The document discusses computer hardware and components of a typical personal computer. It describes that a personal computer consists of a computer case or chassis that houses the internal components including the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, ports, and expansion slots. The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, firmware, buses, and connectors for other components.
The document discusses several key components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in GHz, with higher speeds allowing more data to be processed. It also discusses different types of memory like ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, and RAM (including SDRAM and DDR). The document outlines internal storage devices like hard disk drives, describing technologies like SATA, PATA, and SSD. It also covers adapter cards, motherboards, and other essential computer parts.
The document discusses motherboards and their history and functions. It provides the following key points:
1) A motherboard serves as the central circuit board of a computer and provides connections for other components to communicate.
2) Early computers had mainframes with backplanes for connecting components, but motherboards soon replaced this with a single printed circuit board.
3) Modern motherboards integrate most peripheral functions and contain components like the CPU, memory, BIOS, chipset and slots for expansion cards. The motherboard facilitates communication between all computer components and devices.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, touch screens, microphones, and other input devices. Output devices mentioned include monitors, printers, plotters and speakers. The main types of computer memory are described as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache memory, and various secondary storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and cloud storage.
Rajat Singla presented on computer hardware. He discussed that computer hardware includes components like the case, monitor, keyboard and mouse. He then explained the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices and output devices that make up computer hardware. Storage devices store instructions and data and include magnetic and optical storage options.
1) A bit is the smallest unit of computer data and can have a value of 0 or 1. 8 bits form a byte.
2) Common units of computer data storage are the kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), and yottabyte (YB), with each being 1024 times larger than the previous unit.
3) These units are used to measure and describe computer memory, storage, and data transmission speeds in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. depending on the size of the data or storage being referred to
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It describes input devices that provide data to computers, output devices that communicate results, and communication devices. The system unit or base unit contains the motherboard, power supply, and drives. The motherboard holds the CPU, memory, controllers, and expansion slots. The system clock regulates instruction execution speed. Primary storage like RAM and ROM is directly accessible to the CPU, while secondary storage like hard disks is not and is used for longer term storage. The CPU performs calculations. Buses transmit data within the computer. Expansion cards add functionality. Server hardware is more powerful and reliable than desktop hardware.
The document discusses the key components of computer hardware. It describes the motherboard as holding crucial components like the CPU, memory, and I/O connectors. The CPU carries out computer programs' instructions and performs basic arithmetic, logical, and I/O operations. RAM is a type of volatile memory that is used as the computer's main memory and loses data when powered off. The hard drive uses magnetic disks to store and retrieve digital data through rapid disk rotation. Other common hardware includes keyboards, mice, printers, speakers, USB ports, and ROM.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
The document discusses several key components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer and explains that CPU speed is measured in GHz, with higher speeds allowing more data to be processed. It also discusses different types of memory like ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, and RAM (including SDRAM and DDR). The document outlines internal storage devices like hard disk drives, describing technologies like SATA, PATA, and SSD. It also covers adapter cards, motherboards, and other essential computer parts.
The document discusses motherboards and their history and functions. It provides the following key points:
1) A motherboard serves as the central circuit board of a computer and provides connections for other components to communicate.
2) Early computers had mainframes with backplanes for connecting components, but motherboards soon replaced this with a single printed circuit board.
3) Modern motherboards integrate most peripheral functions and contain components like the CPU, memory, BIOS, chipset and slots for expansion cards. The motherboard facilitates communication between all computer components and devices.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, touch screens, microphones, and other input devices. Output devices mentioned include monitors, printers, plotters and speakers. The main types of computer memory are described as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache memory, and various secondary storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and cloud storage.
Rajat Singla presented on computer hardware. He discussed that computer hardware includes components like the case, monitor, keyboard and mouse. He then explained the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices and output devices that make up computer hardware. Storage devices store instructions and data and include magnetic and optical storage options.
1) A bit is the smallest unit of computer data and can have a value of 0 or 1. 8 bits form a byte.
2) Common units of computer data storage are the kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), and yottabyte (YB), with each being 1024 times larger than the previous unit.
3) These units are used to measure and describe computer memory, storage, and data transmission speeds in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. depending on the size of the data or storage being referred to
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It describes input devices that provide data to computers, output devices that communicate results, and communication devices. The system unit or base unit contains the motherboard, power supply, and drives. The motherboard holds the CPU, memory, controllers, and expansion slots. The system clock regulates instruction execution speed. Primary storage like RAM and ROM is directly accessible to the CPU, while secondary storage like hard disks is not and is used for longer term storage. The CPU performs calculations. Buses transmit data within the computer. Expansion cards add functionality. Server hardware is more powerful and reliable than desktop hardware.
The document discusses the key components of computer hardware. It describes the motherboard as holding crucial components like the CPU, memory, and I/O connectors. The CPU carries out computer programs' instructions and performs basic arithmetic, logical, and I/O operations. RAM is a type of volatile memory that is used as the computer's main memory and loses data when powered off. The hard drive uses magnetic disks to store and retrieve digital data through rapid disk rotation. Other common hardware includes keyboards, mice, printers, speakers, USB ports, and ROM.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
This document provides instructions for assembling and disassembling a PC. It lists the necessary components for assembling a computer like the hard drive, memory modules, microprocessor, and power supply. It then outlines 15 steps for assembling the PC, such as installing the power supply, motherboard, memory, disk drives, expansion cards, and connecting cables. Finally, it lists 11 steps for disassembling a PC, which involves removing components in reverse order.
“Computer is an electronic machine that can store, recall and process data. It can perform
tasks or complex calculation according to a set of instructions or programs. The terms and
definitions used in computer system
The document discusses the main components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as containing a control unit that controls the flow of data and instructions, an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations and logical operations, and various registers for temporary storage of data and instructions. It then provides further details on the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and different types of registers that make up the CPU.
A computer system consists of various interconnected components that work together, including hardware devices and software programs. It allows users to input data using devices like a keyboard and mouse, process and store the data, and output information using devices like a monitor. The main hardware components are the system unit and peripheral devices for input, output, and storage. Software programs include operating systems and utilities that control the computer, as well as application software for specific tasks.
PRESENTED BY- PRIYA KUMARI
CLASS-10th
SCHOOL NAME- SHARADHEYA BHAVRAW DEVRAS, SARASWATI VIDYA MANDER MUNGER.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Is a collection of entities(hardware,software and liveware) that are designed to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
* Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg- Input devices, output devices, central processing unit and storage devices.
* Computer software - also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely - system software and application software.
*Liveware - is the computer user. Also known as orgwareor the human ware. The user commands the computer system to execute on instructions.
CONTACT ME-8340628280
GMAIL-saurabhraj9272@gmail.com
----------------------THANK YOU-----------------------
This document provides an overview of computers and their components. It discusses the importance of computer literacy and defines a computer. It describes the basic components of a computer including hardware such as the system unit, storage devices, input/output devices, and software. It explains different types of computers including personal computers, handheld computers, internet appliances, mid-range servers, and mainframes. It also provides an introduction to computer networks and the internet.
