Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450, which allowed for mass production of printed materials. Before the printing press, all books were painstakingly handwritten by monks. Gutenberg's printing press used movable metal type that could be reused to print multiple copies of a page, making book production much faster and more affordable. In 1456, Gutenberg printed 180 copies of the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed using movable type. The widespread availability of printed materials led to increased literacy and a proliferation of ideas, fueling the Renaissance and changing society.