Hansen-2-jun15

BIBFRAME +
BIBFRAME (Lite):
A Deeper Dive
Carolyn Hansen | @meta_caro
NISO Virtual Preconference
BIBFRAME & Real World Applications of Linked Data
June 15, 2016

Hansen | BIBFRAME + BIBFRAME (Lite)
About Me
• Metadata Librarian at University
of Cincinnati Libraries
• Co-Chair, ALCTS/LITA MARC
Formats Transition IG
• Chair, Project Hydra Descriptive
Metadata Working Group
• Research: linked data, digital
humanities, public history, GIS
& data visualization

Agenda:
• Initiative Vision, Milestones, &
Timeline
• BIBFRAME 1.0 v. 2.0
(Vocabulary Redevelopment)
• BIBFRAME Lite
• Challenges & Next Steps
Image: Silvia Sala. “Ma perché scrivo? È
l'unico mio conforto.” https://ﬂic.kr/p/cok3GL

BIBFRAME: Vision
From LC:
• The BIBFRAME Initiative is the foundation for the future of
bibliographic description that happens on the web and in the
networked world.
• As an initiative, it is investigating all aspects of bibliographic
description, data creation, and data exchange. In addition to
replacing the MARC format, this includes accommodating
different content models and cataloging rules, exploring new
methods of data entry, and evaluating current exchange
protocols.
https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/faqs/

BIBFRAME: Vision
BIBFRAME will…
• Differentiate clearly between conceptual
content and its physical/digital manifestation(s)
• Unambiguously identify information entities
(e.g., agents)
• Leverage and expose relationships between
and among entities
https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/faqs/

BIBFRAME is more than
MARC 2.0
• MARC records are meant to be understandable on
their own; records include strings for identiﬁers that
have meaning outside of the record (i.e. 1xx/7xx,
6xx)
• BIBFRAME focuses on relationships between
resources; does not package all information neatly
into a single record; uses controlled identiﬁers (ex.
URIs) to express relationships

BIBFRAME: Timetable
(roughly!)
• 2011: LC contracts with Zepheira to develop a new
data model & vocabulary leveraging linked data
• 2011/2012: BIBFRAME 1.0 released
• 2012-2014: Early experimenters
• British Library, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek,
George Washington University, National Library
of Medicine; OCLC; and Princeton

BIBFRAME: Timetable
(roughly!)
• 2015: BIBFRAME Lite begins (develops out of
conversations from alumni in Zepheira’s Practical
Practitioner Training)
• 2015/2016: BIBFRAME Vocabulary redevelopment
• April 2016: BIBFRAME 2.0 released

BIBFRAME Model (1.0)
4 Core Classes:
• Work
• Instance
• Authority
• Annotation
**Note: These Core Classes are also called Entities

Core Class:
LC Deﬁnition:
• The highest level of abstraction, a Work, in the
BIBFRAME context, reﬂects the conceptual
essence of the cataloged resource
Example:
• authors, languages, and what it is about
(subjects)

Core Class:
LC Deﬁnition:
• “a resource reﬂecting an individual, material
embodiment of the Work”
Example:
• publisher, place and date of publication,
format

Core Class: Annotation
LC Deﬁnition:
• “a resource that enhances our knowledge
about another resource when knowing,
minimally, 'who' is doing the annotating is
important”
Examples:
• Library Holdings; Cover Art; Reviews

Core Class:
LC Definition:
• “a resource reflecting key authority
concepts that have defined relationships
reflected in the Work and Instance”
Examples:
• People; Places; Things

BIBFRAME modeling
example
In MARC:
100 1 _ Orwell, George, |d 1903-1950.
245 1 0 Animal farm.
264 _ 1 New York : |b Harcourt, Brace, |c [1954]

Animal
Farm
Domestic
animals
HardcoverPaperback
hasInstancehasInstance
publisher
Harcourt
Brace
publisher
George
Orwell
subject
subject creator
Totalitarian
-ism
Penguin

Animal
Farm
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/
subjects/sh85136217
HardcoverPaperback
hasInstancehasInstance
publisher
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87891397
publisher
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79058639
subject
subject creator
names/n50010791
subjects/sh85038908

Select Critiques of BIBFRAME 1.0
From Rob Sanderson:
http://www.slideshare.net/azaroth42/linked-data-best-practices-and-bibframe

3 Core Classes:
• Work
• Instance
• Item

New Core Class:
LC Deﬁnition:
• An item is an actual copy (physical or
electronic) of an Instance. It reﬂects
information such as its location (physical or
virtual), shelf mark, and barcode.