This document provides an overview of computer information technology and information processing systems. It discusses what data, information and data processing are. It describes the components of an information processing system including hardware, software and peopleware. It also summarizes the basic units of measurement, types of computers, computer hardware components, and basic computer software concepts.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a basic computer system. It begins by defining a computer as a machine that can perform programmed instructions to process digital data and produce outputs. It then describes the main elements of a computer system as the hardware, software, data, people, connectivity and procedures. The hardware components discussed include the internal central processing unit (CPU) and memory, as well as external input and output devices like keyboards, monitors and printers. The document also provides examples of common computer hardware components and their functions within a basic computer system.
This document provides information about Digitech Hardware Academy, including its address and contact details. It then outlines the table of contents for topics on basic computer programming, Microsoft Office programs, what is the internet, and MS-DOS. The document also includes sections about the definition of a computer, classifications of computers by size and generation, components of the computer system, and applications of computers.
Subject Outline
introduction to Information communication and technology
1.Introduction to ICT
2.Basic building blocks of a computer
3.Hardware system of a computer
4.Software system of a computer
5.Computing algorithms
6.Computer networks
7.Computer security
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the different types of hardware which include the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also explains the two main types of software: system software like operating systems, and application software for tasks like word processing.
This document discusses computer hardware and aims to examine different input and output devices. It defines hardware as the physical parts of a computer system and software as programs that help hardware work. It describes various input devices like keyboards, mice, and cameras. Output devices discussed include printers, monitors, and speakers. The document compares printer types and discusses their resolution, speed, and cost. It also covers backing storage devices and their various storage capacities.
The document discusses the various hardware components that make up a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the "brain" of the computer that processes data. It also explains the different types of input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. Additionally, it outlines various storage devices that preserve data, such as hard disks, flash drives, and CDs/DVDs.
The document provides information on the key components of a computer. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which acts as the computer's brain. It also describes the hard drive for data storage, storage devices like SCSI and SATA, the disk drive for running disks, the motherboard for communication between components, RAM for memory, the video card for graphics, data cables, the network interface card (NIC) for internet access, input devices like keyboards and controllers, and output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers.
This document discusses chipsets, which are groups of integrated circuits designed to work together on a motherboard. It describes the main manufacturers like Intel, AMD, and NVIDIA. The chipset has a northbridge that connects the CPU to fast devices like memory and graphics, and a southbridge that connects to slower peripheral buses and contains integrated functions. The northbridge is also called the memory controller hub and handles communication between the CPU, RAM, and southbridge, while the southbridge connects to peripherals via the PCI bus and contains integrated functions like Ethernet and audio.
This is a short presentation about the basic of computer so that students will understand the hardware and software and how computer is used in our daily life.
Hardware includes the physical parts of a computer like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The case protects components and manages airflow to keep them cool. The power supply provides power to components through various connectors. The motherboard is the main circuit board that contains the CPU socket and connections for components like memory, storage, and expansion cards. It manages communication between these components through the northbridge and southbridge chips.
Peripheral devices are external hardware attached to a computer. There are three types: input devices which produce input signals; output devices which present processed data externally through printing or displaying; and storage devices which store information and documents so they can be retrieved when needed. Examples of storage devices include hard disks, diskettes, CD ROMs, and thumb drives.
The document discusses computer peripherals. It defines peripherals as devices connected to but not part of the core computer architecture that are used to input or output data. It lists common peripherals like keyboards, mice, monitors, printers and storage devices. It categorizes peripherals as input, output or storage and provides examples and uses of important peripheral types like keyboards, monitors and hard drives. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some peripherals.
The document provides an overview of basic computer parts and concepts. It discusses the main components of a desktop computer including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. It also describes the two main types of monitors, keyboard functions, how to switch mouse buttons, and basics of data storage including how many songs, photos, or CDs can fit on different storage devices.
Computer Details Of Software And HardwareRusser Santos
The document summarizes key components of computer hardware and software. It describes monitors as displaying images generated by computers without permanent records, and processors as electronic circuits that execute computer programs. Mice are pointing devices that detect motion relative to their surface. Video cards generate and output images to displays, and DVD/CD drives read discs.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing systems. It describes 20 different input devices including keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, microphones, and digital cameras. It also explains 14 different output devices like monitors, printers (impact printers like dot matrix and non-impact printers like inkjet and laser), and speakers. The document provides details on the purpose, working mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of each type of input and output device.
This document provides instructions for assembling and disassembling a PC. It lists the necessary components for assembling a computer like the hard drive, memory modules, microprocessor, and power supply. It then outlines 15 steps for assembling the PC, such as installing the power supply, motherboard, memory, disk drives, expansion cards, and connecting cables. Finally, it lists 11 steps for disassembling a PC, which involves removing components in reverse order.
“Computer is an electronic machine that can store, recall and process data. It can perform
tasks or complex calculation according to a set of instructions or programs. The terms and
definitions used in computer system
The document discusses the main components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU as containing a control unit that controls the flow of data and instructions, an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations and logical operations, and various registers for temporary storage of data and instructions. It then provides further details on the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and different types of registers that make up the CPU.
A computer system consists of various interconnected components that work together, including hardware devices and software programs. It allows users to input data using devices like a keyboard and mouse, process and store the data, and output information using devices like a monitor. The main hardware components are the system unit and peripheral devices for input, output, and storage. Software programs include operating systems and utilities that control the computer, as well as application software for specific tasks.
PRESENTED BY- PRIYA KUMARI
CLASS-10th
SCHOOL NAME- SHARADHEYA BHAVRAW DEVRAS, SARASWATI VIDYA MANDER MUNGER.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Is a collection of entities(hardware,software and liveware) that are designed to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
* Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg- Input devices, output devices, central processing unit and storage devices.
* Computer software - also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely - system software and application software.
*Liveware - is the computer user. Also known as orgwareor the human ware. The user commands the computer system to execute on instructions.
CONTACT ME-8340628280
GMAIL-saurabhraj9272@gmail.com
----------------------THANK YOU-----------------------
This document provides an overview of computers and their components. It discusses the importance of computer literacy and defines a computer. It describes the basic components of a computer including hardware such as the system unit, storage devices, input/output devices, and software. It explains different types of computers including personal computers, handheld computers, internet appliances, mid-range servers, and mainframes. It also provides an introduction to computer networks and the internet.
This document provides an overview of computer information technology and information processing systems. It discusses what data, information and data processing are. It describes the components of an information processing system including hardware, software and peopleware. It also summarizes the basic units of measurement, types of computers, computer hardware components, and basic computer software concepts.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a basic computer system. It begins by defining a computer as a machine that can perform programmed instructions to process digital data and produce outputs. It then describes the main elements of a computer system as the hardware, software, data, people, connectivity and procedures. The hardware components discussed include the internal central processing unit (CPU) and memory, as well as external input and output devices like keyboards, monitors and printers. The document also provides examples of common computer hardware components and their functions within a basic computer system.
This document provides information about Digitech Hardware Academy, including its address and contact details. It then outlines the table of contents for topics on basic computer programming, Microsoft Office programs, what is the internet, and MS-DOS. The document also includes sections about the definition of a computer, classifications of computers by size and generation, components of the computer system, and applications of computers.
Subject Outline
introduction to Information communication and technology
1.Introduction to ICT
2.Basic building blocks of a computer
3.Hardware system of a computer
4.Software system of a computer
5.Computing algorithms
6.Computer networks
7.Computer security
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the different types of hardware which include the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also explains the two main types of software: system software like operating systems, and application software for tasks like word processing.
