this ppt provides the difference in the hardness of water from different parts of Punjab

1. Submitted by:
Tathagata Sharma (16BCS2236)
Sachin kumar(16BCS2233)
Abhishek kumar(16BCS2234)
Gurumukh Singh(16BCS2235)
CSE-15(group C)

2. Introduction
• water is said to be “hard”
when it contains Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions . These ions
react with soap to form an
insoluble substance called
“soap scum”.

3. Water
• Drinking
• Hard water is beter for
drinking as it contains
minerals

4. Water
• Cleaning
• soft water is better for
drinking because it doesn't
form scum with soap

5. Water
• Hardness of water is a total concentration of the calcium and
magnesium ions
• There are two types of hardness
1) Temporary hardness
2) Permanent hardness
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of
calcium and magnesium. it can be easily removed by boiling.
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness can not
be removed by boiling

6. Water
• Hardness of water
• Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions along with other metal ions such as
Fe3+ and Pb2+ can be removed from hard water by the
addition of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate acid).
• EDTA has a greater affinity for Ca2+ and Mg2+ when it is in
the form of the dihydrogen anion H2EDTA2- .This is the
ionic form of EDTA at pH 10.

7. Safety Considerations
• Keep the pH 10 buffer in
the hood. Avoid breathing
ammonia vapours from the
buffer.
• Eriochrome Black T will
stain skin and clothes.
• All waste materials can be
safely rinsed down the
sink.

8. Experimentation Details
• step by step discussion

9. Apparatus Required

10. Reagents
• 1. Buffer (pH 10): mixture
of ammonia and
ammonium chloride
solutions in water.
• 2.EDTA (Disodium salt of
EDTA) for precise end
point.
• 3. Erichrome Black T.

11. Solution Preparation
• pH buffer 10
• As a rule of thumb
• The higher the pH,more basic is the solution, the sharper
is the end point
• The higher the formation of constant the lower the
minimum pH

12. Using Apparatus
• Clean the apparatus with a brush,water,and a small
amount of detergent. Rinse it twice with water. Besure to
rinse the water to the tip
• Rinse the apparatus again with two 10 mL portions of the
titrant (EDTA in this experiment).

13. Experiment

14. Procedure
• we added a 50 mL
sample of tap water
from different parts of
punjab (Ludhiana,
Kharar, Samrala)
• 5 mL of buffer solution
, and a pinch of
eriochrome Black T as
the indicator into the
cornical flask

15. Therefore titration with EDTA from a 50 mL burette

16. • We noted that when the
colour changes from red to
blue. Repeated the
titration two more times to
get the accurate
measurement of the total
of Ca2+ and Mg2+
concentration in the
experiment

17. Ludhiana
• Average volume of titration: 4.10 mL
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final (mL) 3.90 4.10 3.90
Net Volume (mL) 3.90 4.10 4.10

18. Kharar
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final (mL) 4.30 4.00 4.00
Net Volume (ml) 4.30 4.00 4.00
Average Volume of the Titration=4.00 mL

19. Samrala
Readings Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Initial (mL) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Final(mL) 4.20 4.20 4.70
Net Volume(mL) 4.20 4.20 4.70
Average Volume of the titrant: 4.20 mL

20. Total hardness of the water samples
LUDHIANA KHARAR SAMRALA
Total water
hardness
(mL)=average
title value *20.0 82.0 84.0 80.0
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT:
The total hardness of the sample (Ludhiana,Kharar,Samrala) of drinking water
are 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L and 80 mg/L respectively showing that they are
moderately hard.

22. • The total hardness of the Ludhiana, Kharar and Samrala
samples was determined by using complexometric
titration. The total hardness was determined by using the
equation total water hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) = (titrant
volume) * 20.0 respectively. As expected, drinking water
from different sources are different. The difference
between the samples of the drinking watre from different
parts of Punjab is not significantly different. The hardness
hasn't exceeded 250 mg/L no harm involved in anyway
but in this case the water is moderately hard and it might
be fresh water cause the Total hardness in fresh water is
usually in the range of 15 to 375 mg/L as CaCO3.

23. Reference:
• www.google.com
• www.titrations.info
• www.academia.edu
• www.wikipedia.com

24. THANK YOU !!!!!!!!!!!!!