- Colour vision allows the eye to discriminate between colours excited by light of different wavelengths. It involves three types of cones in the eye sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light.
- Colour vision deficiency is the inability to distinguish certain colours and can be congenital or acquired. Congenital types are constant and include red-green deficiencies, while acquired types can progress or regress and often involve blue-yellow deficiencies.
- Colour vision is tested using pseudoisochromatic plates, hue arrangement tests, and other methods to identify, classify, and grade colour vision deficiencies for purposes like screening occupations that require normal colour vision.
A systematic approach with practical tips to diagnose and manage optic disc pallor. Disc pallor is often encountered in the routine clinical practice and remains a diagnostic enigma for most ophthalmologist. I illustrate the relevant practical points to be looked out for to deal with disc pallor.
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the patterns the strabismus may take following anomalies of extraocular muscles, deformities of the orbital structures,innnervational disturbances.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
A systematic approach with practical tips to diagnose and manage optic disc pallor. Disc pallor is often encountered in the routine clinical practice and remains a diagnostic enigma for most ophthalmologist. I illustrate the relevant practical points to be looked out for to deal with disc pallor.
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the patterns the strabismus may take following anomalies of extraocular muscles, deformities of the orbital structures,innnervational disturbances.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
you will get information and knowledge about different dyes, their uses in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in detail.
different dyes are as follows: Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, ICG, Lissamine Green, and Trypan Blue.
An anomaloscope or Nagel's anomaloscope is an instrument used to test for color blindness and color anomaly. It is used to measure quantitative and qualitative anomalies in color perception. An anomaloscope or Nagel's anomaloscope is an instrument used to test for color blindness and color anomaly. It is used to measure quantitative and qualitative anomalies in colour perception. It can be used to determine whether a person is a tritanope, dichromat or achromatope, although its primary use is in detecting and characterizing anomalous trichromacy. The apparatus was invented by the German ophthalmologist and physiologist Willibald A. Nagel (1870–1911) who named it "anomaloskop" in 1907
To know Humphrey visual field analyser
To know about various types of perimetry
To identify field defect
To recognize that field defect is due to glaucoma or neurological lesion
To know that field defect is progressive or not
Interpretation of HVFA
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
you will get information and knowledge about different dyes, their uses in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in detail.
different dyes are as follows: Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, ICG, Lissamine Green, and Trypan Blue.
An anomaloscope or Nagel's anomaloscope is an instrument used to test for color blindness and color anomaly. It is used to measure quantitative and qualitative anomalies in color perception. An anomaloscope or Nagel's anomaloscope is an instrument used to test for color blindness and color anomaly. It is used to measure quantitative and qualitative anomalies in colour perception. It can be used to determine whether a person is a tritanope, dichromat or achromatope, although its primary use is in detecting and characterizing anomalous trichromacy. The apparatus was invented by the German ophthalmologist and physiologist Willibald A. Nagel (1870–1911) who named it "anomaloskop" in 1907
Colour vision , How to check color vision, About colour vision, Types of colour vision , Color vision tests , Theories of colour vision , Characteristics of colour vision , Causes of colour vision , Colour blindness , Defects of colour vision , Optometry , Causes of colour vision , All about color vision , Colour disability , monochromatism , Determine colour deficiency patients ,
q Colour Vision Deficiency Presented by : Optometrist (intern) Asma Al-Jroudi Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, King Abdulaziz University Hospital 30 Dec 14
2. • What Is Color Vision Deficiency? • Causes Of Color Vision Deficiency • Types Of Color Vision Deficiency • Tretments Of Color Vision Deficiency • Ishihara’s Test • Conclousion
3. What is Colour Blindness? • Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions. •This condition results from an absence of color- sensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye.
4. What is Colour Blindness? • Cones are the coulored light receptors in back of the eye: Red light receptors, Blue light receptors and Green light receptors. • Colour blindness occurs when one or more of the cone types are defected.
5. Causes of Color Blindness • Genetic: Many more men are affected than women. • Acquired : Chronic illness, Accidents, Medications and Age.
This PowerPoint included all of the optical and non-optical aspects, uses, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as detailed notes on how to use each aspect.
