Image classification is perhaps the most important part of digital image analysis. In this paper, we compare the most widely used model CNN Convolutional Neural Network , and MLP Multilayer Perceptron . We aim to show how both models differ and how both models approach towards the final goal, which is image classification. Souvik Banerjee | Dr. A Rengarajan "Hand-Written Digit Classification" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42444.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comcomputer-science/artificial-intelligence/42444/handwritten-digit-classification/souvik-banerjee
In machine learning, a convolutional neural network is a class of deep, feed-forward artificial neural networks that have successfully been applied fpr analyzing visual imagery.
A comprehensive tutorial on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) which talks about the motivation behind CNNs and Deep Learning in general, followed by a description of the various components involved in a typical CNN layer. It explains the theory involved with the different variants used in practice and also, gives a big picture of the whole network by putting everything together.
Next, there's a discussion of the various state-of-the-art frameworks being used to implement CNNs to tackle real-world classification and regression problems.
Finally, the implementation of the CNNs is demonstrated by implementing the paper 'Age ang Gender Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks' by Hassner (2015).
In machine learning, a convolutional neural network is a class of deep, feed-forward artificial neural networks that have successfully been applied fpr analyzing visual imagery.
A comprehensive tutorial on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) which talks about the motivation behind CNNs and Deep Learning in general, followed by a description of the various components involved in a typical CNN layer. It explains the theory involved with the different variants used in practice and also, gives a big picture of the whole network by putting everything together.
Next, there's a discussion of the various state-of-the-art frameworks being used to implement CNNs to tackle real-world classification and regression problems.
Finally, the implementation of the CNNs is demonstrated by implementing the paper 'Age ang Gender Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks' by Hassner (2015).
Handwritten Digit Recognition and performance of various modelsation[autosaved]SubhradeepMaji
This presentation is all about handwritten digit recognition of different people using Convolution Neural Network and compare the performance of different models based on different sequence of layers.
The presentation is made on CNN's which is explained using the image classification problem, the presentation was prepared in perspective of understanding computer vision and its applications. I tried to explain the CNN in the most simple way possible as for my understanding. This presentation helps the beginners of CNN to have a brief idea about the architecture and different layers in the architecture of CNN with the example. Please do refer the references in the last slide for a better idea on working of CNN. In this presentation, I have also discussed the different types of CNN(not all) and the applications of Computer Vision.
Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-ResolutionNAVER Engineering
발표자: 김희원 (서울대학교 박사과정)
발표일: 2017.9.
(현)서울대학교 전기정보공학 석박통합과정 재학
Best Paper Award of NTIRE 2017 Workshop: Challenge Track
개요:
Single Image Super-Resolution은 저해상도 이미지를 고해상도의 원본 이미지로 복원시키는 연구 분야입니다. 실생활에서 접할 수 있는 흔한 예로는 SNS 사진 중 작은 부분을 크게 확대해도 선명하게 하는 것이나, thumb nail로 원본 이미지만큼의 해상도를 만들어 내는 것입니다.
이번 발표에서는 딥러닝 전과 후의 연구방향에 대해서 알아본 후, CVPR 2017의 2nd NTIRE Workshop Challenge에서 우승한 저희 팀의 연구를 신경망 구조에 대한 분석을 중심으로 살펴보려고 합니다.
The main objective of this paper is to recognize and predict handwritten digits from 0 to 9 where data set of 5000 examples of MNIST was given as input. As we know as every person has different style of writing digits humans can recognize easily but for computers it is comparatively a difficult task so here we have used neural network approach where in the machine will learn on itself by gaining experiences and the accuracy will increase based upon the experience it gains. The dataset was trained using feed forward neural network algorithm. The overall system accuracy obtained was 95.7% Jyoti Shinde | Chaitali Rajput | Prof. Mrunal Shidore | Prof. Milind Rane"Handwritten Digit Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8384.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/8384/handwritten-digit-recognition/jyoti-shinde
This is a presentation on Handwritten Digit Recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks. Convolutional Neural Networks give better results as compared to conventional Artificial Neural Networks.
