This document discusses concepts related to groundwater management and conjunctive water use. It covers topics such as watershed concepts, groundwater supply management, artificial recharge enhancement, spring protection and development, and adaptive groundwater management. Artificial recharge techniques aim to augment groundwater, including surface spreading methods, sub-surface methods like recharge wells, and induced recharge. Developing springs can provide drinking water if flow is reliable and water quality meets standards after treatment. Overall groundwater and surface water should be managed together through conjunctive use approaches.
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the water cycle) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface.
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the water cycle) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. Groundwater Management Concept
• Watershed concepts: water management, land management,
integrated management
• Groundwater supply management
• Artificial recharge enhancement
• Spring protection and development
• Groundwater demand management
• Adaptive management of groundwater
2. Conjuctive Water Managment What is it?
Surface water and groundwate are in a hydrologic connection
Conjunctive water use is an approach that recognizes this connection and
tries to utilize it to use the overall water supply more efficiently.
Conjunctive use involves the combination of surface water
and groundwater sources to meet a single demand.
Conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water
resources
3. Concepts on conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater
Conjunctive use refers to the coordinated utilization of surface-water and
groundwater resources in an integrated manner appreciating
interdependence as well as different characteristics of the two sources of
water.
The role of conjunctive use is particularly significant today, more than ever
before, when there is growing need to satisfy the ever increasing water
demand within the limited resources available while considering
various social and environmental impacts of water utilization and protecting
the resources for sustainability.
Most conjunctive-use schemes throughout the world have developed for
one of the two reasons:
(a) the demand on either surface water or groundwater
resources was too large, or
(b) the quality of extracted groundwater was sufficiently poor
to require mixing of groundwater with surface water.
4. Conjunctive use management of surface waters and
groundwater could provide the following benefits
Reduce or eliminate areas of overdraft of the groundwater basin.
Increase storage of groundwater for water during drought years
and surface water shortage.
Protect the aquifer capacity by controlling compaction of water-
bearing materials and preserving storage capacity in critical areas.
Control and prevent deteriorating groundwater quality of
groundwater basin.
5. What is Artificial Recharge
Artificial recharge is the process by which the ground water recharge is
augmented at the rate much higher then those under natural condition of
percolation.
Artificial Recharge Enhancement
• To enhance the groundwater yield in depleted the aquifer due to
urbanization .
• Conservation and storage of excess surface water for future requirements.
• To improve the quality of existing groundwater through dilution
• To improve bacteriological and other impurities from sewage and waste
water by natural filtration , so that water is suitable for re use .
Advantage of artificial recharge
6. Why Artificial Recharge
In most low rainfall areas of the country the availability
of utilizable surface water is so low that people have to
depend largely on ground water for agriculture and
domestic uses.
So in order to improve the ground water situation it is
necessary to artificially recharge the depleted ground
water aquifer.
7. Identification of areas for recharge
Where ground water level are declining due to over
exploitation.
Where substantial part of aquifer has already been
desaturated i.e. regeneration of water in wells and hand
pumps is slow after some water has been drawn.
Where availability of water from wells and hand pumps
inadequate during the lean months.
Where ground water quality is poor and there is no
alternative source of water .
8. Quality of source water
Problems which arise as a result of recharge to ground
water are mainly related to the quality of raw waters that
are available for recharge and which generally require
some source of treatment before being used to recharge
installations.
A major requirement of waters that are to be used in
recharge projects is that they be silt free.
9. Methods of Artificial Recharge
The techniques of artificial recharge can be broadly Categorized as follows:
10. Surface (spreading ) method
These methods are suitable where large
area of basin is available and aquifers
are unconfined without impervious layer
above it .
The rate of infiltration depend on the
nature of top soil , if soil is sandy the
infiltration is higher than those of silty
soil .
The presence of solid suspension in
water used for recharge clogs the soil
pores leading to reduction in infiltration
rate i.e. recharge rate
Water quality also affects the rate of
infiltration .
Figure : surface spreading basin
11. Surface Spreading
This method consists of increasing the surface area of infiltration by releasing
water from the source to the surface of a basin, pond, pit or channel.
Most efficient and most cost-effective method for aquifer recharge.
However, only phreatic (unconfined) aquifers can be recharged by the spreading
method, which also
requires large surface areas to accommodate the recharge scheme,
allowing water to evaporate if percolation in the ground is slow.
It needs two structures:
the diversion structure and - the infiltration scheme.
Other techniques may also be identified with the surface spreading method:
spate irrigation,
check dams,
underground dams and
sand dams.