This document discusses computer hardware and aims to examine different input and output devices. It defines hardware as the physical parts of a computer system and software as programs that help hardware work. It describes various input devices like keyboards, mice, and cameras. Output devices discussed include printers, monitors, and speakers. The document compares printer types and discusses their resolution, speed, and cost. It also covers backing storage devices and their various storage capacities.
The document discusses the various hardware components that make up a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the "brain" of the computer that processes data. It also explains the different types of input devices like keyboards and mice, as well as output devices like monitors and printers. Additionally, it outlines various storage devices that preserve data, such as hard disks, flash drives, and CDs/DVDs.
The document provides information on the key components of a computer. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which acts as the computer's brain. It also describes the hard drive for data storage, storage devices like SCSI and SATA, the disk drive for running disks, the motherboard for communication between components, RAM for memory, the video card for graphics, data cables, the network interface card (NIC) for internet access, input devices like keyboards and controllers, and output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers.
This document discusses chipsets, which are groups of integrated circuits designed to work together on a motherboard. It describes the main manufacturers like Intel, AMD, and NVIDIA. The chipset has a northbridge that connects the CPU to fast devices like memory and graphics, and a southbridge that connects to slower peripheral buses and contains integrated functions. The northbridge is also called the memory controller hub and handles communication between the CPU, RAM, and southbridge, while the southbridge connects to peripherals via the PCI bus and contains integrated functions like Ethernet and audio.
This is a short presentation about the basic of computer so that students will understand the hardware and software and how computer is used in our daily life.
Hardware includes the physical parts of a computer like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The case protects components and manages airflow to keep them cool. The power supply provides power to components through various connectors. The motherboard is the main circuit board that contains the CPU socket and connections for components like memory, storage, and expansion cards. It manages communication between these components through the northbridge and southbridge chips.
Peripheral devices are external hardware attached to a computer. There are three types: input devices which produce input signals; output devices which present processed data externally through printing or displaying; and storage devices which store information and documents so they can be retrieved when needed. Examples of storage devices include hard disks, diskettes, CD ROMs, and thumb drives.
The document discusses computer peripherals. It defines peripherals as devices connected to but not part of the core computer architecture that are used to input or output data. It lists common peripherals like keyboards, mice, monitors, printers and storage devices. It categorizes peripherals as input, output or storage and provides examples and uses of important peripheral types like keyboards, monitors and hard drives. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some peripherals.
The document provides an overview of basic computer parts and concepts. It discusses the main components of a desktop computer including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. It also describes the two main types of monitors, keyboard functions, how to switch mouse buttons, and basics of data storage including how many songs, photos, or CDs can fit on different storage devices.
Computer Details Of Software And HardwareRusser Santos
The document summarizes key components of computer hardware and software. It describes monitors as displaying images generated by computers without permanent records, and processors as electronic circuits that execute computer programs. Mice are pointing devices that detect motion relative to their surface. Video cards generate and output images to displays, and DVD/CD drives read discs.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing systems. It describes 20 different input devices including keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, microphones, and digital cameras. It also explains 14 different output devices like monitors, printers (impact printers like dot matrix and non-impact printers like inkjet and laser), and speakers. The document provides details on the purpose, working mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of each type of input and output device.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and lists common internal hardware like the CPU, motherboard, RAM and ROM. It also describes input devices like the keyboard and mouse, output devices like monitors and printers, and connecting hardware. The document then defines software as the set of instructions that allows hardware to function and categorizes system software, application software, programming software and utility software.
Este documento describe la diferencia entre hardware y software. Define el hardware como la parte física del computador, incluyendo componentes como la placa base, procesador, memoria RAM, discos duros y puertos. El software se refiere a los programas y aplicaciones que permiten ejecutar tareas en la computadora. Además, clasifica el software en propietario y libre, y reconoce que el software tiene una vida útil más larga que el hardware físico.
This document provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a personal computer, including input devices, the processing unit, storage devices, and output devices. It discusses what each component is and examples such as keyboards, mice, and monitors as input devices; CPUs from Intel and AMD as the processing unit; hard disks, flash drives, and DVDs as storage devices; and monitors, printers, and speakers as output devices. It also provides some specifications and considerations for different components.
Charles Francis Jenkins was an American inventor born in 1867 in Dayton, Ohio. He was a pioneer in the early history of cinema and one of the inventors of television. In 1928, Jenkins opened the first television broadcast station in the U.S. called W3XK in Washington D.C. However, his television corporation was liquidated in 1932 and acquired by another company that soon went bankrupt. Jenkins died in 1934 in Washington D.C. at the age of 66.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a los componentes básicos de hardware y software de un ordenador. Explica brevemente la historia de la informática y define un ordenador. Luego describe los principales componentes de hardware como el procesador, placa base y componentes internos. También cubre los periféricos de entrada y salida y define el software, incluyendo el sistema operativo y las aplicaciones.
The document defines computing science as the automatic treatment of information using computers. It then summarizes that computers have two main parts: hardware, which are the physical and touchable parts like the CPU, motherboard, hard drive, and peripherals; and software, which are the untouchable logic instructions that control tasks. The document then provides more details on the different types of hardware components that make up a computer system and how they work together.
El documento describe la diferencia entre hardware y software. El software se refiere a los componentes lógicos de un sistema informático como sistemas operativos, programas de oficina y software educativo. El hardware se refiere a las partes físicas de un sistema como monitores, CPU, mouse e impresoras.
Este documento describe la diferencia entre hardware y software. El hardware se refiere a los componentes físicos de una computadora como la CPU, la memoria RAM y la placa base. El software son los programas y instrucciones que ejecutan tareas en una computadora. El documento también clasifica y explica diferentes tipos de software y licencias.
The document provides an overview of hardware and software basics, describing key components of computers including digital and analog devices, computer hardware such as the CPU and memory, storage technologies, input and output devices, networks, operating systems, application software, programming languages, and instructional support technologies. It compares and contrasts different types of hardware and software and discusses tradeoffs between options like speed vs cost and capacity vs cost.
C language computer introduction to the computer hardwareNIKHIL KRISHNA
This document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, organization and concepts. It defines a computer as a device that performs computations and logical decisions by processing data under instruction sets. Key components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and software like operating systems and applications. Fundamental concepts discussed include Moore's Law, which predicts an exponential increase in component density, Von Neumann architecture, and how memory is organized into addressable cells.
Computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions. It processes data under the control of computer programs. There are three main components of a computer: hardware, software, and networks. Hardware includes physical components like the central processing unit and memory. Software includes operating systems and applications. Networks allow computers to share information and resources. Moore's law predicts that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years, leading to exponential increases in computing power over time.
The document provides an overview of basic computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, storage devices like hard disk drives, optical drives, and peripherals. It also covers the motherboard, bus architecture, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, RAM, the system clock, cache memory, and the bus. Printers, monitors, video cards, modems, network interface cards, air conditioners, uninterruptible power supplies, and RAID devices are also briefly described.
Este documento describe los componentes fundamentales de hardware, software y sistemas operativos. Define el hardware como las partes físicas de un sistema informático, el software como los programas que dirigen las funciones del sistema, y los sistemas operativos como programas que administran los recursos del computador y facilitan la interacción entre usuario y hardware.
