The document discusses the role of NATO after the Cold War. It describes how NATO was formed in 1949 as a defensive military alliance between Western nations to counter Soviet aggression and expansion of communism in Europe. NATO provided security for member states by committing the US to defend them militarily. The formation of NATO halted the spread of communism and marked a shift to greater cooperation between the US and its Western European allies during the Cold War period.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and North America from 1945 to the present related to the rise of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It discusses post-World War II conferences at Yalta and Potsdam that divided Germany into occupation zones. It also describes the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan that aimed to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe economically. The Berlin Airlift is mentioned as a response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin as tensions escalated between the two superpowers.
The document summarizes the emergence of the USA as a "superpower" after World War 2. It describes how American industry and agriculture prospered during the war while the country saw no fighting at home. This, along with America's possession of the atomic bomb, meant it had to play a large role in world affairs. The Cold War began as tensions rose between the US and USSR over issues like the fate of Eastern Europe. The US responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe.
The Cold War developed due to mistrust between the United States and Soviet Union after WWII. The US feared Soviet expansion while the Soviets wanted to rebuild and gain influence. This led both sides to build up their militaries. The US policy of containment sought to block Soviet influence without direct war. Events like the Berlin Blockade and Korean War escalated tensions, while NATO and the Warsaw Pact divided Europe between the allies. By the 1960s, the superpowers were engaged in an arms race and proxy conflicts in the developing world.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the early Cold War period from 1945-1952, including:
1. The breakdown of the alliance between the US, Britain and the Soviet Union after WWII and rising tensions over Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe.
2. Truman's containment policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism and programs like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to provide aid to countries facing communist threats.
3. The Berlin Airlift and formation of NATO as responses to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin and military buildup in Europe.
4. The communist revolution in China, war in Korea, and US involvement in defending South Korea against North Korea and China.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
The Cold War began after World War 2 as political tensions grew between the Western allies led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Key events that exacerbated these tensions included the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945 where Stalin pressured Roosevelt and Truman to allow communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the development of nuclear weapons by both the US and USSR which began an arms race. The US responded with policies of containment including the Truman Doctrine which pledged support for countries resisting communism, the Marshall Plan which provided economic aid to rebuild Western Europe, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance against the Soviet Union.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and North America from 1945 to the present related to the rise of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It discusses post-World War II conferences at Yalta and Potsdam that divided Germany into occupation zones. It also describes the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan that aimed to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe economically. The Berlin Airlift is mentioned as a response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin as tensions escalated between the two superpowers.
The document summarizes the emergence of the USA as a "superpower" after World War 2. It describes how American industry and agriculture prospered during the war while the country saw no fighting at home. This, along with America's possession of the atomic bomb, meant it had to play a large role in world affairs. The Cold War began as tensions rose between the US and USSR over issues like the fate of Eastern Europe. The US responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain the spread of communism and rebuild Western Europe.
The Cold War developed due to mistrust between the United States and Soviet Union after WWII. The US feared Soviet expansion while the Soviets wanted to rebuild and gain influence. This led both sides to build up their militaries. The US policy of containment sought to block Soviet influence without direct war. Events like the Berlin Blockade and Korean War escalated tensions, while NATO and the Warsaw Pact divided Europe between the allies. By the 1960s, the superpowers were engaged in an arms race and proxy conflicts in the developing world.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the early Cold War period from 1945-1952, including:
1. The breakdown of the alliance between the US, Britain and the Soviet Union after WWII and rising tensions over Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe.
2. Truman's containment policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism and programs like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to provide aid to countries facing communist threats.
3. The Berlin Airlift and formation of NATO as responses to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin and military buildup in Europe.
4. The communist revolution in China, war in Korea, and US involvement in defending South Korea against North Korea and China.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
The Cold War began after World War 2 as political tensions grew between the Western allies led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Key events that exacerbated these tensions included the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945 where Stalin pressured Roosevelt and Truman to allow communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the development of nuclear weapons by both the US and USSR which began an arms race. The US responded with policies of containment including the Truman Doctrine which pledged support for countries resisting communism, the Marshall Plan which provided economic aid to rebuild Western Europe, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance against the Soviet Union.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The document discusses various interpretations of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It outlines the orthodox traditional interpretation which attributes responsibility to Soviet aggression, the revisionist interpretation which places more blame on American policies and imperialism, and the post-revisionist interpretation which concludes that both superpowers shared responsibility due to misunderstandings and pursuing their own interests. Historians discussed include Gaddis, Bailey, Feis, Kennan, Williams, LaFeber, Alperovitz, and Kolko.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
The document summarizes key events in the origins of the Cold War between 1945-1949:
1) Leaders from the USA, UK, and USSR met at the Yalta Conference in 1945 and agreed to divide Germany and Berlin into occupation zones, but disagreed on Poland's borders.
2) At Potsdam in 1945, the new leaders of the USA and UK disagreed with Stalin over reparations and the occupation of Japan.
3) Stalin ensured pro-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and interpreted the US's actions as a threat, leading to the Berlin Blockade in 1948.
4) The USA responded to the blockade by flying in supplies to West Berlin, and established NATO in
This document provides background information on the causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States. It discusses ideological differences between communism and capitalism that divided the two superpowers. Key figures during this period included Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Harry Truman of the United States. The document also examines Soviet justification for distrusting the West based on historical events.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging political, economic, and social impacts globally and led to conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the United States as the world's sole superpower.