Handwritten Digit Recognition and performance of various modelsation[autosaved]SubhradeepMaji
This presentation is all about handwritten digit recognition of different people using Convolution Neural Network and compare the performance of different models based on different sequence of layers.
The presentation is made on CNN's which is explained using the image classification problem, the presentation was prepared in perspective of understanding computer vision and its applications. I tried to explain the CNN in the most simple way possible as for my understanding. This presentation helps the beginners of CNN to have a brief idea about the architecture and different layers in the architecture of CNN with the example. Please do refer the references in the last slide for a better idea on working of CNN. In this presentation, I have also discussed the different types of CNN(not all) and the applications of Computer Vision.
Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-ResolutionNAVER Engineering
발표자: 김희원 (서울대학교 박사과정)
발표일: 2017.9.
(현)서울대학교 전기정보공학 석박통합과정 재학
Best Paper Award of NTIRE 2017 Workshop: Challenge Track
개요:
Single Image Super-Resolution은 저해상도 이미지를 고해상도의 원본 이미지로 복원시키는 연구 분야입니다. 실생활에서 접할 수 있는 흔한 예로는 SNS 사진 중 작은 부분을 크게 확대해도 선명하게 하는 것이나, thumb nail로 원본 이미지만큼의 해상도를 만들어 내는 것입니다.
이번 발표에서는 딥러닝 전과 후의 연구방향에 대해서 알아본 후, CVPR 2017의 2nd NTIRE Workshop Challenge에서 우승한 저희 팀의 연구를 신경망 구조에 대한 분석을 중심으로 살펴보려고 합니다.
The main objective of this paper is to recognize and predict handwritten digits from 0 to 9 where data set of 5000 examples of MNIST was given as input. As we know as every person has different style of writing digits humans can recognize easily but for computers it is comparatively a difficult task so here we have used neural network approach where in the machine will learn on itself by gaining experiences and the accuracy will increase based upon the experience it gains. The dataset was trained using feed forward neural network algorithm. The overall system accuracy obtained was 95.7% Jyoti Shinde | Chaitali Rajput | Prof. Mrunal Shidore | Prof. Milind Rane"Handwritten Digit Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8384.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/8384/handwritten-digit-recognition/jyoti-shinde
This is a presentation on Handwritten Digit Recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks. Convolutional Neural Networks give better results as compared to conventional Artificial Neural Networks.
CONTRAST OF RESNET AND DENSENET BASED ON THE RECOGNITION OF SIMPLE FRUIT DATA...rinzindorjej
In this paper, a fruit image data set is used to compare the efficiency and accuracy of two widely used
Convolutional Neural Network, namely the ResNet and the DenseNet, for the recognition of 50 different
kinds of fruits. In the experiment, the structure of ResNet-34 and DenseNet_BC-121 (with bottleneck layer)
are used. The mathematic principle, experiment detail and the experiment result will be explained through
comparison.
In this paper, a fruit image data set is used to compare the efficiency and accuracy of two widely used Convolutional Neural Network, namely the ResNet and the DenseNet, for the recognition of 50 different kinds of fruits. In the experiment, the structure of ResNet-34 and DenseNet_BC-121 (with bottleneck layer) are used. The mathematic principle, experiment detail and the experiment result will be explained through comparison.
CONTRAST OF RESNET AND DENSENET BASED ON THE RECOGNITION OF SIMPLE FRUIT DATA...rinzindorjej
In this paper, a fruit image data set is used to compare the efficiency and accuracy of two widely used Convolutional Neural Network, namely the ResNet and the DenseNet, for the recognition of 50 different kinds of fruits. In the experiment, the structure of ResNet-34 and DenseNet_BC-121 (with bottleneck layer)
are used. The mathematic principle, experiment detail and the experiment result will be explained through comparison.
