if Allah and His Messenger have established a decree, there will be for them the choice (of
others) regarding their affairs. And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, then he has gone
astray, a real heretic."
This verse also confirms that Allah and the Apostle have stipulated a provision, including
punishment, so there is no room for anyone to set a provision other than the provisions of Allah and
the Apostle. Meanwhile, in Islamic crimes it is explained that sexual crimes against children, can be
divided into three categories, namely adultery, gay each of which has a clear punishment in the
Shari'ah rules. If the act includes adultery, then the punishment is a volume (whip) for those who are
not married based on the word of God in QS 24: 2, and stoning if you have been married in
accordance with the provisions of the hadith. If it falls into the category of liwath and hellaaq, then the
sentence is in accordance with the differences of opinion of the ulama, namely volume, stoning and
even murder. If the act was in the category of forfeiting real punishment.(as-Saabiq, 1977).
Therefore, based on the above verse, there should be no other punishment provisions, because
there is already a decree of Allah and the Apostle. In addition, the implementation of castration is
carried out with two injection stages; First, it is done to reduce and even eliminate the hormone
testosterone, which results in a person becoming impotent. Second, the injection is done to enter the
hormone estrogen which results in neutered men who have physical characteristics such as women.
While Islam forbids men to resemble women or vice versa. This prohibition is based on the words of
Rasulullah SAW, which was received from Ibn Abbas who stated: "Rasulullah SAW has cursed men
who resemble women and cursed women who resemble men" (HR.Bukhari,5885). (‘Asqalani, 2007).
Allah and the Apostle could not condemn the perpetrators of an act unless the act was
forbidden and included a grave sin, which was threatened with punishment in this world or the
hereafter. Even the Messenger of Allāh. In addition to cursing ordered to expel them, as explained in
the hadith narrated from Ibn Abbas RA: Rasul The Messenger of Allāh mel cursed male-style men
and women-style men. And he said: Remove (expel them) from your houses. Ibn Abbas said: The
Prophet (SAW) had issued the Fulan and Umar had expelled the Fulan. (Bukhari HR no. 5886).
(‘Asqalani, 2007). From the explanation and the argument above, it is clear that the castration
punishment stipulated in Regulations No. 1 2016 is not in accordance with the provisions of Islamic
law and the act is strictly prohibited. Prohibition reached the level of forbidden. It must be
remembered that the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim.
Conclusion
Pedophilia is a part of sexual crimes against children. This serious act of sexual abuse against children
that occurs in the country and also in other countries tends to increase every year, so the governments
in each country set severe penalties such as castration for the perpetrators. The purpose of this review
is to review the castration penalty against pedophiles in the context of Islamic law sourced from the
Qur'an and Hadith.
From a series of literature studies, we have managed to note some findings of the status of
castrated law for pedophiles in the perspective of Islamic law which is based on our holy Qur'an and
Al-Hadith, as follows: First, severe punishment in the form of castration for pedophiles has been
carried out in many other countries in Europe as a non-Muslim country and also some countries in
Asia, but the sentence faces pros and cons responses from various layers of Islamic society itself both
from university scholars and Islamic boarding school scholars. Secondly, the castration punishment
for pedophiles is essentially according to Islam is very contrary to the Koran because it has eliminated
the nature as a creature of God. Third, the castration punishment for pedophile crimes according to
Islamic law originating from the Qur'an and Hadith is stoning, especially for those who are married.
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