The document summarizes the origins and key events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1953. After being allies in WWII, political and ideological differences grew between the capitalist US and communist USSR, plunging them into a state of tension and rivalry known as the Cold War. The Soviets set up communist governments in Eastern Europe, while the US sought to contain the spread of communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. This division of Europe and clashes over issues like the Berlin Blockade and Korean War marked increased hostility between the two superpowers.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to the early 1960s. It discusses the ideological differences that emerged after WWII, the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and conflicts in areas like Germany, China, and Korea that increased tensions between the two superpowers as they engaged in espionage, arms buildups, and proxy wars. Covert actions by the CIA and incidents like the U-2 spy plane shooting down added to Cold War tensions through the late 1950s.
The document summarizes key events in the escalation of the Cold War in the late 1940s. It describes the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Airlift when the Soviets blocked access to West Berlin, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance between Western nations. It also discusses growing fears of communist influence in the US government and Hollywood during this period, fueled by investigations into suspected Soviet spies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVED. THE PERSONALITIES OF THE PEACEMAKERS. Content: Potsdam location, participants: leaders and countries, post Yalta discussions, how to handle Germany, American position, agreements, changes in German society, Potsdam declaration, the atomic bomb, challenging negotiation, Churchill, Atlee, Truman and Stalin.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
Truman faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency including fear of communism at home and abroad, a divided Democratic party, and Republican control of Congress. Internationally, the Cold War intensified as the Soviet Union expanded its influence over Eastern Europe and China became communist. Truman responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the establishment of NATO to counter the Soviet military threat. At home, Truman pushed for civil rights reforms and his Fair Deal social programs, but met resistance from Republicans and Southern Democrats.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, from 1947 to 1991. It began after WWII as relations broke down between the former allies. The US and USSR established opposing military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively) and engaged in proxy wars and arms races throughout the world. Some of the most tense periods included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led Eastern Bloc countries to break away, and the USSR dissolved in 1991, ending the Cold War.
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docxpaynetawnya
World War II devastated Europe and left the Soviet Union and United States as the two remaining world powers. However, their alliance was fragile due to ideological differences between communism and capitalism. As the US and USSR attempted to rebuild and influence postwar Europe, tensions and rivalry between them grew, marking the early stages of the Cold War. The US sought to contain the spread of communism and help rebuild Western Europe with the Marshall Plan, while the Soviets consolidated control over Eastern Europe. This division of Europe into Western and Soviet spheres of influence defined the early conflict between the two superpowers.
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docxsodhi3
Required Resources
Text
Barnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The American story: Perspectives and encounters from 1877 [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/( see attached file)
· Chapter 10: The Cold War Era
· Chapter 11: The Affluent and Anxious Society
· Chapter 12: The Turbulent Years
Multimedia
Smith, L. M. (Producer, Director, & Writer). (2003). The house we live in (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Series episode]. In L. Adelman (Executive producer) Race: The power of an illusion. Retrieved from https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=49736&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480 &ref=
Recommended Resources
Multimedia
Pearson Education. (2010, January 1). Civil rights in America (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Activity]. Retrieved from http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/political_science/polisim_3/burnstimeline1.html
· An interactive time line that provides a visual representation of the important events in the struggles for equality of African Americans, Native Americans, and Latino Americans from 1775 to 2000.
· Accessibility Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
UChannel. (2010, Sept. 29). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/MIeAnU7_7TA
· A recorded lecture given by a well-known and respected historian of United States families that examines the realities in opposition to common perceptions of the “traditional” family and some results of the social changes in the years after World War II. This video has closed captioning.
· Accessibility Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Privacy_Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
10.1 Origins of the Cold War
World War II left most of Europe in shambles. Millions were homeless because the war destroyed thousands of homes, businesses, and public buildings. The European economy was similarly devastated, with much of the industrial infrastructure destroyed or heavily damaged. Great Britain was heavily in debt to the United States and was forced to borrow even more to begin reconstruction. The Soviet Union had suffered severe population losses, including nearly 8.7 million military deaths and 19 million noncombat deaths from starvation, disease, and German prison camps and mass shootings. The USSR also experienced a significant reduction in industrial and food production in the immediate postwar period.
Unable to quickly rebuild, European business elites, conservatives, and even liberals lost ground to Socialists and Communists, who supported the nationalization of banks, manufacturing, and utilities. Smaller European nations such as Greece and Italy also saw major advances by their own homegrown Communist parties. At the wa ...
The document summarizes key aspects of decolonization and the Cold War between Western nations led by the United States and Eastern nations led by the Soviet Union. It describes how European colonial empires declined after World War 2 amid rising nationalism. It then outlines the emergence of the US and USSR as superpowers after the war and how they competed globally through opposing ideologies, proxy conflicts, and tensions over areas like Berlin, Korea, and Cuba that divided the world into capitalist and communist spheres of influence. The document concludes by discussing nuclear weapons proliferation and arms control efforts during the Cold War before the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The Cold War was an ideological struggle between Soviet and Eastern Bloc nations led by the USSR on one side, and the US and Western democracies on the other. Both sides aimed to spread their influence globally, with the USSR seeking to spread communism and the US pursuing a policy of containment to limit communism's expansion. This conflict manifested through espionage activities between the CIA and KGB, an arms race including nuclear weapons development, and competition for influence in the developing world between democratic capitalism and communist command economies. The division of Europe along ideological lines through the Iron Curtain and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact characterized the bi-polar nature of global power dynamics during this period.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1989. It describes the origins of the Cold War stemming from opposing ideologies of democracy/capitalism and communism/socialism. It then outlines the US policy of containment to prevent further communist expansion, the formation of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, regional conflicts like the Korean War, and confrontations over areas like Cuba that heightened Cold War tensions.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The document discusses various interpretations of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It outlines the orthodox traditional interpretation which attributes responsibility to Soviet aggression, the revisionist interpretation which places more blame on American policies and imperialism, and the post-revisionist interpretation which concludes that both superpowers shared responsibility due to misunderstandings and pursuing their own interests. Historians discussed include Gaddis, Bailey, Feis, Kennan, Williams, LaFeber, Alperovitz, and Kolko.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
The document summarizes key events in the origins of the Cold War between 1945-1949:
1) Leaders from the USA, UK, and USSR met at the Yalta Conference in 1945 and agreed to divide Germany and Berlin into occupation zones, but disagreed on Poland's borders.
