A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Threshold Voltage & Channel Length ModulationBulbul Brahma
Design and Technology of Electronic Devices:
Review of microelectronic devices, introduction to MOS technology and related devices.
MOS transistor theory, scaling theory related to MOS circuits, short channel effect and its
consequences, narrow width effect, FN tunnelling, Double gate MOSFET, Cylindrical
MOSFET, Basic concept of CMOS circuits and logic design. Circuit characterization and
performance estimation, important issues in real devices. PE logic, Domino logic, Pseudo
N-MOS logic-dynamic CMOS and Clocking, layout design and stick diagram, CMOS
analog circuit design, CMOS design methods. Introduction to SOI, Multi layer circuit
design and 3D integration. CMOS processing technology: Crystal grown and Epitaxy, Film
formation, Lithography and Etching, Impurity doping, Integrated Devices.
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Optical fiber communication Part 2 Sources and DetectorsMadhumita Tamhane
For optical fiber communication, major light sources are hetero-junction-structured semiconductor laser diode and light emitting diodes. Heterojunction consists of two adjoining semiconductor materials with different bandgap energies. They have adequate power for wide range of applications. Detectors used are PiN diode and Avalanche Photodiode. Being very small in size and feeding to small core optical fiber, it is very important to study emission characteristics of sources and their coupling to fiber. As it can operate for low power over a long distance, received power is very small, hence study of noise characteristics of detectors is very essential...
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Threshold Voltage & Channel Length ModulationBulbul Brahma
Design and Technology of Electronic Devices:
Review of microelectronic devices, introduction to MOS technology and related devices.
MOS transistor theory, scaling theory related to MOS circuits, short channel effect and its
consequences, narrow width effect, FN tunnelling, Double gate MOSFET, Cylindrical
MOSFET, Basic concept of CMOS circuits and logic design. Circuit characterization and
performance estimation, important issues in real devices. PE logic, Domino logic, Pseudo
N-MOS logic-dynamic CMOS and Clocking, layout design and stick diagram, CMOS
analog circuit design, CMOS design methods. Introduction to SOI, Multi layer circuit
design and 3D integration. CMOS processing technology: Crystal grown and Epitaxy, Film
formation, Lithography and Etching, Impurity doping, Integrated Devices.
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
In radio and electronics, an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Optical fiber communication Part 2 Sources and DetectorsMadhumita Tamhane
For optical fiber communication, major light sources are hetero-junction-structured semiconductor laser diode and light emitting diodes. Heterojunction consists of two adjoining semiconductor materials with different bandgap energies. They have adequate power for wide range of applications. Detectors used are PiN diode and Avalanche Photodiode. Being very small in size and feeding to small core optical fiber, it is very important to study emission characteristics of sources and their coupling to fiber. As it can operate for low power over a long distance, received power is very small, hence study of noise characteristics of detectors is very essential...
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
No Wire is the brief description of the wireless technology and wireless power transmission. this presentation gives the overview of the wireless power transmission and also you can found the different types of the methods used to transfer the power wirelessly i mean the types of the wireless power transmission. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A Novel Structure of a Wideband Zero-bias Power Limiter for ISM BandTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a new broadband microwave microstrip power limiter is designed and realized. The
Power Limiter is based on microstrip technology integrating a Zero Bias commercial Schottky diodes
HSMS2820.The power limiter is optimized and validated in two steps. The enhanced and achieved circuit
is obtained by concatenating two basic structures. The final circuit was validated into simulation by using
ADS solver. Finally this circuit was realized and tested. Simulation and measurement results are in a good
agreement. The final circuit achieves a limiting rate of 14 dB with a threshold input power level of 0 dBm
until a maximum input power level of 30 dBm.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
World cannot be imagined without electrical
power. Generally the power is transmitted through
transmission networks. This paper describes an original
idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires
which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing
them. Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is
feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players,
laptop computers and other portable electronic devices
capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged
in freeing us from that final ubiquitous power wire. This
paper includes the techniques of transmitting power
without using wires with an efficiency of about 95% with
non-radioactivemethods. In this paper wireless power
transfer technique have been implemented on test system.
Keywords : power, ubiquitous, efficiency
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Gunn diode
1. Department of Electronic and telecommunications Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong
Submitted by,
Syed Mainul Islam
( ID: T-151020 )
Dept. of ETE, IIUC.
