Goods and Service tax is the Comprehensive levy on the goods and services at the stage of consumption. This paper will try to highlight the changes in out indirect structure that has finally resulted in the introduction of GST. This paper gives a detailed account of how we started with L.K. Jha Committee report in 1976 and ended up with 101st Constitutional Amendment Act that led to the unification of the Economy. The GST is also very important from the view of Cooperative federalism because the introduction of GST was not possible if the State and Central Government would not have forgo some of there power to tax under 7th schedule. The paper has tried to cover the whole journey of GST and the need for integrated tax structure in India. The paper will further evaluate the policy changes and its impact in past 3 years. Manisha Patawari | Dr. S. P. Srivastava "GST: A Journey to Make India a Single Tax Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31326.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/31326/gst-a-journey-to-make-india-a-single-tax-economy/manisha-patawari
A Pre Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Prog...ijtsrd
Background Health is considered as one of the most important values of life. Certain illnesses can also change the client’s body image or physical appearance weakness, loss of limb, and severe scarring. The client’s self esteem and self concept will also be affected. Early detection and treatment is one of the measures to prevent illness and also to reduce complications and death. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge towards safe handling of chemotherapeutics drugs among staff nurses in Cancer hospital Gwalior M.P. Methods The research design selected for the study was pre experimental one group pre test posttest . Structured knowledge questionnaire developed to assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs. Bhoori Singh | Sunita Tomar | Sunita Singh "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge towards Safe Handling of Chemotherapeutics Drugs among Staff Nurses in C.H.R.I Gwalior (M.P)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42353/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-towards-safe-handling-of-chemotherapeutics-drugs-among-staff-nurses-in-chri-gwalior-mp/bhoori-singh
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It begins by defining tax and the types of taxes imposed by governments, namely direct and indirect taxes. It then discusses the history and need for implementing GST in India, addressing deficiencies in the prior indirect tax regime. The key aspects of GST covered include it being a destination-based consumption tax, the dual GST model adopted in India, classification of goods and services, the four-tier GST rate structure, and exemptions. Registration requirements and benefits are also summarized.
India Tax Insights (October-December 2014)elithomas202
The document summarizes key aspects of implementing an effective Goods and Services Tax (GST) system in India based on lessons from international experience and best practices. It discusses that for GST to be successful, it must have: 1) a comprehensive tax base applying to all goods and services with no exemptions; 2) a moderate single tax rate to simplify compliance; 3) well-thought out "place of supply" rules to appropriately divide the tax base among states; and 4) a robust IT infrastructure in the form of a single GST network platform. Excluding sectors like real estate, petroleum and alcohol from the tax base could undermine the aims of GST by increasing tax cascading and litigation.
The document discusses how the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) can help Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. It provides an overview of the GSTN structure and services, and analyzes the roles and challenges of GSTN for MSME taxpayers. The study found that GSTN has significantly impacted MSME performance by facilitating registration, returns filing and payments. While GSTN faces challenges like system response issues, it provides several services and initiatives that are beneficial for MSMEs in the long run. Overall, the GSTN is an important tool that MSMEs can utilize to improve their operations and growth.
The document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Constitutional Amendment Bill in India. It explains that GST will create a single, unified indirect tax replacing existing central and state taxes. It will function as a dual GST with both central and state components administered jointly through a GST Council. The bill faces opposition from the Congress party over demands like capping the GST rate and changing the Council's composition.
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, including how GST works, its history and implementation, types of GST, registration requirements, returns, rates, and advantages. It also provides profiles of two Indian companies, Jindal Steel and Power Ltd and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, including their business activities and histories. The document contains this information across multiple chapters in order to analyze these companies' tax rates before and after GST implementation in India.
This document provides information about two steel companies - Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and JSW Steel. SAIL is India's largest steel producer, operating multiple integrated steel plants. It produces a wide range of steel products. JSW Steel is also a major steel producer in India. The document discusses the companies' operations and history but does not provide details about JSW Steel's profile. It focuses primarily on providing background information on SAIL.
India plans to implement the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in October 2012 to create a unified indirect tax system. GST will combine multiple taxes into a single tax applied to the supply of goods and services. It will be administered as two separate taxes - Central GST and State GST. Inter-state transactions will be taxed under Integrated GST. While most taxes will be subsumed, some items like petroleum products, alcohol, and electricity may remain outside the GST regime. The government is considering a revenue neutral GST rate of 18-22% but rates for goods and services have not been finalized.