Comparison Between Levenberg-Marquardt And Scaled Conjugate Gradient Training...CSCJournals
The Internet paved way for information sharing all over the world decades ago and its popularity for distribution of data has spread like a wildfire ever since. Data in the form of images, sounds, animations and videos is gaining users’ preference in comparison to plain text all across the globe. Despite unprecedented progress in the fields of data storage, computing speed and data transmission speed, the demands of available data and its size (due to the increase in both, quality and quantity) continue to overpower the supply of resources. One of the reasons for this may be how the uncompressed data is compressed in order to send it across the network. This paper compares the two most widely used training algorithms for multilayer perceptron (MLP) image compression – the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and the Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm. We test the performance of the two training algorithms by compressing the standard test image (Lena or Lenna) in terms of accuracy and speed. Based on our results, we conclude that both algorithms were comparable in terms of speed and accuracy. However, the Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm has shown slightly better performance in terms of accuracy (as found in the average training accuracy and mean squared error), whereas the Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm faired better in terms of speed (as found in the average training iteration) on a simple MLP structure (2 hidden layers).
A New Method for Figuring the Number of Hidden Layer Nodes in BP Algorithmrahulmonikasharma
In the field of artificial neural network, BP neural network is a multi-layer feed-forward neural network. Because it is difficult to figure the number of hidden layer nodes in a BP neural network, the theoretical basis and the existing methods for BP network hidden layer nodes are studied. Then based on traditional empirical formulas, we propose a new approach to rapidly figure the quantity of hidden layer nodes in two-layer network. That is, with the assistance of experience formulas, the horizon of unit number in hidden layer can be confirmed and its optimal value will be found in this horizon. Finally, a new formula for figuring the quantity of hidden layer codes is obtained through fitting input dimension, output dimension and the optimal value of hidden layer codes. Under some given input dimension and output dimension, efficiency and precision of BP algorithm may be improved by applying the proposed formula.
Machine learning based augmented reality for improved learning application th...IJECEIAES
Detection of objects and their location in an image are important elements of current research in computer vision. In May 2020, Meta released its state-ofthe-art object-detection model based on a transformer architecture called detection transformer (DETR). There are several object-detection models such as region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN), you only look once (YOLO) and single shot detectors (SSD), but none have used a transformer to accomplish this task. These models mentioned earlier, use all sorts of hyperparameters and layers. However, the advantages of using a transformer pattern make the architecture simple and easy to implement. In this paper, we determine the name of a chemical experiment through two steps: firstly, by building a DETR model, trained on a customized dataset, and then integrate it into an augmented reality mobile application. By detecting the objects used during the realization of an experiment, we can predict the name of the experiment using a multi-class classification approach. The combination of various computer vision techniques with augmented reality is indeed promising and offers a better user experience.
HANDWRITTEN DIGIT RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON CNN AND SVMsipij
The recognition of handwritten digits has aroused the interest of the scientific community and is the subject
of a large number of research works thanks to its various applications. The objective of this paper is to
develop a system capable of recognizing handwritten digits using a convolutional neural network (CNN)
combined with machine learning approaches to ensure diversity in automatic classification tools. In this
work, we propose a classification method based on deep learning, in particular the convolutional neural
network for feature extraction, it is a powerful tool that has had great success in image classification,
followed by the support vector machine (SVM) for higher performance. We used the dataset (MNIST), and
the results obtained showed that the combination of CNN with SVM improves the performance of the model
as well as the classification accuracy with a rate of 99.12%.
Handwritten Digit Recognition System based on CNN and SVMsipij
The recognition of handwritten digits has aroused the interest of the scientific community and is the subject
of a large number of research works thanks to its various applications. The objective of this paper is to
develop a system capable of recognizing handwritten digits using a convolutional neural network (CNN)
combined with machine learning approaches to ensure diversity in automatic classification tools. In this
work, we propose a classification method based on deep learning, in particular the convolutional neural
network for feature extraction, it is a powerful tool that has had great success in image classification,
followed by the support vector machine (SVM) for higher performance. We used the dataset (MNIST), and
the results obtained showed that the combination of CNN with SVM improves the performance of the model
as well as the classification accuracy with a rate of 99.12%.