An overview of color vision with its Theories , mechanism and important concepts. Brief explanation on color vision disorders and tests use for screening and diagnosis. by DR.GAGAN and DR. NEENET
Presented by our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
thank u sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. “Colour sense is the ability of the
eye to discriminate between
colours excited by light of
different wavelengths.
3. Cone type Range Peak wavelenght
S 400-500nm 420-440nm
M 450-630nm 534-55nm
L 500-700nm 564-580nm
4. • This image contains 1 million pixels, each of a different color. The
human eye can distinguish about 10 million different colors.
5. Color Vision Deficiency
the inability to distinguish certain colours.
one or more of the cone types is missing or
defective to any extent.
abnormal colour matching and colour
confusions.
6. congenital
1.Type and severity same
2.Constant throughout life
3.Test results stable
4.Almost always R-G
5.Familiar colors correctly named
6.No other signs and symptom
7.More prevalent in males (8% )
than females(0.5%)
8.Test results are reliable and easy
to categorize defects
Acquired
1. Greater in one eye / one eye normal
2. Progresses or regresses
3. Strongly influenced with the changes
in testing conditions
4. .Frequently B-Y defect
5. Changes occur in the color
appearance of familiar objects
6. Test results vary from one test to
other and problem with
categorization of defect
7. Systemic or ocular diseases , toxicity
or trauma
8. Almost equally present in males and
females.
7. Types of colour vision defects
At any cone pigment may deficient, Or absent totally.
•Trichromatism (Normal sight) Which person can
differentiate all colors.
All 3 cones although not necessary functioning
perfectly.
• Anomalous trichomatism can differentiate all colors but
on reduced or displaced sensitivities.
- Protanomaly red displaced sensitivity.
- Deutranomaly green displaced sensitivity.
- Tritanomaly blue displaced sensitivity .
8. • Dichromatism absence of one cone
- Tritanopia blue is missing (red ,green are present).
- Deutranopia green is missing (red and blue are
present)
- Protanopia red is missing while blue and green
are present.
• Monochromatism totally unable to dedifferentiate colors
of equal brightness.
9.
10. colour vision test
• There are a no. of clinical color vision tests which aim to
identify , classify and grade the severity of color vision
deficiency .
11. colour vision test
• Pseudoisochromatic Test Plates
-Ishihara Plates ,Dvorine,AOHRR Plates
• Hue discrimination/ Arrangement tests
-The Farnsworth D-15 test
-The Farnsworth Munsell-100 Hue test
• Anamaloscopes
-The Nagel Anamaloscope
• Color naming and color sorting
-Lantern tests,Yarn test
12. prerequisites for color vision
testing
- Use proper illumination .
- Explain test to the patient.
- In screening for congenital diseased test is done
binocularly and monocularly for acquired abnormality.
- Patient should use his or her correction glasses.
13. Pseudoisochromatic Plates
• Design Principle
• -To identify a colored symbol made up of colored dots
of varying sizes embedded in a background of
differently colored dots
-The figure and background colors are chosen so that
they are confused (isochromatic) by color deficient but
discerned by the normal -The distance between the
colors should exceed the minimum required for them to
be discriminated by person with normal color vision
• Examples –Ishihara plates ,AO-HRR plates ,Dvorine
e.tc.
📖
14. Ishihara Plates
• Detection of presence of
protan/deutan
• Digit or winding paths to be traced
• Currently available editions are-
38,24 and 16 plate version
• Ideal for screening
• First one is a demonstration plate
• Rest for detection of color vision
defects
15. Types
• Transformed Plates –
2 to 9 plates in ishihara 38. Both normal and color deficient will see differently
16. • Vanishing Plates
-Vanishes for the defective but not for the normal
• E.g. 10 to 17 plates in Ishihara 38 edition
17. • Hidden digit plates
-18 to 21 plates in 38 edition
Concealed from person with normal color vision but is visibleto
severely color defective
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Dvorine
• Widely used screening test for protan & deutan
• 15 plates –Arabic numerals
• 8 plates –wandering trails
• 1 plate –demonstration plate
• Failure -3 or more
• Nomenclature test consists of eight disc of saturated and unsaturated colors.(red,
brown,orange,yellow,green,blue,purple ,grey)
34.