A Pre Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Prog...ijtsrd
Background Health is considered as one of the most important values of life. Certain illnesses can also change the client’s body image or physical appearance weakness, loss of limb, and severe scarring. The client’s self esteem and self concept will also be affected. Early detection and treatment is one of the measures to prevent illness and also to reduce complications and death. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge towards safe handling of chemotherapeutics drugs among staff nurses in Cancer hospital Gwalior M.P. Methods The research design selected for the study was pre experimental one group pre test posttest . Structured knowledge questionnaire developed to assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs. Bhoori Singh | Sunita Tomar | Sunita Singh "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge towards Safe Handling of Chemotherapeutics Drugs among Staff Nurses in C.H.R.I Gwalior (M.P)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42353/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-towards-safe-handling-of-chemotherapeutics-drugs-among-staff-nurses-in-chri-gwalior-mp/bhoori-singh
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It begins by defining tax and the types of taxes imposed by governments, namely direct and indirect taxes. It then discusses the history and need for implementing GST in India, addressing deficiencies in the prior indirect tax regime. The key aspects of GST covered include it being a destination-based consumption tax, the dual GST model adopted in India, classification of goods and services, the four-tier GST rate structure, and exemptions. Registration requirements and benefits are also summarized.
India Tax Insights (October-December 2014)elithomas202
The document summarizes key aspects of implementing an effective Goods and Services Tax (GST) system in India based on lessons from international experience and best practices. It discusses that for GST to be successful, it must have: 1) a comprehensive tax base applying to all goods and services with no exemptions; 2) a moderate single tax rate to simplify compliance; 3) well-thought out "place of supply" rules to appropriately divide the tax base among states; and 4) a robust IT infrastructure in the form of a single GST network platform. Excluding sectors like real estate, petroleum and alcohol from the tax base could undermine the aims of GST by increasing tax cascading and litigation.
The document discusses how the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) can help Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. It provides an overview of the GSTN structure and services, and analyzes the roles and challenges of GSTN for MSME taxpayers. The study found that GSTN has significantly impacted MSME performance by facilitating registration, returns filing and payments. While GSTN faces challenges like system response issues, it provides several services and initiatives that are beneficial for MSMEs in the long run. Overall, the GSTN is an important tool that MSMEs can utilize to improve their operations and growth.
The document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Constitutional Amendment Bill in India. It explains that GST will create a single, unified indirect tax replacing existing central and state taxes. It will function as a dual GST with both central and state components administered jointly through a GST Council. The bill faces opposition from the Congress party over demands like capping the GST rate and changing the Council's composition.
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, including how GST works, its history and implementation, types of GST, registration requirements, returns, rates, and advantages. It also provides profiles of two Indian companies, Jindal Steel and Power Ltd and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, including their business activities and histories. The document contains this information across multiple chapters in order to analyze these companies' tax rates before and after GST implementation in India.
This document provides information about two steel companies - Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and JSW Steel. SAIL is India's largest steel producer, operating multiple integrated steel plants. It produces a wide range of steel products. JSW Steel is also a major steel producer in India. The document discusses the companies' operations and history but does not provide details about JSW Steel's profile. It focuses primarily on providing background information on SAIL.
India plans to implement the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in October 2012 to create a unified indirect tax system. GST will combine multiple taxes into a single tax applied to the supply of goods and services. It will be administered as two separate taxes - Central GST and State GST. Inter-state transactions will be taxed under Integrated GST. While most taxes will be subsumed, some items like petroleum products, alcohol, and electricity may remain outside the GST regime. The government is considering a revenue neutral GST rate of 18-22% but rates for goods and services have not been finalized.
This document provides background information on two companies - Apollo Tyres and Berger Paints. It discusses the history, operations, and facilities of Apollo Tyres, which is a leading tire manufacturer in India. It also profiles Berger Paints, the second largest paint company in India, including details on its product offerings, manufacturing locations, and international presence. The document serves as an informational report on these two companies.
This document provides an overview of Hero MotoCorp and Royal Enfield motorcycle companies in India. It discusses the history and founders of each company, current models, manufacturing facilities, and financial information. The key points are that Hero MotoCorp is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, founded in 1984 in India, while Royal Enfield was originally founded in England in 1890 and established manufacturing in India in 1955, focusing on high-capacity bikes for the Indian government.
Here are the key tax rates for Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Ltd before GST:
- Corporate tax rate: 30%
- Dividend distribution tax: 15% on dividends paid to shareholders
- Service tax: 15% on services provided
- VAT rates varied between states (typically around 12-14%)
IIFL Securities Ltd
Prior to GST, IIFL Securities Ltd was subject to the following key taxes:
- Corporate tax rate: 30%
- Securities transaction tax (STT): Payable on taxable securities transactions. Rates ranged from 0.001-0.2% depending on the type of transaction.