12. B.Sub – Surface Method
In this method the
structure lies below the
surface and recharges
ground water directly.
The important
structures commonly
use are recharge wells,
recharge shaft, dug
wells etc
13. Recharge well
Recharge wells can
be of two types-
(a) Injection well,
where water is “
pumped in” for
recharge and
(b) Recharge well,
where water flows
under gravity.
15. These techniques can serve the following purposes:
Provide drinking water
Provide irrigation water
Increase groundwater recharge
Reduce storm water discharges, urban floods and
overloading of sewage treatment plants
Reduce seawater ingress in coastal areas.
Rainwater harvesting through recharge well
16. Injection Well The injection wells are
similar to a tube well.
This technique is suitable
for augmenting the ground
water storage of deeper
aquifers by “pumping in”
treated surface water.
These wells can be used as
pumping wells during
summers.
The method is suitable to
recharge single aquifer or
multiple aquifers.
The recharge through this
technique is comparatively
costlier and required
specialized technique.
17. Recharge Well The recharge well for shallow water
table aquifers up to 50 m are cost
effective because recharge can take
place under gravity flow only.
These wells could be of two types, one
is dry and another is wet.
The dry types of wells have bottom of
screen above the water table. In such
well excessive clogging is reported due
to release of dissolved gasses as water
leaves the well and on other hand
redevelopment methods have not
been found effective in dry type of
well.
The wet types of wells are in which
screen is kept below water table.
These wet type wells have been found
more successful.
18. Dug Wells
In alluvial as well as hard rock
areas there are thousand of
dug wells have either gone
dry due to considerable
decline of water levels.
These dug wells can be used
as recharge structure storm
water and other surplus water
from canal etc. can be
diverted into these structure
to directly recharge the
dried aquifer.
The water for recharge
should be guided through a
pipes to the bottom of well to
avoid entrapment of bubbles
in the aquifer.
By channelling run-off to disused
dugwells, recharge wells are
created
Recharge well
19. Induced Recharge
It is an indirect method of
artificial recharge involving
pumping from aquifer
hydraulically connected with
surface water such as perennial
streams, unlined canal or lakes.
The heavy pumping lowers the
groundwater level and cone of
depression is created .
Lowering of water levels
induces the surface water to
replenish this ground water .
This method is effective where
stream bed is connected to
aquifer by sandy formation .
20. Springs Development
The natural outflow of groundwater at the earth’s surface
They occur because the hydraulic head in the aquifer system
intersects the land surface.
20
21. Springs protection and development
• Springs occur wherever groundwater flows out from the earth’s surface.
• Springs typically occur along hillsides, low-lying areas, or at the base of
slopes.
• Springs are sometimes used as water supplies
Spring Development
• A spring can be developed into a drinking water supply by collecting the
discharged water using pipe and running the water into some type of sanitary
storage tank
• Protecting the spring from surface contamination is essential during all phases
of spring development
22. A protective box that enables:
• collection of water
• discharge to a tap for collection at
the spring
• discharge downhill by distribution
pipe
Spring box with discharge pipe leading down hill,
Nias, Indonesia
Spring Development
23. From Oxfam technical brief
Spring being protected, Zaire - S House / WEDC
• May be harvested in a number of
ways
• Should always be protected from
degradation.
Spring Development
24. Figure Fracture spring near
Mereme-eti, south of Mekelle.
Spring Development
Figure Developed contact spring (at
the base of the Adigrat Sandstone) in
Agbe, southeast of Abi Adi
25. Plate 14. Cold spring recharge by basalt-Garamuleta
Spring Development
26. Spring Development Considerations
• When considering using a spring as your source of drinking water, it is
important to ensure that the rate of flow is reliable during all seasons of
the year.
• Water quality is also important to consider before using a spring as a
water supply
• Before developing the spring, collect a sample of water and have it
analyzed at a local water testing laboratory to ensure that it can be
efficiently and economically treated to make it safe for human consumption
• Springs are highly susceptible to contamination since they are fed by
shallow groundwater, which usually flows through the ground for only a
short period of time and may interact with surface water. For this reason,
most springs will need some treatment before the water is considered a
safe source of drinking water. Testing will help determine exactly how
much treatment will be necessary and may help determine if other sources
of water would be more economical.
27. • The key to successful spring development is to ensure there is
adequate water flow and water quality for the intended purpose.