Desktop PCs are flat computers that originally designed for home use, while tower PCs are upright with components stacked inside, resembling an upright desktop PC. Monitors are specialized high-resolution screens that display images by lighting up red, green, and blue dots many times per second based on signals from the video card. Keyboards are the main input device and contain alphanumeric keys for typing as well as function keys for interacting with programs.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of computers. It discusses the evolution of computer hardware from early mechanical devices like the abacus and Babbage's Difference Engine to modern integrated circuits and microprocessors. It describes the key components of modern computer systems including the CPU, memory, storage, buses, and input/output devices. It also explains the functioning of the CPU and memory in more detail.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data through both hardware and software. Hardware refers to physical components like the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Software includes operating systems, applications, and utilities. Common applications include programs from Microsoft like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and Internet Explorer. Utilities help optimize, maintain, and secure the computer and include antivirus software, backup utilities, and file compression tools. The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers through transmission protocols. It allows sharing of resources between servers that store information and clients that access it through browsers using URLs and HTML documents.
This is a power point presentation on hp workstation.
I hope you will enjoy this and it will help you to clear about you'r thinking on not only workstation but also the other IT product and the competitive market with Dell and Lenovo.
This document discusses the components of a computer motherboard. It provides background on motherboards, describing them as the main circuit board that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. The document outlines the history of motherboards, from early computers that used separate boards connected by backplanes to modern motherboards that integrate most functions. It describes how motherboards have evolved to include more peripheral functions over time. The design section notes that motherboards provide electrical connections between components and host the CPU and other subsystems.
Computer architecture refers to the conceptual design and operational structure of a computer system, including the instruction set, memory addressing, and how the central processing unit processes and accesses memory. The size of a computer's word, which is the basic unit of data, affects its processing speed, memory capacity, precision of numbers, and size of instructions. Key internal computer components are connected via the motherboard, and include the CPU, RAM, firmware, power supply, and removable media devices like CD/DVD drives.
assignment
1.Internal components are the devices that are inside the main computer tower. These devices include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Motherboard and the modem.
Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from thecomputer softwarethat executes or runs on the hardware. The hardware of a computer isinfrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term "soft" refers to readily created, modified, or erased. Theseare unlike the physical components within the computer which are "hard".
Inside Computer
Motherboard
The motherboard is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through which all other componentsinterface. It is thecentral circuit board making up a complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the systemcommunicate. The mother board includes many components such as: centralprocessing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), firmware, and internal and external buses.
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just called processor) is amachine that can executecomputer programs It is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
CPU Diagram
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. The firststep, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In thedecode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance toother portions of theCpu. During the execute step various portions of the CPU such as the arithmeticlogic unit (ALU) and thefloating point unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to some form of memory.
Random Access Memory
Random access memory (RAM) is fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is power-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (why it is called random). There are many different types of RAM. Distinctions between these different types include: writable vs. read-only, static vs. dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.
RAM
Firmware
Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory (ROM) run from the BasicInput-Output System (BIOS). It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are special-purpose computers intheir own right, running their own software. Some of these devices store that software ("firmware") in a ROM within the device itself
Power Supply
The power supply as its name might suggest is the device that supplies power to all the components in the computer. Its case holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan. The power supply converts about 100-120 volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby mode.
Removable Media Devices
If your putting something in your computer and taking it out is most likely a form of removable media. There are many different removable media devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc drives such as Bl
The document defines what a computer is and describes its basic hardware components. A computer is a programmable machine that can execute a prerecorded list of instructions. The main hardware components that all computers require are memory to store data and programs, mass storage to permanently store large amounts of data, input devices like a keyboard to input data, output devices like a display screen to output results, and a central processing unit (CPU) that executes instructions. Computers can be classified based on their size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
The document defines and describes what a computer is, its components including hardware and software, different types of computers, and key parts and developments in computer history. A computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data, and can be programmed with instructions. It is composed of hardware and software and exists in various sizes and configurations.
The document discusses the main hardware components of a personal computer. It describes the typical parts including the monitor, motherboard, CPU, RAM, expansion cards, power supply, optical disc drive, hard disk drive, keyboard, and mouse. It then explains some of these components in more detail, such as the case, power supply, motherboard and its connections, expansion cards, storage devices, input/output peripherals, and computer software including system software, programming software, and application software.
Computer Hardware - Platforms and Technologieselectricgeisha
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and includes components like the processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices. It differs from software which are programs that run on the hardware. Common types of hardware include motherboards, RAM, hard disks, CD/DVD drives, flash memory, ports, and peripherals like monitors, keyboards, and printers. Hardware is necessary to store and process the data and instructions of software.
A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections for other parts like graphics cards and hard drives to attach. Unlike backplanes, motherboards contain their own subsystems. Modern motherboards integrate many peripheral functions directly instead of requiring expansion cards. They include sockets for CPUs, memory slots, chipsets, firmware, and connectors for common inputs and power.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It defines software and programs, and describes different types of software including system software like operating systems and utility programs, and application software like word processors, spreadsheets, and games. It then discusses various computer hardware components including the computer case, power supply, motherboard, CPU, RAM, BIOS, CMOS RAM, cache memory, expansion buses, chipsets, CPU clock, switches, jumpers, and jumper caps.
The document discusses different types of personal computers. It begins by defining the system unit, also known as the tower or chassis, as the main part of a desktop computer that houses components like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and others. It then describes different types of personal computers like desktops, laptops, 2-in-1 devices, gaming computers, ultrabooks, tablets, phones, and wearables. It explains the components inside the system unit/tower like the motherboard, sockets, slots, buses, memory, processors, and expansion cards. It concludes by discussing expansion slots and commonly used expansion cards like graphics cards and network interface cards.
The document discusses the motherboard, which connects all the main components of a computer system. It describes the history and development of motherboards, from early designs using separate circuit boards connected by a backplane, to increasingly integrated designs incorporating more peripheral functions. It outlines the key components and functions of modern motherboards, including connecting the CPU, memory, storage, ports and expansion slots. It also discusses different motherboard form factors, types, and their uses in connecting and enabling communication between computer components and devices.
The physical components of a computer are called hardware and can be divided into four groups: the system unit, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. The system unit contains the main components including the motherboard, processor, hard disks, and optical drives. The motherboard is the primary circuit board that holds the CPU and memory and provides connections for other hardware via expansion slots and ports. Memory (RAM) is used by the processor to temporarily store and access data and applications being used.
The document discusses the motherboard, which connects all computer components and is considered the heart of the computer. It describes the history and development of motherboards from individual circuit boards to today's integrated designs. It also covers motherboard components, types, functions, and the boot process using the BIOS. Motherboards come in various form factors depending on the computer system and connectivity needs.
This document provides an overview of the major components of a personal computer (PC) and how they work together. It describes the standard equipment in a PC including the case, motherboard, processor, RAM, hard drive, video subsystem and input/output cards. It also explains the boot process that occurs when a PC is powered on to initialize the hardware and load the operating system.
cosa ho detto nella mia presentazione in ingleseMattia Gandini
The document summarizes the main physical components of a personal computer:
1. The case houses the power supply, storage devices, and motherboard. It contains slots for expansion cards and buttons for power and reset.
2. The motherboard connects the main internal components like the processor, memory, and expansion slots. It transmits signals between components.
3. Storage devices like hard drives use magnetic disks to store data in a mass storage format. Solid state drives may replace hard drives in the future.