35. - Consists of two sections:
i.e for screening and fordiagnosis
and severity
-screening plates:
4 demonstration and 6 vanishing
plates( two for tritan and 4 for
protan deutan defect)
-screening plates are
followed by 10 plates for
diagnosis and severity of
defect.
Harady –Rand-Ritter
Hardy-Rand- Ritter(HRR)
36. Hue discrimination tests
• Qualitative test for hue discrimination
• Diagnosis of the type and degree of
color vision defect
• Cannot distinguish between dichromats
and anomalous trichromats
• Consists of colored caps of different
hue to be arranged in serial orderof
hue
37. Farnsworth D-15 Panel Test
• A set of 16 different colored papers fixed in numbered
capscontained in a tray.
• Each cap expresses a 1.2 cm circular disc of colored
paper.Reference cap fixed while others are moveable
• Because of large differences in color of adjacent caps
it evaluates major color confusion of severe R-G OR
B –Y defects
• Administered after the color vision defect has been
indicated by fail on the Ishihara plates
38. • Illumination :at least 270 lux
or almost natural daylight
• Distance: 50 cm
• Present the test to the RE first
then to the LE
Testing
Guidelines
39. Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue test
• An expanded version of Panel D-15 TEST
• Consists of 85 caps divided approximately equally in
four boxes
• Main purpose
-To classify type of CVD
-To measure the severity
• Can also be used to assess the progression of an
acquired CVD
40.
41. Testing
Guidelines
• Almost similar to that of D-15
• Time allowed per box is usually 3 minutes
• Record the sequence of numbers for each box that includes a
polarco- ordinate graph for plotting the error score for eachcap.
• Error score for a cap = sum of the absolute difference
between the no. of the cap and
those adjacent to it
42. Nagel Anolmoscope
The Nagel Anomaloscope is an instrument based on
the Rayleigh scattering .
It is a quantative measurement .
Its expensive .
Consider as a standard machine to diagnose red -
green defect.
The patient adjusts the mixture of red and green
with one knob and the brightness of the yellow with
another knob to obtain a perfect color match.
A monochromatic yellow 589nm is presented in half
of a two degree circular field.
A mixture of monochromatic red 664nm and Green
549nm is prsented in 2nd half
43. Interpretation
• There are two knobs indexed with numericals scale used to
obtain a match.
• Rayleigh equation is R + G = Y
• 1 knob is for Brightness
• 1 knob is for mixture of red and green.
• If patient is normal range is very small eg;- 3 to 4 on scale
reading.
• Pure red (protan) indicate 73 no. on scale
• Pure Green(deutran) indicate 0 on scale.
• Brightness is neutral.
44. The City University (test TCU)
• Procedure
-Test is done at 35 cm at day light at right angle of the
visual plane.
- It consists of 10 plates each contains four peripheral
colored dots with one on the centre.
-The patient is asked to select the peripheral that most
closely matches the central one
- Results are written as Top(T), Bottom (B),Right (R),Left
(L) and score paper is present to analyze defect due to
patient response.
👉
45. Occupational Test
Color vision requirements exist for many occupations.
Color vision requirements may affect employment in a
variety of ways.
They may exclude people with any type of color vision
defect;
They may allow for the hiring of individuals who have a
color defect, provided that they can adequately perform
certain tasks or pass certain tests;
They may require normal color vision with a very high
ability to make fine color discrimination.
The color vision tests that are used for occupational
testing are often the same as ;- ishihara, and arrangement
tests such as the panel D-15 and the FM 100-hue.
46. Normal colour vision Standard but mild Moderarte with
limitation
Textile Armed forced Architect
Garment Aviation Biologist
Painters Electrical Botanist
Auto body painter Telecommunication
trade
Farmer
Commercial driving Florist
Rail road Graphic artist
Many more...... Many more ...... Many more ......
BASED ON OCCUPATION
CLASSIFICATION OF COLOUR VISION :-
47. Yarn Test
• Holmgren Wools test- oldest color sortingtest
• To select from the pile of colored yarns those
which resembles a "standard skin“
• Not effective for diagnostic purpose
• Yarns fade and become dirty with handeling in
short time.