• Several design considerations are involved when developing
a spring, and their importance will largely depend on the
intended water use
Design considerations are:
• Bacteriological contamination from the ground surface and/or
livestock accessing the area around the spring
• The elevation of the spring with respect to the surrounding
area and also the location to where the water is to be supplied
• The flow rate of the spring and the amount of water
required
• Protect the resource by not taking more water from the
spring than you need.
28. Managing groundwater demand
• Conservation and water efficiency
• Good land use planning and well construction policies
• Limiting groundwater use
• Reduce unaccounted for water…water supply pipe network is
very old and served beyond its service time
• Looking at tariff structures
Tariff structures particularly for large consumers should reflect
and should encourage efficient water use
Groundwater demand management
29. GROUNDWATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Groundwater as part of hydrologic cycle
• The hydrologic cycle primarily governed by the balance between input
(Precipitation/rain) and output (Evapotranspiration, runoff and discharge)
• The components of the groundwater balance are displayed in the figure and consist
of recharge (direct recharge and inter-aquifer flows) and discharge (groundwater
flow to streams, springs, lakes, wetlands, oceans; groundwater abstraction;
evapotranspiration).
• The difference between recharge and discharge determines the change in the
volume of groundwater.
• Variations in climate will induce hydrologic change
30. Relationship Between Groundwater and Climate Change
• Groundwater is the major source of water across much of the world,
particularly in rural areas in arid and semi-arid regions, but there has
been very little research on the potential effects of climate change.”(IPCC
2001, p. 199)
• Despite the critical importance of ground-water resources in many parts of the
world, there have been very few direct studies of the effect(s) of global
warming on groundwater recharge.”(IPCC 1996, p. 336)
• Currently, more than 80% of Ethiopia’s drinking water
supply comes from groundwater (Awulachew et al., 2007).
• Increasing demand due to an increase in population and
climate change will further increase dependence on
groundwater.
31. How will groundwater be affected by Climate Change
• Groundwater will be less directly and more slowly impacted by climate
change, as compared to e.g. rivers.
• This is because rivers get replenished on a shorter time scale.
• Only after prolonged droughts groundwater levels will show declining
trends.
• Groundwater systems both discharge into and are recharged from
surface water, impacts on surface water flow regimes are expected to
affect groundwater.
• Any variation in climate has the potential to affect input into the
groundwater (recharge) and output into surface water bodies as base
flow and springs (discharge), either directly or indirectly as vapor
return into atmosphere.
32. CLIMATE AND NON-CLIMATE FACTORS
RECHARGE
• Precipitation: main driver: not only the magnitude
but also intensity, frequency, seasonality
• Temperature and CO2 may affect evapotranspiration
> portion of rainfall that infiltrates
• Changes in river flow will affect infiltration (and discharge)
• Land cover and land use <> climate change
• Non climate factors: land use changes, population growth, poor
management
33. Impact of Climate Change in Groundwater Storage
• Deeper aquifers react, with delay, to large-scale climate
change but not to short-term climate variability.
• Shallow groundwater systems (especially unconsolidated
sediment or fractured bedrock aquifers) are more responsive
to small scale climate variability (Kundzewiczand Döll,
2008).
• The impacts of climate change on storage will also depend
on whether or not groundwater is renewable (contemporary
recharge)
34. Impact of Climate Change in Groundwater Quality
• In shallow aquifers, groundwater temperatures may increase due
to increasing air temperatures.
• In arid and semi-arid areas increased evapotranspiration may
lead to groundwater salinization(van Vliet, 2007).
• In coastal aquifers, sea level rise and storm surges are likely to
lead to sea water intrusion and salinization of groundwater
resources.
• Changes in recharge and discharge are likely to change the
vulnerability of aquifers to diffuse pollution (van Vliet,
2007).
35. What is adaptation?
• Adaptations are adjustments made in natural or human systems
in response to experienced or projected climatic conditions or
their beneficial or adverse effects or impacts (Smit et al., 2001)
• Adaptations are essentially management responses to risks
associated with climate variability and climate change.
• Adaptive Management can also be termed as ‘learning from
managing’.
• The philosophy of Adaptive Management is to continually
improve policies and practices by learning from the outcomes
of previous work
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
36. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
• Managing grw. recharge
• Management of grw. storage
• Protection of grw. quality
• Managing demands for grw.
• Managing grw. discharge
Managing groundwater recharge
Protecting
groundwater
quality
Managing
demand for
groundwater
Managing groundwater
discharge
Managing
groundwater
storage
Adaptation: management responses for grw. dependent systems to risks
associated with climate variability and climate change