The two main components on a motherboard are the CPU and RAM. The CPU executes instructions to run programs while RAM temporarily stores data and machine code for quick access. Other important components include the northbridge and southbridge chips which manage communication between the CPU and other components, as well as BIOS firmware which performs hardware initialization during booting. A variety of ports and slots connect the motherboard to peripheral devices and components like graphics cards, hard drives, and expansion cards.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Hardware And Software
1. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE NAME : HO ZHAN HUI FORM : 3A NUMBER OF IDENTIFY CARD : XXXXXX-XX-XXXX TEACHER : PN.SYARIFAH ZUHAA SCHOOL : S.M.J.K. DINDINGS, PUNDUT, 32200 LUMUT, PERAK, MALAYSIA.
3. COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft"). Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other devices. Personal computers, the computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003).
4. HARDWARE Hardware is the general term that is used to describe physical artifacts of a technology. It can be equipment such as keys, locks, hinges, latches, corners, handles, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal. In the United States, hardware has been traditionally sold in hardware stores. Though often used interchangeably to mean "hand tools," hardware historically referred to the metal bits that were used to make wooden products stronger, more functional, longer lasting and easier to fabricate/assemble than if they did not have the benefit of metal fittings. In a looser sense, hardware can be major military equipment, or electronic equipment, or computer equipment. However, people don't refer to computer stores as "hardware stores". In slang, the term refers to trophies and other physical representations of awards. The term "hardware" is used to specifically mean physical computer hardware when used in the context of computer systems and in contrast to non-physical software running on the computer.
5. PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) A personal computer ( PC ) is a microcomputer whose price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals. We may never know who coined the phrase with the intent of a small affordable computing device but John W. Mauchly described such a device in a November 3rd 1962 New York Times article entitled "Pocket Computer may replace Shopping List". Six years later a manufacturer took a risk at referring to their product this way when Hewlett Packard advertised their "Powerful Computing Genie" as "The New Hewlett Packard 9100A personal computer". This advertisement was too extreme for the target audience and replaced with a much drier ad for the HP 9100A programmable calculator. During the next 7 years the phrase had gained usage so when Byte magazine, published it's first edition it referred to it's readers as being in the "personal computing field“ while Creative Computing defined the personal computer as a "non-(time) shared system containing sufficient processing power and storage capabilities to satisfy the needs of an individual user." Two years later when the 1977 Trinity of preassembled small computers hit the markets, the Apple II and the PET 2001 were advertised as 'personal computers' while the TRS-80 was a microcomputer used for household tasks including "personal financial management". By 1979 over half a million home computers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer. Personal computers are also known as microcomputers and home computers. Often, the term "personal computer" is used exclusively for computers running a Microsoft Windows operating system, but this is erroneous. For example, a Macintosh running Mac OS and an IBM PC compatible running Linux are both personal computers. This confusion stems from the fact that the term "PC" is often used as a shorthand form for "IBM PC compatible" and historically Mac OS has run on non-IBM compatible hardware like the PowerPC architecture. Linux runs on virtually any kind of hardware, but was developed later and has not quite achieved the same popularity as msWindows.
8. MOTHERBOARD The motherboard, or mainboard is the primary circuit board within a personal computer. Many other components connect directly or indirectly to the motherboard. Motherboards usually contain one or more CPUs, supporting circuitry -- usually integrated circuits (ICs) providing the interface between the CPU memory and input/output peripheral circuits, main memory, and facilities for initial setup of the computer immediately after being powered on (often called boot firmware or, in IBM PC compatible computers, a BIOS). In many portable and embedded personal computers, the motherboard houses nearly all of the PC's core components. Often a motherboard will also contain one or more peripheral buses and physical connectors for expansion purposes. Sometimes a secondary daughter board is connected with the motherboard to provide further expandability or to satisfy space constraints. ATX Motherboard AT Motherboard
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10. MOTHERBOARD A typical personal computer consists of a motherboard and the following parts: Typical Motherboard Found In A Computer
11. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) A central processing unit ( CPU ), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets computer program instructions and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit is usually known as a microprocessor. Beginning in the mid-1970s, microprocessors of ever-increasing complexity and power gradually supplanted other designs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor. The phrase "central processing unit" is a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same. Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones to children's toys.
14. Primary Storage ~~~ Memory Of Computer Primary storage , or internal memory , is computer memory that is accessible to the central processing unit of a computer without the use of computer's input/output channels. Primary storage is used to store data that is likely to be in active use and is stored in locations selected by virtual addressing into a physical address. Primary storage is typically very fast, as in the case of RAM. RAM is also volatile, losing the stored information in an event of power loss, and quite expensive. ROM is not volatile, but is not suited to storage of changeable data which is what makes the computer a flexible tool of immense power; it is also somewhat more expensive to produce as ROM chips are machine dependent and so have less effective economies of scale. Typically, Programmable read-only Memory (EEPROM) must also be completely erased before it can be rewritten, making large scale use impractical for frequently changing data, if not impossible. Other types of ROM (PROM and EPROM) are even less flexible but have their niches in imbedded systems.) Therefore the use of ROM is limited to separate secondary storage such as for code to bootstrap a system, basic input output system (hardware driver kernels) or for Memory Management Units, and other applications usually requiring long-term persistent storage. Confusingly, the term primary storage has recently been used in a few contexts to refer to online storage on a server's or local computer's hard disks, which memory type, is now classified in many instructional contexts as secondary storage (Before the era of large address spaces and cheap RAM chips, it was considered otherwise). Swapping data blocks (virtual memory management) from Hard Disk to Physical RAM and back is so fundamental a part of modern computers as to make the newer academic distinction almost moot, save that one is electronic, and the other electromagnetic and comparatively much slower utilizing dedicated cache memory managers and other tricks to speed up electronic throughput rates. Hence when the data retrieval can be deferred, the data may be offline in the hard disk's portion of virtual memory at any given time, or if it's been needed lately, in Physical addresses managed by the virtual memory swapping controlled by the Memory management unit (MMU). Primary storage, in the technical sense in use today, includes several types of storage, such as main storage in physical address space, cache memory, and internal registers, all of which can be directly accessed by the processor, at least through the Memory management unit (MMU). Primary storage can be accessed randomly , that is, accessing any location in storage at any moment takes (nearly) the same amount of time (Ram locations behind a Memory management unit, such as video display memory, take a few machine instruction cycles longer, as the video memory registers would need programmed first). A particular location in storage is selected by its physical memory address. That address remains the same, no matter how the particular value stored there changes.
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18. Secondary Storage In computer storage, secondary storage , or external memory , is computer memory that is not directly accessible to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer, requiring the use of computer's input/output channels. Secondary storage is used to store data that is not in active use. Secondary storage is usually slower than primary storage, or internal memory, but also almost always has higher storage capacity and is non-volatile, which makes it perfect for the preservation of stored information in an event of power loss. The secondary storage is often formatted according to a file system format, such as ext3 or ntfs which provides the abstraction necessary to organize data into files and directories, providing also additional information (called metadata) describing the owner of a certain file, the access time, the access permissions, and other information.
