The document discusses testing and debugging software. It describes the purpose of testing as ensuring software is fit for purpose by meeting specifications and is robust and reliable. Various types of tests are described, including normal, extreme, and exceptional test data and inputs. The importance of systematic and comprehensive testing is emphasized. Debugging techniques like dry runs, trace tables, breakpoints, and watchpoints are introduced to help identify bugs in software.

1. Testing and Debugging

2. ‘Good’ software is…
Robust
Portable
• Produces the correct output
• from the correct input
• Copes with invalid input data
• Deals with unexpected conditions
• Runs on different platforms such as
OSX/Windows/Linux
Reliable

3. Testing

4. Lesson Aims
By the end of this lesson all pupils will be able to:
❏ Describe the types of errors that may be discovered
❏ Explain what is meant by systematic testing
❏ Explain what is meant by comprehensive testing
❏ Explain the importance for documentation at every stage of the project

5. A philosophical view…
“Program testing can be a very
effective way to show the
presence of bugs, but it is
hopelessly inadequate for
showing their absence.”
Edsger W. Dijkstra 1972
The Humble
Programmer (1972)
Hamilton Richards

6. Testing
What is the purpose of testing any product?
❏ Is it Fit for purpose - does it meet the specification
❏ Is it robust
❏ Is it reliable
MURPHY’s LAW 1
The quicker program coding is
started the longer the project will
take
MURPHY’s LAW 2
Murphy’s Law 1 is correct!

7. Aspects of Testing
Testing has to follow a plan.
It has to be systematic
it has to be comprehensive
What are we testing?
What is the function we want to test
What data/actions do we need to perform to test this?
What is the expected (correct) output?

8. Aspects of Testing (cont.)
In an ideal world testing would be exhaustive – meaning that every single possible
condition would be tested
This is unfortunately not the case.
However your testing can be comprehensive
One way is to ensure that you use a wide range of test data
Modules can be tested individually
Modules can also be tested to ensure that they integrate well

9. Test Data
Type Description Accepted
Normal This is data that the program should be
expected to use in normal operation YES
Extreme This is data at the edge of what is
acceptable, such as high and low limits
or boundaries
YES
Exceptional This is invalid data. Robust programs
should reject this NO

10. A Testing table
Imagine a program that accepted and graded pass marks between 0 and 20, a pass is 12
or more.
You should show for each input what the expected output is and the actual output and
make a comment.
This may be as simple as ‘As Expected’

11. Testing Table
Type Input Expected
Output
Actual
Output
Comment
NORMAL 2 FAIL FAIL As Expected
7 FAIL FAIL As Expected
12 PASS PASS As Expected
EXTREME 0 FAIL FAIL As Expected
20 PASS PASS As Expected
EXCEPTIONAL -1 Error Error Program Crashes
21 Error Error Program Crashes

12. Phases of Testing
Alpha Testing
Internal testing
Pre-Release
Done by Development Team
Beta Testing
Testing a program in working conditions
Members of public or independent test group
Feedback provided to the development team

13. Types of Errors (recap)
When testing programs there will be errors (bugs) there are different types…
1. Syntax
These are mistakes in the programming ‘grammar’
e.g. Forgetting to put a semi colon or close a bracket
1. Execution
These are errors detected during run-time. Divide by zero etc.
1. Logic
These are errors in the design of the program
Passing the wrong data into a function
Programs will fail
translation so won't run
Programs will run but give
some unintended output
Programs will usually
fail during runtime

14. Constructing a test plan
The purpose of a test plan is to ensure that you are systematically and
comprehensively testing your system
The test plan must test the functionality of the software
❏ A successful test is one that finds errors!
❏ Try to find the errors!

15. Test cases and Data
What are your test cases?
This can be thought of as the ‘user’ interaction with your system
What test data will you use - your system may not be populated
What data will you use in your system to ensure that your tests are valid?

16. Debugging Techniques

17. Debugging tools
What if it finds an error?
There are various debugging techniques/tools
❏ Dry Runs
❏ Trace Tables/Tools
❏ Breakpoints
❏ Watchpoints

18. Dry Runs
A dry run is when you manually stepping through the lines of code without the need
for executing the program. Can be useful for logic errors.

19. Trace table
When you use a trace table you step through the code recording changes to variables.
The changes can then be used to track when and what it is being changed to.

20. Breakpoints
You set breakpoints to stop execution of the code at specified lines of code.
At this point the contents of variables can be examined
This can be a method to ascertain if a piece of code is actually being executed,
obviously useful for debugging conditional statements.
As you can check if the variables match the conditions you think they do

21. Allows execution to be halted and the contents of variables inspected
Breakpoints in Python (Pycharm)

22. Watchpoints
Watchpoints are similar to breakpoints but they are assigned to variables
They then stop the execution of the program only when the contents of a specific
variable(s) meet a particular condition.
This can be at any point in the execution of the code

23. Watchpoint set for when counter == 1
Will halt the execution of the program when the variable counter changes to 1