- Service tax: 15%
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India through a report on two companies, Britannia Industries and Argo Tech Foods. It discusses what GST is and how it works, the history of GST in India, tax laws before GST, types of GST, registration and returns, calculation of GST, advantages of GST, and the GST Council and GSTN. The report appears to be analyzing the impact of GST implementation on the two food companies.
Goods and Services Tax: Benefits and its Impact on Indian EconomyDr. Amarjeet Singh
The Goods and Services Tax, or GST, took effect on July 1, 2017. The new tax system was designed to replace all current indirect taxes with a single, comprehensive tax. The Products and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax imposed on goods and services depending on their final destination (Bhushan Satya). Simply said, GST is a single tax that applies to the delivery of goods and services from the producer to the end user. In a nutshell, it's a tax imposed solely on value addition, with input tax credits transferred to successive stages of value addition, implying that the ultimate tax burden would fall on the end user of products or services.
The anticipated advantages of implementing the GST are that it would decrease the cascading impact of taxes, i.e. it will eliminate tax on tax. It was also anticipated to stimulate demand for products and the elimination of a number of indirect taxes such as VAT, CST, Service tax, CAD, SAD, and Excise, among others, which would help to improve the Indian economy in the long term.
This paper tries to highlight the cost and benefits bear by the economy due to implementation of the GST. The paper also tries to find out the expected rate of growth of economy after the GST. Finally, the study tries to conclude that how it would be disrupted and benefits the economy in the long run.
The passage discusses the history and implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It outlines the long journey towards introducing GST, beginning in 2000 when the Vajpayee government proposed it. Key milestones are mentioned, such as the formation of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers in 2003 and the introduction of the Constitution Amendment Bill in 2014. GST was finally launched on July 1, 2017 after years of debate and discussion between the central and state governments. The passage provides background on GST and explains some of its objectives like eliminating cascading taxes and increasing tax compliance.
This document is a study on the impact of value-added tax (VAT) on consumable goods, with a special focus on restaurants. It includes an introduction to India's tax system and history of VAT. Various states implemented VAT at different times between 2003-2008. The study aims to analyze how VAT affects consumer consumption patterns and whether it benefits or burdens the common person. It seeks to understand the factors influencing eating decisions and perceptions of VAT charges. The research methodology involves collecting primary data through questionnaires and analyzing it to provide suggestions.
The document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) that is proposed to be implemented in India. It discusses that GST aims to create a single, unified indirect tax by subsuming multiple taxes into one. It will be levied as Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST) on intra-state supplies, and as Integrated GST (IGST) on inter-state supplies. The document outlines the proposed GST rate structure and registration process, and explains how input tax credit will work under GST.
This document is a project report submitted by Pankaj Sharma to fulfill requirements for a Master of Business Administration degree. The report examines customers' perceptions of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implemented in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction on GST concepts and background in India. The report consists of chapters on literature review, research methodology used which involved surveys, data analysis and interpretation of results. It finds that GST is generally seen as beneficial in the long run but increased complexity and costs initially for businesses and customers. The report provides recommendations and conclusions on customers' views of GST in the region.
GST and Indian Manufacturing Sector
The document discusses the impact of GST on the Indian manufacturing sector. It provides background on the manufacturing sector and issues with the previous indirect taxation system, such as cascading taxes. It then describes the history of GST in India and implementation in 2017. Key impacts of GST on manufacturing include simplification, reduced costs through elimination of entry taxes, improved cash flows due to input tax credits, and restructuring of supply chains for efficiency. Overall, GST is expected to boost the manufacturing sector by lowering costs and prices through removal of cascading taxes.
Presentation on GST - Goods and Serices Tax
Appreciated by all the faculties during my VIVA so thought of recycling it by sharing it with you.
Hope you find it useful!
The document provides a historical background of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It details how GST was proposed in 2000 with a committee headed by Asim Dasgupta tasked to design a model for India. The government began implementing Value Added Tax (VAT) in the 2000s and the Kelkar task force in 2003 recommended a comprehensive GST based on VAT. After several discussions and drafts of the constitutional amendment bill, the bill was finally passed by the Rajya Sabha in August 2016 and ratified by the required number of states within 23 days, leading to the President signing it into law on September 8, 2016.
The GST Constitution Amendment Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha with some amendments, including removing the additional 1% tax on inter-state goods. It was unanimously approved by those present, though some parties abstained. Key parties discussed concerns around fiscal autonomy, appropriate tax rates and dispute resolution mechanisms. The Finance Minister responded that the bill balances state and central sovereignty, tax rates will be guided by experts but not specified, and dispute resolution will involve the GST Council. The bill now returns to the Lok Sabha for consideration of the amendments before being finalized.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India, including:
1) GST is an indirect tax reform that replaced existing indirect taxes and aims to create a single, unified Indian market. It is a dual GST model where tax is imposed concurrently by the Central and State governments.