2) At Potsdam in 1945, the new leaders of the USA and UK disagreed with Stalin over reparations and the occupation of Japan.
3) Stalin ensured pro-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and interpreted the US's actions as a threat, leading to the Berlin Blockade in 1948.
4) The USA responded to the blockade by flying in supplies to West Berlin, and established NATO in
This document provides background information on the causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States. It discusses ideological differences between communism and capitalism that divided the two superpowers. Key figures during this period included Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Harry Truman of the United States. The document also examines Soviet justification for distrusting the West based on historical events.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging political, economic, and social impacts globally and led to conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the United States as the world's sole superpower.
The document summarizes the origins and key events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1953. After being allies in WWII, political and ideological differences grew between the capitalist US and communist USSR, plunging them into a state of tension and rivalry known as the Cold War. The Soviets set up communist governments in Eastern Europe, while the US sought to contain the spread of communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. This division of Europe and clashes over issues like the Berlin Blockade and Korean War marked increased hostility between the two superpowers.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to the early 1960s. It discusses the ideological differences that emerged after WWII, the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and conflicts in areas like Germany, China, and Korea that increased tensions between the two superpowers as they engaged in espionage, arms buildups, and proxy wars. Covert actions by the CIA and incidents like the U-2 spy plane shooting down added to Cold War tensions through the late 1950s.
The document summarizes key events in the escalation of the Cold War in the late 1940s. It describes the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Airlift when the Soviets blocked access to West Berlin, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance between Western nations. It also discusses growing fears of communist influence in the US government and Hollywood during this period, fueled by investigations into suspected Soviet spies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVED. THE PERSONALITIES OF THE PEACEMAKERS. Content: Potsdam location, participants: leaders and countries, post Yalta discussions, how to handle Germany, American position, agreements, changes in German society, Potsdam declaration, the atomic bomb, challenging negotiation, Churchill, Atlee, Truman and Stalin.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
Truman faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency including fear of communism at home and abroad, a divided Democratic party, and Republican control of Congress. Internationally, the Cold War intensified as the Soviet Union expanded its influence over Eastern Europe and China became communist. Truman responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the establishment of NATO to counter the Soviet military threat. At home, Truman pushed for civil rights reforms and his Fair Deal social programs, but met resistance from Republicans and Southern Democrats.
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, from 1947 to 1991. It began after WWII as relations broke down between the former allies. The US and USSR established opposing military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively) and engaged in proxy wars and arms races throughout the world. Some of the most tense periods included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led Eastern Bloc countries to break away, and the USSR dissolved in 1991, ending the Cold War.
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docxpaynetawnya
World War II devastated Europe and left the Soviet Union and United States as the two remaining world powers. However, their alliance was fragile due to ideological differences between communism and capitalism. As the US and USSR attempted to rebuild and influence postwar Europe, tensions and rivalry between them grew, marking the early stages of the Cold War. The US sought to contain the spread of communism and help rebuild Western Europe with the Marshall Plan, while the Soviets consolidated control over Eastern Europe. This division of Europe into Western and Soviet spheres of influence defined the early conflict between the two superpowers.
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docxsodhi3
Required Resources
Text
Barnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The American story: Perspectives and encounters from 1877 [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/( see attached file)
· Chapter 10: The Cold War Era
· Chapter 11: The Affluent and Anxious Society
· Chapter 12: The Turbulent Years
Multimedia
Smith, L. M. (Producer, Director, & Writer). (2003). The house we live in (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Series episode]. In L. Adelman (Executive producer) Race: The power of an illusion. Retrieved from https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=49736&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480 &ref=
Recommended Resources
Multimedia
Pearson Education. (2010, January 1). Civil rights in America (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Activity]. Retrieved from http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/political_science/polisim_3/burnstimeline1.html
· An interactive time line that provides a visual representation of the important events in the struggles for equality of African Americans, Native Americans, and Latino Americans from 1775 to 2000.
· Accessibility Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
UChannel. (2010, Sept. 29). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/MIeAnU7_7TA
· A recorded lecture given by a well-known and respected historian of United States families that examines the realities in opposition to common perceptions of the “traditional” family and some results of the social changes in the years after World War II. This video has closed captioning.
· Accessibility Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Privacy_Policy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
10.1 Origins of the Cold War
World War II left most of Europe in shambles. Millions were homeless because the war destroyed thousands of homes, businesses, and public buildings. The European economy was similarly devastated, with much of the industrial infrastructure destroyed or heavily damaged. Great Britain was heavily in debt to the United States and was forced to borrow even more to begin reconstruction. The Soviet Union had suffered severe population losses, including nearly 8.7 million military deaths and 19 million noncombat deaths from starvation, disease, and German prison camps and mass shootings. The USSR also experienced a significant reduction in industrial and food production in the immediate postwar period.
Unable to quickly rebuild, European business elites, conservatives, and even liberals lost ground to Socialists and Communists, who supported the nationalization of banks, manufacturing, and utilities. Smaller European nations such as Greece and Italy also saw major advances by their own homegrown Communist parties. At the wa ...