Web Spam Classification Using Supervised Artificial Neural Network Algorithmsaciijournal
Due to the rapid growth in technology employed by the spammers, there is a need of classifiers that are
more efficient, generic and highly adaptive. Neural Network based technologies have high ability of
adaption as well as generalization. As per our knowledge, very little work has been done in this field using
neural network. We present this paper to fill this gap. This paper evaluates performance of three supervised
learning algorithms of artificial neural network by creating classifiers for the complex problem of latest
web spam pattern classification. These algorithms are Conjugate Gradient algorithm, Resilient Backpropagation learning, and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
Web spam classification using supervised artificial neural network algorithmsaciijournal
Due to the rapid growth in technology employed by the spammers, there is a need of classifiers that are more efficient, generic and highly adaptive. Neural Network based technologies have high ability of adaption as well as generalization. As per our knowledge, very little work has been done in this field using neural network. We present this paper to fill this gap. This paper evaluates performance of three supervised learning algorithms of artificial neural network by creating classifiers for the complex problem of latest web spam pattern classification. These algorithms are Conjugate Gradient algorithm, Resilient Backpropagation learning, and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42444 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1386
Software Requirement
Tensor Flow: Tensor Flow is an end-to-end open source
platform for machine learning. It has a comprehensive,
flexible ecosystem of tools, libraries and community
resources that lets researchers push the state-of-the-art in
ML and developers easily build and deploy ML powered
applications.
Tools Used in detail:
1. PyCharm: PyCharm is an integrated development
environment used in computer programming,
specifically for the Python language. It is developed by
the Czech company JetBrains.
2. Python 3.8: Python is an interpreted, high-level and
general-purpose programming language.Inthisproject,
every code is in Python.
3. MatPlotLib: Used for Plotting images.
4. NumPy: Used for mathematical requirements.
5. MNIST Dataset: The dataset used to train the models.
Architecture & Working
Architecture - Multilayer Perceptron
A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of feed forward
artificial neural networks (ANN). An MLP consists of at least
three layers of nodes: an input layer, a hidden layer and an
output layer. Except for the input nodes, each node is a
neuron that uses a nonlinear activation function. MLP
utilizes a supervised learning technique called back
propagation for training. Its multiple layers and non-linear
activation distinguish MLP from a linear perceptron. It can
distinguish data that is not linearly separable.
An MLP (or Artificial Neural Network - ANN) with a single
hidden layer can be represented graphically as follows:
Fig: 1
Formally, a one-hidden-layer MLP is a function
, where is the sizeofinputvector and
is the size of the output vector , such that, in matrix
notation:
with bias vectors , ; weight matrices ,
and activation functions and .
Disadvantages of MLP include toomany parametersbecause
it is fully connected. Parameter number = width x depth x
height. Each node is connected to another in a very dense
web — resulting in redundancy and inefficiency.
Architecture - Convolutional Neural Network
A convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet) is a class
of deep neural networks, most commonly applied for
analysis of visual imagery. They are also known as shift
invariant or space invariant artificial neural networks
(SIANN), based on their shared-weights architecture and
translation invariance characteristics. CNNs are regularized
versions of multilayer perceptrons. Convolutional networks
were inspired by biological processesinthattheconnectivity
pattern between neurons resembles the organization of the
animal visual cortex. Individual cortical neurons respond to
stimuli only in a restricted regionofthevisual fieldknown as
the receptive field.
Convolution is a mathematical operationthat’susedinsingle
processing to filter signals, find patterns in signals etc. In a
convolutional layer, all neurons applyconvolutionoperation
to the inputs, hence they are called convolutional neurons.
The most important parameter in a convolutional neuron is
the filter size, let’s say we have a layer with filter size 5*5*3.
Also, assume that the input that’s fed to convolutional
neuron is an input image of size of 32*32 with 3 channels.
Let’s pick one 5*5*3(3 for number of channels in a colored
image) sized chunk from image and calculate
convolution(dot product) with our filter(w). This one
convolution operation will result in a single number as
output. We shall also add the bias(b) to this output.
In order to calculate the dot product, it’s mandatory for the
3rd dimension of the filter to be the same as the number of
channels in the input. i.e. when we calculate the dot product
it’s a matrix multiplication of 5*5*3 sized chunk with 5*5*3
sized filter.
We shall slide convolutional filters over the whole input
image to calculate this output across the image. In this case,
we slide our window by 1 pixel at a time. In some cases,
people slide the windows by more than 1 pixel. This number
is called stride.