Submitted to,
Muhammad Mostafa Amir Faisal
( Assistant Professor )
Dept. of ETE, IIUC.
1
2. A Gunn Diode is considered as a type of diode even though it does not contain any
typical PN diode junction like the other diodes, but it consists of two electrodes.
A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode,
a two terminal passive semiconductor electronic component, with negative resistance,
used in high-frequency electronics.
This diode is also called as a Transferred Electronic Device. This diode is a negative
differential resistance device, which is frequently used as a low-power oscillator to
generate microwaves.
It consists of only N-type semiconductor in which electrons are the majority charge
carriers. To generate short radio waves such as microwaves, it utilizes the Gunn
Effect.
2
3. It was invented by John Battiscombe Gunn in 1960s; after his experiments on GaAs
(Gallium Arsenide), he observed a noise in his experiments’ results and owed this to
the generation of electrical oscillations at microwave frequencies by a steady electric
field with a magnitude greater than the threshold value.
It was named as Gunn Effect after this had been discovered by John Battiscombe
Gunn.
The Gunn Effect can be defined as generation of microwave power (power with
microwave frequencies of around a few GHz) whenever the voltage applied to a
semiconductor device exceeds the critical voltage value or threshold voltage value.
3
4. Gunn diodes are used to build oscillators for generating microwaves with frequencies
ranging from 10 GHz to THz. It is a Negative Differential Resistance device – also
called as transferred electron device oscillator – which is a tuned circuit consisting of
Gunn diode with DC bias voltage applied to it. And, this is termed as biasing the diode
into negative resistance region.
Due to this, the total differential resistance of the circuit becomes zero as the negative
resistance of the diode cancels with the positive resistance of the circuit resulting in
the generation of oscillations.
4
5. This diode is made of a single piece of N-type semiconductor such as Gallium Arsenide and
InP (Indium Phosphide). GaAs and some other semiconductor materials have one extra-energy
band in their electronic band structure instead of having only two energy bands, viz. valence
band and conduction band like normal semiconductor materials.
These GaAs and some other semiconductor materials consist of three energy bands, and this
extra third band is empty at initial stage.
If a voltage is applied to this device, then most of the applied voltage appears across the active
region. The electrons from the conduction band having negligible electrical resistivity are
transferred into the third band because these electrons are scattered by the applied voltage. The
third band of GaAs has mobility which is less than that of the conduction band.
Because of this, an increase in the forward voltage increases the field strength (for field
strengths where applied voltage is greater than the threshold voltage value), then the number of
electrons reaching the state at which the effective mass increases by decreasing their velocity,
and thus, the current will decrease.
Thus, if the field strength is increased, then the drift velocity will decrease; this creates a
negative incremental resistance region in V-I relationship. Thus, increase in the voltage will
increase the resistance by creating a slice at the cathode and reaches the anode. But, to
maintain a constant voltage, a new slice is created at the cathode. Similarly, if the voltage
decreases, then the resistance will decrease by extinguishing any existing slice. 5
6. Because of this, an increase in the forward voltage
increases the field strength (for field strengths
where applied voltage is greater than the threshold
voltage value), then the number of electrons
reaching the state at which the effective mass
increases by decreasing their velocity, and thus,
the current will decrease.
Thus, if the field strength is increased, then the
drift velocity will decrease; this creates a negative
incremental resistance region in V-I relationship.
Thus, increase in the voltage will increase the
resistance by creating a slice at the cathode and
reaches the anode. But, to maintain a constant
voltage, a new slice is created at the cathode.
Similarly, if the voltage decreases, then the
resistance will decrease by extinguishing any
existing slice.
6
Figure: Characteristics of Gunn Diode
7. Used as Gunn oscillators to generate frequencies ranging from 100mW 5GHz to 1W 35GHz
outputs. These Gunn oscillators are used for radio communications, military and commercial radar
sources.
Used as sensors for detecting trespassers, to avoid derailment of trains.
Used as efficient microwave generators with a frequency range of up to hundreds of GHz.
Used for remote vibration detectors and rotational speed measuring tachometers.
Used as a microwave current generator (Pulsed Gunn diode generator).
Used in microwave transmitters to generate microwave radio waves at very low powers.
Used as fast controlling components in microelectronics such as for the modulation of
semiconductor injection lasers.
Used as sub-millimeter wave applications by multiplying Gunn oscillator frequency with diode
frequency.
7