The document summarizes key aspects of decolonization and the Cold War between Western nations led by the United States and Eastern nations led by the Soviet Union. It describes how European colonial empires declined after World War 2 amid rising nationalism. It then outlines the emergence of the US and USSR as superpowers after the war and how they competed globally through opposing ideologies, proxy conflicts, and tensions over areas like Berlin, Korea, and Cuba that divided the world into capitalist and communist spheres of influence. The document concludes by discussing nuclear weapons proliferation and arms control efforts during the Cold War before the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The Cold War was an ideological struggle between Soviet and Eastern Bloc nations led by the USSR on one side, and the US and Western democracies on the other. Both sides aimed to spread their influence globally, with the USSR seeking to spread communism and the US pursuing a policy of containment to limit communism's expansion. This conflict manifested through espionage activities between the CIA and KGB, an arms race including nuclear weapons development, and competition for influence in the developing world between democratic capitalism and communist command economies. The division of Europe along ideological lines through the Iron Curtain and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact characterized the bi-polar nature of global power dynamics during this period.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1989. It describes the origins of the Cold War stemming from opposing ideologies of democracy/capitalism and communism/socialism. It then outlines the US policy of containment to prevent further communist expansion, the formation of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, regional conflicts like the Korean War, and confrontations over areas like Cuba that heightened Cold War tensions.
The document provides background on the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. It discusses the main factors that led to the Cold War, including differing ideologies between capitalism and communism, and each country's desire to dominate the world. It also examines the ongoing process of the Cold War over different time periods, how military alliances and arms races developed, and the impact the Cold War had globally and in Indonesia. Key events that marked the end of the Cold War, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, are also outlined.
The cold War Era chapter 1 class 12 Political Science
Expiation of this chapter is too good to understand by this PPT
done under the guidance of political science lecturer Mrs. Shelza Rana
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging impacts, including the division of Germany and Korea, dictatorships in Latin America, and the space race. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and military buildup between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies from 1947 to 1991. Though they never engaged in direct military conflict, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through espionage, propaganda, arms development, and proxy wars. This rivalry divided Europe between capitalist and communist countries and had wide-ranging global effects. While tensions eased somewhat from 1969-1979 through détente policies, the ideological differences and military buildup that characterized the earlier Cold War continued to influence international relations throughout the latter half of the 20th century until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991.
The document summarizes the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. At conferences in Yalta and Potsdam, the wartime allies agreed to divide Germany and Berlin but had differing visions for postwar Europe. Tensions increased as the Soviet Union established communist governments in Eastern Europe and the US sought to contain Soviet expansion through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. By 1949 the wartime alliance had dissolved into a state of mutual distrust and hostility between the two new superpowers known as the Cold War.
Who Was To Blame For The Cold War Essay
Cold War Essay
Essay On The Cold War
The Cold War
Causes Of The Cold War Dbq Essay
Cold War Essay
Essay on Who If Any One Won the Cold War?
The Cold War Summarized Essay
World Wars and The Cold War Essay examples
Dbq Essay On The Cold War
The Conflicts And Influence Of The Cold War
The Causes And Consequences Of The Cold War
An Essay About The Cold War
Cold War and Its Effects Essay
The Culture of the Cold War Essay
What Is The Cold War Essay
Reflection On The Cold War
Essay on How The Cold War Helped America
The cold war Essay
The Cold War developed due to mistrust between the United States and Soviet Union after WWII. The US feared Soviet expansion while the Soviets wanted to rebuild and gain influence. This led both sides to build up their militaries. The US policy of containment sought to block Soviet influence without direct war. Events like the Berlin Blockade and Korean War escalated tensions, while NATO and the Warsaw Pact divided Europe between the allies. By the 1960s, the superpowers were engaged in an arms race and proxy conflicts in the developing world.
The document summarizes major global events and developments in the post-World War 2 period from 1945-1950. It discusses key events like the US dropping atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, Indonesia declaring independence from the Netherlands after Japan's defeat sparking a 4-year war, and the UN placing an embargo on Spain for aiding Germany. It also summarizes the beginning of conflicts like the First Indochina War in Vietnam and Greek Civil War. The Cold War emerged as the world divided into capitalist and communist blocs led by the US and Soviet Union respectively. Decolonization accelerated as many Asian and African countries gained independence in this period.
Origin of the Cold War Essay
Cold War and Its Effects Essay
The War Of The Cold War Essay
cold war Essay
The Cold War
The Culture of the Cold War Essay
An Essay About The Cold War
Cold War Essay
What Is The Cold War Essay
Cold War Dbq Essay
Cold War Dbq Essay
Vietnam and The Cold War Essay
Cold War Essay
This document provides a midterm examination submitted by a group of students analyzing the end of the Cold War through four international relations theories: realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. It begins with an introduction on simplifying IR theory for novices. It then provides background on the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their competing ideologies. The analysis section examines why the Cold War happened through each of the four theoretical perspectives and provides a table summarizing them. It then analyzes the Cold War specifically through the lenses of realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism in 3-4 sentences for each perspective.
A Good Way To Pick a Fight by Charles L. Mee, Jr Term Pa.docxsleeperharwell
A Good Way To Pick a Fight by Charles L. Mee, Jr
Term Paper II
Homer Simpson
Houston Community College
HIST-1302
Professor Rodolfo C. Villarreal
3/23/2018
The article A Good Way to Pick a Fight by Charles L. Mee, Jr. is about the grievances
between the Allies after World War II that led to the beginning of the Cold War. Mee argues
that the majority of the people in the world seek peace above all else and that the Cold War was
the result of haughty politicians and diplomatic reasoning falling apart. The Cold War was a
natural conclusion of the political conflicts of the first half of that century. As imperialism began
to trend downwards, a power vacuum in governing was left to be fulfilled. Imperial dynasties
such as the Czars and Kaisers were replaced by communism and fascism. Total monarchy in
England was long a thing of the past with the King largely serving as a figurehead with little
more power than a celebrity. American political machines saw their peak before the great
depression and the favor system began to give way to party politics. The three main political
schools of thought; being communism, fascism, and democratic systems of government, were
naturally at odds with one another. Western Europe only tolerated the Bolshevik movement in
Russia at best, notably with Winston Churchill and France seeking to crush it out of existence in
the years immediately after World War I. Fascism at the state level was defeated in most places
during World War II, save holdouts such as Francisco's Spain, which left the democratic west
pitted against the communist east in this ideological struggle. This article shows how these
opposing forces slipped into the perilous spiral known as the Cold War and how quickly the
Allies went from working together to being mortal enemies.