3 Key Concepts With
Relationships to Core
Classes:
• Agent
• Event
• Subject

Core Concept:
Agent
LC Deﬁnition:
• People, organizations, jurisdictions, etc.,
associated with a Work or Instance through
roles
Example:
• author, editor, artist, photographer,
composer, illustrator, etc.

Core Concept:
Event
LC Deﬁnition:
• Occurrences, the recording of which may
be the content of a Work
Example:
• press conferences, sporting events, musical
performances, meetings/conferences, etc

Core Concept:
Subject
LC Deﬁnition:
• what the work is about
Example:
• topics, places, temporal expressions,
events, works, instances, items, agents,
etc.

Animal
Farm
Domestic
animals
subject
subject
Totalitarian
-ism
Some things are the
same…

Animal
Farm
Others are now more
complex
George
Orwell
creator
From LC:
bf:contributor is the only built-in
property role currently defined.
Any other role may be specified
as a property of a BIBFRAME
resource if there is an (external)
RDF resource defined for that
role, and that resource has been
declared to be an RDF property.
Not Valid!

Expressing roles in
BIBFRAME 2.0
Method (Most General):
Role as a property (bf:contributor = A. Hunter Rineer)
Subject Object
Predicate
http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/pdf/bf2-roles-apr2016.pdf

Expressing roles in
BIBFRAME 2.0
Method:
Role as a property, with label for agent
www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/pdf/bf2-roles-apr2016.pdf

Expressing roles in
BIBFRAME 2.0
Method:
Role expressed as external property
relator: aut
http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut

BIBFRAME 2.0 is
agnostic on some issues

Blank Nodes
What is a blank node?
A node in the RDF graph that has no
URI or literal. It *should* only be
used for a subject or object of a
triple, not a predicate.
From LC:
BIBFRAME takes no position on the
issue of URI vs. blank nodes. While
it’s recognized that URIs are linked-
data friendly and blank nodes are
not, both are acceptable in
BIBFRAME and the choice is an
implementation decision.
See also: http://opaquenamespace.org/

Partial URI Matches
University of Cincinnati. Department of English
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/
n79034519
no URI for compound
name heading

Pre/Post Coordination of
Complex Subjects
Education, Higher |z Algeria |x History
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/
sh85041065
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/
sh85003451

BIBFRAME 2.0 is an
improvement, but doesn’t
solve all problems or answer
all questions

Intro to BIBFRAME Lite
• Grew out of Zepheira’s Practical Practitioner Training
Alumni Group; began development in early 2015
• Provides opportunity to practice applying BIBFRAME to
a wider range of materials in a way that might evolve
more quickly and with more agility than LC
• Modular approach based on proﬁles for material types
& speciﬁc communities
• Some classes and properties in BIBFRAME Lite
adapted and used in BIBFRAME 2.0

BIBFRAME Lite Proﬁles

http://www.bibfra.me/view/lite/subject/
Points to equivalencies in
other ontologies (ex.
BIBFRAME Proper &
dcterms)
Different namespace
than BIBFRAME proper

General Implementation
Challenges
• Communication between stakeholders
• Single v. multiple namespaces approaches
• Boutique projects and bespoke data
• Slow development of standards
• Versioning (BIBFRAME Lite and most BIBFRAME
tools use 1.0)

What’s Next?
Image: Richard:Fraser. “Open Road, Cambridgeshire, UK.” https://ﬂic.kr/p/bBJCuK

Connect
Email: carolyn.hansen@uc.edu
Twitter: @meta_caro
Web: www.carolynhansen.org

Thank you!
Questions?

Hansen-2-jun15

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