19. Secondary Storage Example Of Secondary Storage: 1.) CD 2.) DVD 3.) Flash Memory 4.) Floppy Disk 5.) Zip Drive 6.) Hard Disk Drive 7.) Magnetic Tape
20. CD ~~~ Compact Disc A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD, available on the market in late 1982, remains the standard physical medium for commercial audio recordings as of 2007. An audio CD consists of one or more stereo tracks stored using 16-bit PCM coding at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm and can hold approximately 80 minutes of audio. There are also 80 mm discs, sometimes used for CD singles, which hold approximately 20 minutes of audio. Compact Disc technology was later adapted for use as a data storage device, known as a CD-ROM, and to include record-once and re-writable media (CD-R and CD-RW respectively). CD-ROMs and CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the Computer industry as of 2007. The CD and its extensions have been extremely successful: in 2004, the annual worldwide sales of CD-Audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs.
21. DVD (" Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc ") is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. DVDs resemble Compact Discs in that they have the exact appearance (i.e. diameter: 120mm or 4.72in., occasionally 80mm or 3.15in.) and both are optical storage media so similar that a DVD reader or writer can usually read CDs, but DVDs are encoded in a different format of much greater density, allowing a data storage capacity 8 times greater (single-layer, single-sided). All read-only DVD discs, regardless of type, are DVD-ROM discs. This includes replicated (factory pressed), recorded (burned), video, audio, and data DVDs. A DVD with properly formatted and structured video content is a DVD-Video disc. DVDs with properly formatted and structured audio content are DVD-Audio discs. Everything else, (including other types of DVD discs with video content) is referred to as a DVD-Data disc. Consumers use the term "DVD-ROM" to refer to pressed data discs only, but that is grammatically incorrect, moreover, the term DVD also is applied generically in describing newer video disc formats, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD. DVD ~~~ Digital Versatile Disc
22. Flash Memory Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is a technology that is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives (thumb drives, handy drive, memory stick, flash stick, jump drive), which are used for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid-state storage is needed. Examples of applications include PDAs and laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. It has also gained some popularity in the game console market, where it is often used instead of EEPROMs or battery-powered Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) for game save data.
23. Floppy Disk A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD , the initials of which should not be confused with "fixed disk drive", which is another term for a hard disk drive. Developed in 1969 by IBM, floppy disks in both 3.5" and 5.25" formats enjoyed many years as a popular and ubiquitous form of storage, from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. However, they have now been largely superseded by Flash and optical storage devices.
24. Zip Drive The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system, introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB. The format became the most popular of the super-floppy type products but never reached the status of a quasi-standard to replace the 3.5-inch floppy disk. It has been superseded by flash drive systems as well as rewritable CDs and DVDs, and is fading in popularity. The Zip brand was also used for internal and external CD writers known as Zip-650 or Zip-CD.
25. Hard Disk Drive A hard disk drive ( HDD ), commonly referred to as a hard drive or hard disk , is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit with fixed media. HDDs were originally developed for use with computers. In the 21st century, applications for HDDs have expanded beyond computers to include digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include HDDs were introduced by Samsung and Nokia. The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of configurations such as RAID arrays, network attached storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable access to large volumes of data.
26. Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape formulation, packaging, and data density have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs actual writing or reading of data is a tape drive. Auto changers and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling. When storing large amounts of data, tape can be substantially less expensive than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is primarily as a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2007, the highest capacity tape cartridges (DLT-S4, LTO-4) can store 800 GB of data without using compression.
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28. Input Devices An input device is a hardware mechanism that transforms information in the external world for consumption by a computer. Often, input devices are under direct control by a human user, who uses them to communicate commands or other information to be processed by the computer, which may then transmit feedback to the user through an output device. Input and output devices together make up the hardware interface between a computer and the user or external world. Typical examples of input devices include keyboards and mice, however other examples include devices with many more degrees of freedom. In general, any sensor which monitors or scans information from the external world can be considered an input device, whether or not the information is under the direct control of a user.
30. Mouse In computing, a mouse functions as a pointing device by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of a small case, held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display. The name mouse, coined at the Stanford Research Institute, derives from the resemblance of early models (which had a cord attached to the rear part of the device, suggesting the idea of a tail) to the common eponymous rodent. The first integrated mouse — shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation — came with Xerox Star 1981. USB Mouse Wireless Mouse Optical Mouse PS/2 Mouse
31. Keyboard The keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment. Most keyboards also have a numeric keypad with the keys laid out like the keys on a typical adding machine. Most keyboards also contain a set of navigation keys. You can use the navigation keys to move around through text on the screen. The navigation keys won't move the mouse pointer. Only the mouse moves the mouse pointer. PS/2 Keyboard USB Keyboard Wireless Keyboard
32. Scanner In computing, a scanner is a device that analyzes images, printed text, or handwriting, or an object (such as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image. Most scanners today are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner . The flatbed scanner is the most common in offices. Hand-held scanners , where the device is moved by hand, were briefly popular but are now not used due to the difficulty of obtaining a high-quality image. Both these types of scanners use charge-coupled device (CCD) or Contact Image Sensor (CIS) as the image sensor, whereas older drum scanners use a photomultiplier tube as the image sensor. Another category of scanner is a rotary scanner used for high-speed document scanning. This is another kind of drum scanner, but it uses a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier. Other types of scanners are planetary scanners, which take photographs of books and documents, and 3D scanners, for producing three-dimensional models of objects, but this type of scanner is considerably more expensive relative to other types of scanners. Another category of scanner are digital camera scanners which are based on the concept of reprographic cameras. Due to the increasing resolution and new features such as anti-shake, digital cameras become an attractive alternative to regular scanners. While still containing disadvantages compared to traditional scanners, digital cameras offer unmatched advantages in speed and portability.
33. Microphone A microphone , which was originally invented by Emile Berliner in 1877, is a device which allows you to record voices or sounds and place them onto computers, generally as a wav file. Microphones also can be used with other applications such as a voice dictation program or a voice conference program. While not all computers come with microphones, a microphone can be purchased at a local retail store such as radio shack or any other retail store. When purchasing a microphone, it is not always necessary to purchase a microphone capable of recording extended frequencies as the normal human voice is only capable of going so high or low. When connecting the microphone to the back of the computer, the microphone will be placed in the hole which generally has Mic or Microphone written next to it as illustrated in the above illustration. While generally Microphones are a separate computer component, some manufacturers are integrating the microphone into computers. Generally, integrated microphones can be found on laptops and some desktop monitors. Integrated Microphones are usually a small hole in front of the computer which when spoken into will record your voice.
34. Webcam A web camera (or webcam ) is a real-time camera (usually, though not always, a video camera) whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant messaging, or a PC video calling application. The term webcam is also used to describe the low-resolution digital video cameras designed for such purposes, but which can also be used to record in a non-real-time fashion. Web-accessible cameras typically involve a digital camera which uploads images to a web server, either continuously or at regular intervals. This may be achieved by a camera attached to a PC, or by dedicated hardware. Videoconferencing cameras typically take the form of a small camera connected directly to a PC. Analog cameras are also sometimes used (often of the sort used for closed-circuit television), connected to a video capture card and then directly or indirectly to the internet.