Belligerence between the two sides did not begin with the end of World War II and the
events of this article. British and French politicians sought to suppress the communist revolution
in Russia from its onset, through both political and military means. On the other side, the
Russians were not innocent of political intrigue prior to the Cold War. The Soviets established
the Comintern to subvert democratically elected governments and incite revolution fully a
decade before World War II even began. The postwar rift that began with the events in this
article has its foundation in the years prior to World War II. Upper class parliamentary men
were scared of Communism spreading in the working class in Britain in the 1930's and inciting a
revolution reminiscent of the one that destroyed Czarist Russia, which thus created and
perpetuated the weak foreign policy of appeasement adopted by Chamberlain. At the point in
time of this article, Churchill and Stalin had already long been political adversaries, working
together only to defeat the greater evil in Europe to both of them; fasci.
After World War 2, the world was divided between the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union. As countries rebuilt, these powers competed for influence over new and emerging nations. The US pursued a policy of containment to block Soviet influence, while the USSR established satellite states under its control. This division escalated tensions and led to the formation of opposing military alliances - NATO among Western countries and the Warsaw Pact among Eastern bloc nations allied with the Soviet Union.
The document summarizes the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It outlines the opposing ideologies between democracy/capitalism in the US and communism/socialism in the USSR. As the Red Army spread across Europe in the postwar period, the US grew concerned with halting the spread of communism and implemented policies like the Truman Doctrine providing aid to Turkey and Greece and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. In response to the growth of US alliances like NATO, the Soviet Union formed the opposing Warsaw Pact. Ultimately, the Cold War that emerged was not a direct military conflict but rather a strategic competition between the two superpowers with the threat of nuclear war.
Similar to Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war (19)
This document discusses coaching and mentoring relationships. It provides examples of questions a new manager, Ben, should ask his predecessor Sandra for advice on his new management role. These include understanding the role's requirements, expected behaviors, decision making processes, delegation, staff development and motivation, communication, and work management. The document also outlines key elements of effective coaching relationships, advantages of narrowly defined versus open-ended relationships, and benefits of written versus verbal coaching agreements.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
This document discusses the benefits of implementing e-commerce for a company called Eezen Plumbers. It outlines how e-commerce can help segment markets, improve quality and delivery, and reduce costs. It also describes different types of e-commerce models currently in use, such as B2B, B2C, B2E, and C2C. The document recommends that Eezen Plumbers implement a B2B e-commerce system to eliminate intermediaries and allow more direct interaction between buyers and sellers for an efficient supply chain.
The document summarizes information about the Houston Police Department (HPD). It discusses HPD's mission to enhance quality of life and reduce fear in the Houston community. It also outlines HPD's goals of enforcing federal, state, and local laws, responding to emergency calls, investigating crimes, and protecting the community. The document also discusses some examples of unethical behavior by police officers and potential solutions like establishing an independent oversight agency and ensuring police understand their code of ethics.
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kongCustomEssayOrder
This document provides an introduction to a study examining brand strategy for the supermarket industry in Hong Kong. It will use Park n' Shop Supermarket as a case study. The purpose is to critically examine how brand strategy and management contribute to supermarket performance and success. It will define branding concepts and explore the relationship between branding and organizational success. Both primary and secondary research methods will be used, including questionnaires, observations and literature reviews. The scope is limited to brand strategy and does not address all aspects of the supermarket industry.
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...CustomEssayOrder
This document discusses the importance of effective leadership in high poverty schools. It begins by providing background on the challenges faced by high poverty schools and how some have overcome obstacles through strong leadership. The purpose is to examine how effective leadership impacts academic performance in high poverty elementary schools. A qualitative study using interviews and observations of principals in 20 Title I schools will determine the relationship between leadership and performance. Key research questions focus on identifying attributes of effective principals and the leadership styles and challenges they face in improving student outcomes.
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inerneryCustomEssayOrder
This book review summarizes the key points of the book "Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking" by D.Q. McInerny. It discusses the background and qualifications of the author. The main topics of the book are then summarized, including its focus on four principles of logic: identity, excluded middle, sufficient reason, and contradiction. The book aims to help readers improve their logical thinking skills and ability to critically evaluate arguments. It emphasizes that language and logic are inseparable and shows how to communicate effectively using logical principles.
Communication has evolved significantly over time, from early symbolic forms like cave paintings to modern digital networks. Early developments included the use of drums and smoke signals, while later symbolic forms like pictograms and ideograms improved information transmission. Writing systems then emerged to record information permanently. The telegraph, telephone, radio, and television further advanced long-distance communication. The internet revolutionized global connectivity through protocols like TCP/IP and email standards. Communication continues to progress in line with humanity's changing information needs.
Harvard style course work analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylusCustomEssayOrder
The document provides an in-depth analysis of Aeschylus' play Agamemnon across multiple dimensions - historical, political, sociological, spiritual, and philosophical. Key themes discussed include the curse on Cassandra, Clytaemnestra's revenge on Agamemnon, the role of women in society at the time, and how the play fit into the politics and beliefs of ancient Athens. The analysis examines the work through these various lenses to understand the complex issues presented and what it revealed about the time in which it was written.