If you concatenate all these outputs in 2D, we shall have an
output activation map of size 28*28(can you think of why
28*28 from 32*32 with the filter of 5*5 and stride of 1).
Typically, we use more than 1 filter in one convolutionlayer.
If we have 6 filters in our example, we shall haveanoutputof
size 28*28*6.
As you can see, after each convolution, the output reduces in
size (as in this case we are going from 32*32 to 28*28). In a
deep neural network with many layers, the output will
become very small this way, which doesn’t work very well.
So, it’s a standard practice to add zeros on the boundary of
the input layer such that the output is the same size as input
layer. So, in this example, if we add a padding of size 2 on
both sides of the input layer, the size of the output layer will
be 32*32*6 which works great from the implementation
purpose as well. Let’s say you have an inputofsizeN*N,filter
size is F, you are using S as stride and input is added with 0
pad of size P. Then, the output size will be:
(N-F+2P)/S +1
Training and Testing Dataset:
Training data shape: (60000, 28, 28) (60000,)
Testing data shape: (10000, 28, 28) (10000,)
Total number of outputs: 10
Output classes: [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42444 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1387
Model Summary (MLP):
Model: "sequential"
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
dense (Dense) (None, 512) 401920
dense_1 (Dense) (None, 512) 262656
dense_2 (Dense) (None, 10) 5130
Total params: 669,706
Trainable params: 669,706
Non-trainable params: 0
After training on the Dataset:
Evaluation result on Test Data: Loss = 0.7112800478935242, accuracy = 0.97079998254776
Loss curve
Loss curves are a standard actuarial technique for helping insurance companiesassesstheamountofreservecapital theyneed
to keep on hand to cover claims from a line of business. Claims made and reported for a given accounting period are tracked
separately over time.
Below is the loss curve of the above Model:
Fig. 2 Below image shows the model’s prediction on an image: Fig. 3
Training, Testing and Validation Dataset:
Train: Found 15000 images belonging to 10 classes.
Valid: Found 1000 images belonging to 10 classes.
Test: Found 500 images belonging to 10 classes.
Model Summary (CNN):
Model: "sequential"
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 32) 896
max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 14, 32) 0
conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 64) 18496
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2) (None, 7, 7, 64) 0
flatten (Flatten) (None, 3136) 0
dense (Dense) (None, 10) 31370
Total params: 50,762
Trainable params: 50,762
Non-trainable params: 0
After training on the dataset:
loss: 0.0195 - accuracy: 0.9939 - val_loss: 0.1851 -
val_accuracy: 0.9600
Test batch accuracy percentage: 0.979
Confusion Matrix:
A confusion matrix is a table that is often used to describe
the performance of a classification model (or "classifier")on
a set of test data for which the true values are known. The
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42444 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1388
confusion matrix itself is relativelysimpletounderstand,but
the related terminology can be confusing.
Below is the Confusion Matrix of the above Model:
Fig. 4
Conclusion:
After Going through all the above steps, I was able to make
two Image Classifiers both of which can correctly detect any
hand-written digit in 10ths place.
There can be a lot of future scope in this field, a lot of
features can be added to this like multi-character
identification, object identification, etc.
References:
[1] Fathma Siddique1# , Shadman Sakib2*,Md.AbuBakr
Siddique2$, 2019. Recognition of Handwritten Digit
using Convolutional Neural Network in Python with
Tensorflow and Comparison of Performance for
Various Hidden Layers, 2019 1 Department of CSE,
International University of Business Agriculture and
Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh, 2Departmentof
EEE, International University of Business Agriculture
and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh.
[2] Cheng-Lin Liu∗, Kazuki Nakashima, Hiroshi Sako,
Hiromichi Fujisawa, 2003. Handwritten digit
recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art
techniques, Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
1-280 Higashi-koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-
8601, Japan.
[3] Y. Le Cun, B. Boser, J. S. Denker, D. Henderson, R. E.
Howard, W. Hubbard, and L. D. Jackel, 1990.
Handwritten Digit Recognition with a Back-
Propagation Network, AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Holmdel, N. J. 07733.