This document summarizes gut hormones, dividing them into the gastrin family, secretin family, and others. It provides details on the source, structure, functions, and regulating factors of important gut hormones including gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucagon, GIP, VIP, motilin, somatostatin, ghrelin, and PYY. Ghrelin is described as the key hunger hormone produced in the stomach and pancreas. It signals hunger by binding to receptors in the hypothalamus and stomach to stimulate appetite and gastric functions. Food intake, nutrients, hormones like insulin and leptin regulate ghrelin levels.
Gastrointestinal Hormones by Pandian M, Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, for MBBS...Pandian M
Classify GIT hormones
List the source and functions of different GI hormones
Explain the mechanism of action and regulation of secretion of different GI Hormones
Describe the role of GI hormones in regulation of GI functions
Explain the dysfunctions produced by alteration in secretion of GIT hormones
Endocrine regulation : EEC secretes regulatory peptide or hormones that travel via blood stream to remote target organ. Ex gastrin, secretin
Paracrine regulation : regulatory peptide secreted by EEC acts on a nearby target cell by diffusion through interstitial space. Ex histamine, 5-HT
Gastrointestinal Hormones by Pandian M, Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, for MBBS...Pandian M
Classify GIT hormones
List the source and functions of different GI hormones
Explain the mechanism of action and regulation of secretion of different GI Hormones
Describe the role of GI hormones in regulation of GI functions
Explain the dysfunctions produced by alteration in secretion of GIT hormones
Endocrine regulation : EEC secretes regulatory peptide or hormones that travel via blood stream to remote target organ. Ex gastrin, secretin
Paracrine regulation : regulatory peptide secreted by EEC acts on a nearby target cell by diffusion through interstitial space. Ex histamine, 5-HT
The classical GI hormones are secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. These hormone-secreting cells - endocrinocytes - are interspersed among a much larger number of epithelial cells that secrete their products (acid, mucus, etc.) into the lumen or take up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are secreted into blood, and hence circulate systemically, where they affect function of other parts of the digestive tube, liver, pancreas, brain and a variety of other targets.
The classical GI hormones are secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. These hormone-secreting cells - endocrinocytes - are interspersed among a much larger number of epithelial cells that secrete their products (acid, mucus, etc.) into the lumen or take up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are secreted into blood, and hence circulate systemically, where they affect function of other parts of the digestive tube, liver, pancreas, brain and a variety of other targets.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. Gastrin
• pyloric glands (G Cells)-antral portion of the
stomach
• Also found in the pancreatic islets in fetal life
anterior & intermediate lobes of the pituitary
gland, in the hypothalamus, medulla
oblongata, & in the vagus & sciatic nerves
4. • G 34, G 17, G 14 (depending on number of
AA)
• G 17- principal gastrin secreted from the
stomach
5. Functions
• Stimulation of gastric acid & pepsin secretion
• Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa & mucosa of
intestine
• Increases gastric motility
• Contraction of muscles at the gastro-esophageal
junction
• Exocrine pancreatic secretion
• Insulin secretion
• Stimulates mass movement of large intestine
• Colonic contraction that initiates gastrocolic reflex after
a meal
8. Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
(CCK-PZ or CCK)
• I cells in the upper intestine
• neurons in brain ( cerebral cortex) & in nerves in
many part of the body
• CCK 58, CCK 39, CCK 33, CCK 12, CCK 8, CCK 4
– Duodenum & jejunum CCK 12, CCK 8
– Enteric & pancreatic nerves CCK 4
– Brain CCK 58, CCK 8
• half-life of CCK is about 5 minutes
9. Functions
• Pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes
• Augments the action of secretin to produce alkaline
pancreatic secretion
• Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
• Stimulate growth of pancreas
• Inhibits gastric acid secretion
• Inhibits gastric motility-delays gastric emptying
10. • causes contraction of gall bladder
• ↑ secretion of enterokinase
• enhance motility of small intestine
• stimulates colonic movements
• augments contraction of pyloric sphincter
• stimulates glucagon secretion
12. Functions
• ↑ secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate
• ↑ alkaline bile secretion
• augments the action of CCK to produce pancreatic
secretion rich in enzymes
• ↓ gastric acid secretion & motility
• contraction of pyloric sphincter
14. • polypeptide containing 28 AA
• nerves in the GIT
• also found in blood
• also found in the brain & autonomic nerves
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
15. • ↑ intestinal secretion rich in electrolytes & water
• causes vasodilation
• ↓ GI motility
• potentiates the action of acetylcholine on salivary
glands
• inhibits gastric acid secretion
Functions
16. • polypeptide hormone containing 42 AA
• K cells present in the mucosa of duodenum &
jejunum
• inhibits gastric acid secretion & motility
• stimulate insulin secretion
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
17. • polypeptide hormone containing 22 AA
• enterochromaffin cells & Mo cells present in the
mucosa of GIT
• ↑ GI motility (interdigestive phase)
• a major regulator of MMC
Motilin
18. Neurotensin
• a polypeptide hormone containing 13 AA
• neurons & mucosal cells of ileum
• inhibits gastric acid secretion but ↑ ileal blood flow
19. Substance P
• Endocrine & nerve cells in the GIT
• Increased intestinal motility of the small intestine
20. Somatostatin
• a polypeptide containing either SS 14 or SS 28
• D cells in GIT, hypothalamus, D cells of pancreas
• inhibits secretion of gastrin, VIP, GIP, secretin &
• motilin
• inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion; gastric acid
secretion & motility; gall bladder contraction; &
absorption of glucose, amino acids & triglycerides
21. Gastrin releasing peptide
• polypeptide containing 27 AA
• vagal nerve endings that terminate on G cells
• ↑ gastrin secretion
22. Guanylin
• polypeptide hormone containing 15 AA
• secreted form the paneth cells
• ↑ secretion of Cl- into the intestinal lumen
24. Growth Hormone Release Inducing =
Ghrelin
• Ghrelin has emerged as the first identified
circulating hunger hormone
• Ghrelin is both a hormone in the endocrine
system and a neurotransmitter in the nervous
system
• 28 amino-acid polypeptide.
25. • Ghrelin is produced mainly by P/D1 cells,
lining the fundus of the human stomach, that
contain granules filled with ghrelin
• Also by epsilon cells of the pancreas that
stimulates hunger.
• Can be found in intestine, hypothalamus,
pituitary gland,
27. Factors influencing ghrelin secretion
• Food intake
• Ghrelin level increases 1-2 hr prior to meal,
max just before eating and decreases
dramatically within 1 hr after meal.
• Degree of ghrelin level decrease is in
proportion with calories and composition of
food (CHO can decrease ghrelin > fat)
30. Physiological roles of ghrelin
• Hormonal effect
Stimulation of GH secretion
Synergistic of GHRH
Decrease somatostatin secretion from
hypothalamus
• ↑ ACTH, PRL, cortisol
• Appetite
• Acting at arcuate nucleus by stimulation of
NPY/AGRP neurons (neuropeptide Y/ Agouti-
related peptide) →↑ appetite (orexigenic effect)
31. • Gastric effects
↑ gastric acid secretion and motility
(acting through vagus nerve which also has
GHS-R1a receptor)
32.
33. Other effects of ghrelin
• Inhibit proinflammatory cytokin (IL-1, IL-6,
TNF)
• Increase bone mineral density
• Decrease MAP by decreasing peripheral
vascular resistance