Chicago style course work language development hypothesesCustomEssayOrder
Reading to children, even infants, provides numerous benefits for language development according to this document. It fosters vocabulary, pronunciation, an understanding of grammar, and strengthens the bond between parent and child. Several theories explain language development in children, including innate abilities and social learning from caregivers. Studies show children who are read to regularly perform better academically and socially. While some may argue against reading to infants, the document provides evidence that it significantly aids language development.
Egyptian art had distinct characteristics that allowed it to be identified, even thousands of years later. Some key characteristics included hieroglyphic symbols, use of gold and engraving, and emphasis on accurate human proportions. Egyptian art served important cultural and religious purposes rather than just personal expression. It depicted Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, gods, history, and the relationship between humans and nature. The styles and purposes of Egyptian art changed little over thousands of years, from early depictions of nomadic life to later symbolic royal portraits.
The 2010 Chile earthquake occurred on February 27th off the coast of Chile. Measuring 8.8 magnitude, it was one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded and caused over 500 deaths and $30 billion in damage. It triggered a Pacific-wide tsunami that caused additional destruction. The earthquake was the result of the Nazca tectonic plate subducting under the South American plate at a rate of 7 meters per century.
Mla style term paper excessive use of force by policeCustomEssayOrder
This document discusses excessive use of force by police. It notes that police are legally allowed to use some force but may develop attitudes of being above the law. Reports link police misconduct to pressures of police culture, rigid hierarchies, and lack of accountability. The document also discusses force continuums used to regulate appropriate levels of force, training to help police respond properly, and remedies like ensuring medical care for injured individuals. It concludes that while police have a right to self-defense, excessive force that beats restrained or surrendered suspects is not justified and that changes are needed to police structures to prevent brutality.
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold warCustomEssayOrder
The document discusses the changing role of NATO after the Cold War. It begins by providing background on the Cold War and formation of NATO as a defensive alliance against Soviet expansion in Europe. With the fall of the Soviet Union, NATO took on new crisis management and peacekeeping roles in the Balkans in the 1990s. More recently, NATO has contributed to counterterrorism efforts beyond Europe, such as leading the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. The document examines how NATO has adapted to evolving security threats in the post-Cold War era.
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryCustomEssayOrder
This document provides a summary of Henry Hazlitt's book "Economics in One Lesson". The book aims to analyze common economic fallacies and explain how governments are often influenced by these fallacies in their policies. It emphasizes looking at secondary and general effects of policies, rather than just primary effects. Key topics discussed include the effects of government infrastructure projects, lending programs, tariffs, rent control, unions and minimum wage laws. The book argues policies should consider both short-term and long-term consequences to avoid unintended impacts. It aims to help readers understand economics and critique policies from this perspective.
This document discusses central bank independence and its relationship to inflation. It provides background on the role of central banks and argues that independence is important to prevent political manipulation that could lead to high inflation. Central bank independence is associated with lower inflation rates. The document examines several theories for why this occurs and discusses inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategy used by independent central banks to maintain price stability over the long run.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war
1. 1
Name:
University:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Role of NATO post-Cold War.
Introduction
Cold war is a conflict that existed between the communist nations (Russia, china and
North Korea) basically led by the Soviet Union and the western democratic nations that were led
by the United States. Cold presumably begun as early as in 1947 when president of United Sates
Truman decaled an anti-communist policy leading to the onset of a cold with between Soviet
Union and United States. Cold war is fought in all places using all means available like using
economic war, propaganda, occasional military clashes and diplomatic haggling. In addition to
that fighting of cold war is done in all places i.e. in newly independent nations in Asia, Africa, in
neutral states and even in outer space (Paquette, 2001).
Cold War
Cold war was caused by the intensification of deep rooted ideological, political and
economic differences that existed between the society union and United States before the Second
World War. Such intensification is often attributed to increasing mutual suspicion especially
after the Second World War. Some of these undying ideological causes include the fact that the
two countries has opposing systems of government where United states government involves
election of government by free elections with its people being free to form political parties to use
to voice their opinions with rights to assembly, of speech as well as of the press whereas the
2. 2
government system of the soviet union was formed by communist party where people don’t have
any right to form political parties and that they do not enjoy rights to assembly, of speech and
press thus the two systems of government were in no way possible able to compromise between
each other (Rozoff, 2010).
The underlying economic issues between the opposing countries is that united states
preferred a free trade through out the world but soviet union wanted to guard her sphere from
what it believed to be increased exposure to international commerce would influence the
county’s system of government thus eroding the totalitarian regime hence the much ill felling
between the countries. In addition to that the underlying political cause of cold war is the power
rivalry especially after the Second World War which led to decline of the Europe facilitating the
two countries to share the power which each party wanted to dominate thus the inevitable
conflicts.
Immediate case of cold war started at peace time conferences and intensified after the
United States president declared the Truman doctrine and launched the Marshal plan of 1947.
Prior to the end of world war Russia gradually extended it’s influence to eastern Europe
including Poland and eastern Germany and by the end of war Soviet Union had consolidated her
control in the region and started influencing post war elections through intimidation of voters
leading to formation of coalition governments mostly consisting of communists.
Initially United States was optimistic that the there could be cooperation with Soviet
Union but from 1945 onwards that perception changed as the united sates government started
favoring a policy of strong resistance against Russian and its communist policy and this was
triggered when the president Roosevelt died in 1945 and succeeded by Truman a man who
advocated for a strong resistance against the Russian expansion because he believed that Russia
3. 3
will extend its influence to western Europe and that it was not going to form democratic
governments in areas under its influence. Finally Truman was disgusted at the way Russia was
not cooperative especially at Potsdam conference regarding the way Germany was supporting
Greece and Italy and hence blocked Truman’s internalization bid for principal waterways.