35. Touchpad A touchpad is an input device commonly used in laptop computers. They are used to move the cursor, using motions of the user’s finger. They are a substitute for a computer mouse. Touchpads vary in size but are rarely made larger than 20 square centimeters (about 3 square inches). They can also be found in PDAs. Touchpads operate by sensing the capacitance of a finger, or the capacitance between sensors. Capacitive sensors are laid out along the horizontal and vertical axes of the touchpad. The location of the finger is determined from the pattern of capacitance from these sensors. This is why they will not sense the tip of a pencil or other similar implement. Gloved fingers may be problematic (such as in a cleanroom environment) but can sometimes work. Moist, sweaty, or calloused fingers can be problematic for those touchpads that rely on measuring the capacitance between the sensors. Touchpads are relative motion devices. That is, there is no isomorphism from the screen to the touchpad. Instead, relative motion of the user’s fingers causes relative motion of the cursor. The buttons below or above the pad serve as standard mouse buttons. Depending on the model of touchpad and drivers behind it, you may also click by tapping your finger on the touchpad, and drag with a tap following by a continuous pointing motion (a ‘click-and-a-half’). Touchpad drivers can also allow the use of multiple fingers to facilitate the other mouse buttons (commonly two-finger tapping for the center button).
36. Touch Screen Touch screens , touch panels or touch screen panels are display overlays which have the ability to display and receive information on the same screen. The effect of such overlays allows a display to be used as an input device, removing the keyboard and/or the mouse as the primary input device for interacting with the display's content. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. Touch screens also have assisted in recent changes in the PDA and Cell-Phone Industries, making these devices more usable.
37. Memory Card Reader A memory card reader is a device, typically having a USB interface, for accessing the data on a memory card such as a Compact Flash (CF), Secure Digital (SD) or Multimedia Card (MMC). Most card readers also offer write capability, and together with the card, this can function as a pen drive. Today card readers can be categorized into three by the type and quantity of the card slots: single card reader (e.g. 1x SD-only), multi card reader (e.g. 9-in-1) and series card reader (e.g. 4x SD only). However, there are some kinds of memory cards with USB functions that do not need the card reader, such as the Intelligent Stick memory card, which can plug directly into a USB slot.
38. Output Devices Any device for displaying, in a form intelligible to the user, the results of processing carried out by a computer. Electronic output devices can be mechanical, audio, or visual. Mechanical outputs include motors, solenoids, and other electromagnetic devices. Audio outputs include buzzers, loudspeakers, piezo transducers, and ultrasonic transmitters. Mechanical and audio outputs tend to have a higher power demand than other output devices. Visual outputs include lamps, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and infrared transmitters. The most common output devices are the VDU (visual display unit, or screen) and the printer. Other output devices include graph plotters, speech synthesizers, and COM (computer output on microfilm/microfiche).
39. Example Of Output Devices: Output Devices 1.) Monitor 2.) Projector 3.) Printer 4.) Speaker 5.) Headset
40. Monitor A computer display monitor , usually called simply a monitor , is a piece of electrical equipment which displays viewable images generated by a computer without producing a permanent record. The word "monitor" is used in other contexts; in particular in television broadcasting, where a television picture is displayed to a high standard. A computer display device is usually either a cathode ray tube or some form of flat panel such as a TFT LCD display. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry to generate a picture from electronic signals sent by the computer, and an enclosure or case. Within the computer, either as an integral part or a plugged-in interface, there is circuitry to convert internal data to a format compatible with a monitor. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor
41. Projector A projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. It has four main elements: a fan-cooled electric light bulb or other light source, a reflector and "condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide, a holder for the slide and a focusing lens. A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed in the light path between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the latter. This glass transmits visible wavelengths but absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a perpendicular flat screen so the audience can view its reflection. Alternatively the image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen, often used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids the audience's interrupting the light stream or bumping into the projector. Slide projectors were common in the 1950s and 1960s as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slideshows. In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and digital projectors.
42. Printer A computer printer , or more commonly a printer , produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as computer peripherals, and are permanently attached by a printer cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Other printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. In addition, many modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory sticks or memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; some printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit. A printer which is combined with a scanner can essentially function as a photocopier. Printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document. However, printers are generally slow devices (30 pages per minute is considered fast; and many consumer printers are far slower than that), and the cost-per-page is relatively high. In contrast, the printing press (which serves much the same function), is designed and optimized for high-volume print jobs such as newspaper print runs--printing presses are capable of hundreds of pages per minute or more, and have an incremental cost-per-page which is a fraction of that of printers. The printing press remains the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. However, as printers have improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print shops are now done by users on local printers; see desktop publishing.
43. Speaker Computer speakers , or multimedia speakers , are external speakers, commonly equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) stereo jack plug often colour-coded lime green, following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards. A few use an RCA connector for input. There are also USB speakers which are powered from the 5 volts at 200 milliamps provided by the USB port, allowing about 1-watt of output power. Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price. The computer speakers typically packaged with computer systems, often marked with ludicrous power output claims, are small plastic boxes with dismal sound quality. Some of the slightly better computer speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls, improving their sound quality somewhat. The inernal amplifiers require an external power source, known as a 'wall-wart'. More sophisticated computer speakers may have a 'subwoofer' unit, to enhance bass output, and these units usually include the power amplifiers both for the bass speaker, and the small 'satellite' speakers.
44. Headset Headphones (also known as earphones , earbuds , stereophones , headsets , or by the slang term cans ) are a pair of tiny loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, with some way of holding them close to a user's ears and a means of connecting them to a stereophonic or monophonic audio-frequency signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, etc. In the context of telecommunication, the term headset is used to describe a combination of headphone and microphone used for two-way communication, for example with a telephone.
46. SOFTWARE Software is the general term for information that's recorded onto some kind of medium. For example, when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen, in the form of a movie. Computer software consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
47. When you purchase a program, you get the program stored on a CD as in the example shown at left. You may not have seen any boxes containing software when you bought your computer. That's because the software that came with your computer has been pre-installed onto your computer's hard disk for you. You don't need to use the CD to run a program that's already installed on your computer. You only need to keep the CDs as backups, in case something goes wrong with your hard disk and you need to re-install the programs. Keep in mind that there's a huge difference between viewing programs on your own Start menu, and viewing programs at the Windows Product Catalog Web site or a computer store. Programs on your Start menu are already installed on your computer and ready for you to use. Programs in a store or presented on the Windows Catalog Web site are programs you could buy and install on your computer. Software is to a computer as music is to a CD player, or as a movie is to a VCR. There are thousands of programs available for your PC, and no two people have exactly the same programs on their computers. The programs that are installed on your computer can all be found, and started from, the All Programs menu (or some program group that's accessible from All Programs menu). Windows XP, the topic of this course, is software too.
48. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE A system software is a system based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software). Major types of software system include application software, programming software and system software, although the distinction can sometimes be difficult. Examples include web browsers, content management systems, database management systems, expert systems, spreadsheets, theorem provers, window systems, wordprocessors, etc. Software systems are an active area of research for groups interested in software engineering in particular and systems engineering in general. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) offers a Software System Award that is "Awarded to an institution or individual(s) recognized for developing a software system that has had a lasting influence, reflected in contributions to concepts, in commercial acceptance, or both. The Software System Award carries a prize of $10,000. Financial support for the Software System Award is provided by IBM.“ The Journal of Systems and Software covers software systems in a software engineering context.
