Late Classic Greek philosophy was dominated by Plato and Aristotle. Plato believed in eternal forms and advocated for rule by philosopher kings, while Aristotle focused on logic and scientific investigation. The 16th century work The School of Athens by Raphael spread the erroneous idea that Renaissance Europe's culture directly descended from Classical Greece. In reality, Greek scientific thought diffused eastward during the Hellenistic period, and these ideas were later maintained in Persia and highly developed in Islamic civilizations before spreading to Europe over 1400 years later. Philip of Macedon expanded his kingdom in northern Greece and consolidated the southern Balkan peninsula until his assassination in 323 BCE. His son, Alexander the Great, then led military campaigns from 336 to 323

1. Late Classic Greek Philosophy Plato (429-348 BCE) abstract eternal virtues (Forms) anti-democratic; philosopher king Aristotle (384-322 BCE) logic; scientific investigation balance, self-control women inferior; slavery natural 16c fantasy of The School of Athens by Raphael (1511) Renaissance Europe created the (erroneous) idea that their culture was a direct descendant of Classical Greece

2. Plato’s Forms shadows on the cave wall c c Plato’s Cave of the modern day?

3. Aristotle’s Universe one origin of rationality and scientific investigation Classical Greece was only one source of scientific thought, and these ideas were diffused eastward during the Hellenistic period, not westward to Europe. In reality, this tradition was maintained in Persia, highly developed by the Islamic civilizations, and then diffused to Europe in the 11 th century—1400 years after Aristotle was alive.

4. The Political Roots of Hellenism Philip of Macedon expands his kingdom The rough barbarian king of northern Greece consolidated much of the southern Balkan peninsula, until his assassination in 323 BCE Military high-tech – the phalanx

5. Alexander the Great The Alexander Mosaic (about 100 BCE) from The House of Faun at Pompeii Alexander the Great in battle with Darius, Emperor of Persia, in 333 BCE

6. Campaigns of Alexander the Great to 324 BCE

7. Hellenistic Kingdoms

8. Hellenistic Realism realistic art of the mundane

9. Hellenistic Religion new syncretic cults combining cultures Tyche Isis Serapis

10. The Great Lighthouse at Alexandria

11. Archimedes screw for lifting water

12. Archimedes claw for dry-docking ships

13. Persepholis

14. Frieze from Persepholis

15. Hellenistic Dissolution to 30 BCE