Such circumstances deteriorated relations between the Soviet union and united states and
land lease was abruptly interrupted but united states also ignored the Russian request for
economic aid intended for post wars reconstruction and the increasing conflict between the east
and west countries was evident in 1946 Churchill’s ‘iron wall’ speech when he said that ‘"From
Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent
.... Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe - all are subject in one
form or another not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from
Moscow." The speech highlighted the increasing suspicion of soviets aggressive design in
Eastern Europe and the continuing conflict between the western democratic and the eastern
communist countries (Schultz, 2010).
In 1947 president Truman enunciated the Truman doctrine which its essence was that the
United sates was to support free people wiling to resist attempted subjugation by outside pressure
or armed minorities which was an anticommunist doctrine. The enunciation amounted to
America declaring war against communistic Russia consequently followed by massive military
and economic assistance to both Greece and turkey where the influence by communism was
high. Another offer by United States to aid was financial aid to European countries for support
and reconstruction after the war an offer which Russia declined. The applicants for Marshal Aid
was required to disclose its economic records to the American government an action which
Russia saw as an interference of internal affairs of other states and that could expose Russia to
4. 4
American influence. By 1949 Russia forbade its satellite countries from accepting the Marshall
aid and offered a counter –Marshall Plan which offered financial aid to her satellites under
Molotov plan. Proclamation of the Truman doctrine and launching of Marshall Plan meant that
United States was an official leader of western countries against the Russian communist
expansions in Europe and that signaled the beginning of cold war. The cold war resulted to
several events like the return of parliamentary democracy in the west, the increased soviet
control of Western Europe, and Berlin crisis which was considered as the climax of conflict that
existed between the east and west Europe (Kaplan, 1999).
The Berlin crisis led to Western Europe to face with humanitarian problems which saw
the western countries unite and airlift supplies to the starving East Germany civilians and that
showed a combined effort and greater determination to resist the Russian communism from
spreading further. In the mean time the United states formed what was anticommunist military
alliance with the allied western nations forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
in 1949 which made Stalin to admit that he couldn’t force a withdrawal of western nations thus
forced to admit to defeat and lifted the Berlin blockade. The alliance involved twelve nations
which believed that the Russian communism with its anti-democratic ideologies threatened the
democratic and thus stated that an attack on the alliance meant an attack on the entire alliance
which was to be responded with anything possible including armed retaliation. Such alliance was
to offer security for the other Atlantic states and was to be valid for twenty years. The alliance
pulled western countries into American leadership and its head quarters was known as Supreme
Headquarters of Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) and was based in Paris. Another important
organization of NATO was permanent Council established in 1952 (Kaplan, (2004).
5. 5
North Atlantic treaty Organization was essentially a defensive organization to prevent the
spread of communist aggression as well as a successful strategy directed towards European and
transatlantic cooperation. Formation of NATO led to lifting of the Berlin blockade by Soviet
Union resulting to halted advancement of the communism in Europe. The formation of the
alliance led to many other efforts in cooperation amongst the western European countries. The
permanent council of the organization was composed of representatives from all member states
and it was the decision making organ which was done unanimously on agreement. The council
was tasked with many functions including military, cultural and economic cooperation among
the member states. To promote its efficiency several committees such as the economic and
financial committee as well as the defense and military committees and planning boards were set
up. The most important role of the council was that of military affairs consisting of the chief of
staff from France, Britain and the United States. Occurrence of the Korean War promoted
western power to anxiety to strengthening own defenses through an alliance and unity resulting
to an attempt by western nations to form integrated forces in Europe.
Formation of NATO meant that United states was therefore committed to a military
alliance in peace time and that was the first incidence in her enter history thus from the formation
of the alliance in 1949 ,United states for the following twenty year could witness a large
number of American troops being stationed in western Europe and that her allies would at any
point time call for assistance from the American military and such commitment marked an end to
the isolationistic policy which united sates had always upheld.
In addition to that effect formation of NATO alliance resulted to formation of Warsaw
Pact by Russia incorporating its communist allies or satellites. After the confrontation at the
Berlin wall in 1948-49 coupled with the formation of NATO signaled that cold war was to
6. 6
continue and Russia therefore following the successful communist victory in Indo-China formed
the War saw Pact with its satellites and the Pact spoke of defense and peaceful intentions
precluding its members to participate in any other alliance or coalition but assured them of
immediate assistance that included armed force incase of an event of armed aggression against
them is done. The alliance therefore provided military assistance with Russian supreme
commander appointed as a leader of the combined forces of its member states. Further more a
political understanding of its members was fostered by the formation of the consultative
committee. The war saw pact served to allow Russia to station its troops in parts of eastern
European countries meaning that an attack on Western Europe was imminent at any moment thus
was able to suppress signs of rebellion in her satellite countries. Another significant role of the
Pact was that it prompted the two conflicting super powers to organize their satellites into
alliances that opposed each other leading to a continued political tension between the west and
east countries.
Since its establishment NATO’s fundamental roles bestowed upon the allied forces was
to guarantee security as well as territorial integrity of its member states and this was attained
through deterrence and collective defense. That role still remain fundamental but resulting from
an end to the cold war between United states and Russia due to the fall of Berlin wall in 1989
and the dissolution of soviet union on 1991, the roles and the organization of NATO’s force have
gone through some major changes that has made it adapt to evolving security environments
while at same time promoting military cooperation in the partner countries. Euro-Atlantic
security has since then become complex coupled with emerging challenges especially from states
that are outside Europe and such countries include failed states which has led to proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction including its delivery and spread of terrorism. This changing
7. 7
security environment and changing roles by NATO is evident in 1990’s when ethnic conflict
erupted in Balkans leading to deployment of NATO forces to play peace support and crisis
management roles in the affected region.