49. APPLICATION CLASSIFICATION SOFTWARE Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the application software and its implementation. A simple, if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light—an application—to an electric power generation plant — the system. The power plant merely generates electricity, itself not really of any use until harnessed to an application like the electric light which performs a service that the user desires. The exact delineation between the operating system and application software is not precise, however, and is occasionally subject to controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the Linux operating system. Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players.
50. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application. User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or Microwave Oven.
51. APPLICATION CLASSIFICATION SOFTWARE There are many subtypes of application software: Enterprise software addresses the needs of organization processes and data flow, often in a large distributed ecosystem. (Examples include Financial, Customer Relationship Management, and Supply Chain Management). Note that Departmental Software is a sub-type of Enterprise Software with a focus on smaller organizations or groups within a large organization. (Examples include Travel Expense Management, and IT Helpdesk) Enterprise infrastructure software provides common capabilities needed to create Enterprise Software systems. (Examples include Databases, Email servers, and Network and Security Management) Information worker software addresses the needs of individuals to create and manage information, often for individual projects within a department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples include time management, resource management, documentation tools, analytical, and collaborative. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.
52. Media and entertainment software addresses the needs of individuals and groups to consume digital entertainment and published digital content. (Examples include Media Players, Web Browsers, Help browsers, and Games) Educational software is related to Media and Entertainment Software, but has distinct requirements for delivering evaluations (tests) and tracking progress through material. It is also related to collaboration software in that many Educational Software systems include collaborative capabilities. Media development software addresses the needs of individuals who generate print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. This includes Graphic Art software, Desktop Publishing software, Multimedia Development software, HTML editors, Digital Animation editors, Digital Audio and Video composition, and many others. Product engineering software is used in developing hardware and software products. This includes computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE), computer language editing and compiling tools, Integrated Development Environments, and Application Programmer Interfaces.
53. Example Of Software: 1.) Microsoft Office Word 2.) Microsoft Office PowerPoint 3.) Microsoft Office Excel 4.) Macromedia Flash 8 5.) Adobe Photoshop CS2 6.) Typing Master 7.) Nero 7 Premium 8.) Windows Media Player 9.) Real Player 10.) Windows Defender
54. Microsoft Office Word Microsoft Word is Microsoft's flagship word processing software. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office suite: Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word . Nomenclature usage in the wild is currently in flux, with both names being commonly used. The latest release is Word 2007.
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56. Microsoft Office PowerPoint Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft for its Microsoft Office system. Microsoft Office PowerPoint runs on Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS computer operating systems, although it originally ran under Xenix systems. It is widely used by business people, educators, student, and trainers and is among the most prevalent forms of persuasion technology. Beginning with Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft revised branding to emphasize PowerPoint's identity as a component within the Office suite: Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office PowerPoint instead of merely Microsoft PowerPoint. The current version of Microsoft Office PowerPoint is Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007. As a part of Microsoft Office, Microsoft Office PowerPoint has become the world's most widely used presentation program.
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58. Microsoft Office Excel Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel ) is a spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation and graphing tools which, along with aggressive marketing, have made Excel one of the most popular microcomputer applications to date. It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these platforms and has been so since version 5 in 1993 and its bundling as part of Microsoft Office.
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60. Macromedia Flash 8 Flash 8 is a powerful tool created by Macromedia that has overcome the best expectations of its creators. Macromedia Flash was originally created in an effort to realize colorful animations for the web as well as to create animated GIFs. Designers, web professionals and amateurs have selected Flash 8 by many reasons. Further we will see why Flash 8 is interesting.
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62. Adobe Photoshop CS2 Adobe Photoshop , or simply Photoshop , is a graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry standard for graphics professionals." Although originally designed to edit images for paper-based printing, Photoshop can also be used for a wide range of other professional and amateur purposes. The current (10th) iteration of the program was released on April 16, 2007 and is marketed as "Photoshop CS3." "CS" reflects its integration with other Creative Suite products, and the number "3" represents it as the third version released since Adobe re-branded their products under the CS umbrella. Photoshop CS3 features additions such as the ability to apply non-destructive filters, and new selection tools named Quick Selection and Refine Edge that make selection more streamlined. On April 30th, Adobe released Photoshop CS3 Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS3 plus capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, plus high end film and video users.
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64. Typing Master Typing Master is a program for improving your typing speed and keyboard accuracy and that helps you learn touch typing in short time. The touch typing courses help you learn touch typing skills with exercises in numeric keys, character keys, upper-case and lower-case, and finger placement. The word and text drills are scientifically designed to help improve typing accuracy and keep you typing fluidly. Typing speed tests are designed to measure your typing speed and keyboarding accuracy and the statistics of your typing speed and accuracy rate are displayed as graphs. Personal record tracking system provides valuable feedback and assessment which facilitate improving the efficiency of your typing practices. Typing games are fun activities to practice your typing skills while relaxing.
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66. Nero 7 Premium Nero 7 Premium is a flexible, reliable, and easy-to-use application designed to write both data and CD audio to CD-R and CD-RW discs. It supports ISO 9660 images as well as ISO mode 1 and XA mode 2, and allows for on-the-fly disc recording in addition to overburning (if supported by hardware). It also supports multisession and mixed-mode recording, HFS, ISO/HFS hybrid, UDF, PSX, OFAS (optimal file access speed), track-at-once (TAO) and disc-at-once (DAO) writing, digital audio extraction, and more. In addition, Nero can dynamically disable automatic-insert notification, offers support for multiple languages, and works with all major models of CD-R and CD-RW drives. This also contains a standalone Cover Editor for designing and printing CD covers.
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68. Windows Media Player Windows Media Player ( WMP ) is a digital media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio, video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system, as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile-based devices. Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for Mac OS, Mac OS X and Solaris, but have since been discontinued. In addition to being a media player, Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and let users purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores. Windows Media Player replaced an earlier piece of software simply called Media Player, adding features beyond simple video or audio playback. The default file formats are Windows Media Video (WMV), Windows Media Audio (WMA), and Advanced Systems Format (ASF), and supports its own XML based playlist format called Windows Playlist (WPL). The Zune software which actually is a modified version of Windows Media Player, additionally supports AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) audio, and MPEG-4 and H.264 video formats out-of-the-box. The player is also able to utilize a DRM service in the form of Windows Media DRM.
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70. Real Player RealPlayer , briefly known also as RealOne Player , is a cross-platform media player by RealNetworks that plays a number of multimedia formats including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime, Windows Media and multiple versions of proprietary RealAudio and RealVideo codecs. The first version of RealPlayer was introduced in April 1995 as RealAudio Player, one of the first media players capable of streaming media over the Internet. Version 6 of RealPlayer was called RealPlayer G2; version 9 was called RealOne Player. Free "Basic" versions have been provided as well as paid "Plus" versions with additional features. On Windows, version 9 subsumed the features of the separate program RealJukebox. The current version for Windows is RealPlayer 11 and other versions are available for Mac OS X, Linux, Unix, Palm OS, Windows Mobile, and Symbian OS. The program is powered by an underlying open source media engine called Helix. The next version of RealPlayer is currently under development and a beta is due in the summer of 2007. According to Yahoo! News it would add a feature to save YouTube videos.
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72. Windows Defender Windows Defender , previously known as Microsoft AntiSpyware , is a software product from Microsoft designed to prevent, remove and quarantine spyware in Microsoft Windows. It is part of Windows Vista and available as a free download for previous supported versions of Windows.