More recently NATO forces have been contributing to the defense against acts of
terrorism and wider participation in the peace support missions which takes NATO beyond the
Euro-Atlantic area an act never done in the past. This is clear considering the aftermath of
September 2001 terrorist attacks on United States an act that has led to subsequent operations in
Afghanistan as a means of rooting out of Al-Qaeda a terror group responsible for the attacks.
Such security threats has growth concerns regarding threats from terrorism ,failed states as well
as the continued spread of weapons of mass destruction.
NATO’s role in crisis management is and peace support increased in mid 1990’s when its
forces were called upon and became involved in the Bosnian war which took place between 1992
and 1995. NATO’s forces supported the United Nations by helping in monitoring and
enforcement of the United Nations sanctions in the Adriatic together with the no –fly zone over
the sate of Bosnia and Herzegovina thus providing close air support to the ISAF Protection
forces stationed on the ground. NATO’s forces played an important role when they launched air
strikes in1995 to lift the siege over Sarajevo thus helping to shift the balance of powers securing
peaceful agreements ending the war. Consequently NATO forces has subsequently deployed a
United Nations mandated, multination force responsible for implementing the military aspects of
peace agreement which was done in 1995 (Powaski,1994).
Another role that NATO ha played post the cold war era is the roles of crisis management
conducted in the spring of 1999 when the allies launched air operation against the regime in
Yugoslav forcing it to complying with the international demands to ending the ethnic and
8. 8
political repression in the province of Kosovo. Large number of NATO-led multination forces
was then sent to help in restoration of stability. In 2001, in cooperation with new democratic
government of Yugoslav NATO allied forces engaged in crisis prevention roles in southern
Serbia consisting of a large population of Albanian ethic population. Moreover towards the end
of same year NATO was also involved in collaboration with the European Union in some
preventive diplomacy that were significant in preventing an outbreak of a civil war in republic of
Macedonia a former state of Yugoslav through negotiations on peace plan which was coupled
with a peaceful disarming of the rebels and provision of security for the international observes
efforts that consequently restoring stability to the troubled state (Beer, 1969).
Following the end of the cold war era NATO forces got involved in the Balkan
operations which gave them a lot of experience allowing them to building a great deal of
essential techniques regarding peace support and management of crises operations. This has
made NATO force to be an invaluable asset when it concerns today’s security environment and
after the September 11 attacks the allied forces has played an increasing roles in contributing to
the building of security in zones marred with instability and are found beyond its traditional
euro-Atlantic area.
NATO allied forces has played a vital role in Afghanistan where the alliance in 2003
agreed to take the command of the International security assistance force(ISAF) to try and help
the failed sates often plagued by both civil war and as a haven for terrorist groups. NATO prior
to the take over had played significant roles in planning in support of sate allies which previously
took leading roles in ISAF and therefore enhanced NATO to continue to be dynamic ensuring a
continuous operations while not having to find new nations after every six months to be
responsible in leading the mission. therefore NATO personnel operates under the banner of
9. 9
ISAF as they continue to work with in the United nations mandate which underwent some
expansion to allow operations to be conducted even in areas beyond Kabul (Sandler, & Hartley,
1999).
The engagement of NATO allied forces in Afghanistan was the first ever allied mission
that was beyond the Euro-Atlantic area and this therefore reflected the decision taken by the
allied foreign minister in 2002 in Reykjavik seminar where it was decide upon that NATO
should be able to field forces able to move quickly to areas they are needed with sustained
operations over distance and time. Following the Unite states led intervention to ousting Saddam
Hussein’s regime NATO supported the polish-led multinational division based in central Iraq in
force generation, communications, logistics and intelligence and the organization is even
prepared to offering similar support to allies that request and this implies the changing roles that
NATO allied forces are playing after the cold war era.
Finally, after the September 11 security environment has seen use of sea power to curb
the merging threats and since the year 2001 NATO ships under the operation Active Endeavour,
have been engaged in the patrolling of eastern Mediterranean particularly focusing in monitoring
of shipping to help in detecting and deterrence of terrorist’s activities. Their roles have even been
extended to include escorts of nonmilitary shipping upon request. In addition to that the forces
are also tasked to boarding suspect ships. A part from helping deter terrorism NATO naval
operations has improved levels of security and stability in the Mediterranean region thus
benefiting both to trade as well as economic activities (Stephen, & Brinkley, 1997).
Conclusion
NATO was initially formed to help the western countries to prevent the spread of
communistic influence of the soviet union and succeed in doing so but after the end of the cold
10. 10
war era the organization has undergone dynamic and complex challenges that has seen it take
other more current engagement in issues of security that has made its operations extend beyond
the Euro-Atlantic region. The organization has involved itself more with crisis management and
peace support roles in failed states, participated in deterrence of spread of weapons of mass
destruction, and more over in countering the acts of terrorism which threatens the current
security of the world. Therefore the roles played by NATO have been made global.
11. 11
List of References
Beer, F. A. (1969). Integration and Disintegration in NATO: Processes of Alliance Cohesion
and Prospects for Atlantic Community. Columbus: Ohio State University Press
Kaplan, L. S. (2004). NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance. New Delhi:
Praeger
Kaplan, L. S. (1999).The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years. New Delhi: Praeger
Matthias, S. (9, April 2010). New Research Sheds Light on Soviet Plans for World War III. New
York: Spiegel Online
Paquette, L. (2001). NATO and Eastern Europe after 2000. New York: Nova Science
Powaski, R. E. (1994). The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,
1950–1993. California: Greenwood Publishing Group
Rick, R. (11 February, 2010). NATO’s Role in the Military Encirclement of Iran. Global
Research
Rick R. (16, March, 16, 2010). US-NATO Strategic Concept: Global Warfare. Global Research
Sandler, T. & Hartley, K. (1999). The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the
21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stephen E. A. & Douglas G. B. (1997). Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since. New
Delhi: Penguin Books