2) The 101st Constitutional Amendment paved the way for GST by giving concurrent powers to Parliament and State Legislatures to make laws governing goods and services.
3) GST is composed of Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union Territory GST (UTGST), and Integrated GST (IGST) which is
GST is a comprehensive indirect tax regime introduced in India on July 1, 2017 that replaced multiple indirect taxes. It is levied as CGST, SGST, and IGST depending on whether a supply of goods or services is intra-state or inter-state. GST is a destination-based tax collected on value addition at every stage of supply. It aims to reduce the overall tax burden through input tax credit and eliminate cascading of taxes.
Indirect taxes are taxes collected by intermediaries in the supply chain but ultimately paid by consumers through higher prices. They contrast with direct taxes which are paid directly to the government by the person being taxed. Common indirect taxes include import duties, sales taxes, and carbon taxes. While they are a major source of government revenue, indirect taxes are often considered regressive since they place a higher relative burden on low-income individuals. They also lack transparency and can distort markets. However, they are generally convenient to administer and difficult to evade.
The headline for this month’s publication is the issuance of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang/Perppu) Number 1 Year 2017 on Financial Information Access for Tax Audit.
In reference to the issuance, this edition comes with complete explanation regarding the policy by Minister of Finance of Indonesia, Sri Mulyani Indrawati.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to direct taxes, specifically income tax, in India. It discusses the differences between direct and indirect taxes, the meaning of income tax, the evolution of income tax law in India, the key laws related to income tax, and defines important terms like assessee, deemed assessee, total income, and agricultural income. The document also outlines the tax rates for the assessment year 2012-2013 in India.
2013 suplement - tax laws and practice (1)Purnangshu Roy
Service tax is administered by the Central Board of Excise and Customs under the Ministry of Finance. Service tax is levied on services provided or agreed to be provided in India except those under the negative list. With effect from July 2012, a new charging section was inserted replacing the positive list approach with a negative list approach, meaning all services except those in the negative list are taxable. The key laws governing service tax include sections of the Finance Act 1994, Service Tax Rules 1994, CENVAT Credit Rules 2004, and Place of Provision of Services Rules 2012. Service is now defined as any activity carried out by one person for another for consideration.
The document discusses the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, which aims to create a single, unified indirect tax system to replace existing taxes levied on goods and services. It faces challenges in implementation due to lack of consensus between states and the central government on fiscal autonomy issues. A key objective is amending the constitution to clarify taxation powers of states and the center. The GST is expected to address issues like cascading taxes and fragmentation of markets, and could boost GDP growth by simplifying the tax system. However, full implementation remains difficult due to ongoing discussions around revenue loss, inclusion of state taxes, and taxation of certain sectors.
Embark on an insightful journey into the world of Goods and Services Tax (GST) with a special focus on the tech giant, Google. This presentation aims to demystify the complexities of GST, shedding light on its principles, implications, and the transformative impact it has on businesses worldwide.
The journey begins with an overview of GST, unraveling its fundamental concepts and its role in streamlining the taxation system. We explore how GST simplifies the tax structure, promotes transparency, and eliminates cascading effects, providing a comprehensive understanding of its benefits for businesses and consumers alike.
Zooming in on Google, we analyze how this global tech powerhouse navigates the intricacies of GST. From compliance to strategic financial planning, we delve into Google's approach to GST, offering real-world insights into how one of the most influential companies in the digital landscape manages its tax responsibilities.
Visual aids and infographics will illustrate the key components of GST, making the information accessible and engaging. Case studies and examples related to Google's experiences with GST will provide a practical dimension to the theoretical framework, offering a unique perspective on the challenges and opportunities presented by GST in the digital realm.
Traditionally India’s tax regime relied heavily on indirect taxes. Revenue from indirect taxes was the major source of tax revenue till tax reforms were undertaken during nineties. The major argument put forth for heavy reliance on indirect taxes was that the India’s majority of population was poor and thus widening base of direct taxes had inherent limitations. But the Indian system of indirect taxation is characterized by cascading, distorting tax on production of goods and services which leads to hampering productivity and slower economic growth. There are endless taxes in present system few levied by Centre and rest levied by state, to remove this multiplicity of taxes and reducing the burden of the tax payer a simple tax is required and that is Goods and Service Tax (GST). This paper throws an insight into the Goods and Service Tax concept, advantages, disadvantages and international scenario
This document provides background information on two companies - Apollo Tyres and Berger Paints. It discusses the history, operations, and facilities of Apollo Tyres, which is a leading tire manufacturer in India. It also profiles Berger Paints, the second largest paint company in India, including details on its product offerings, manufacturing locations, and international presence. The document serves as an informational report on these two companies.
This document provides an overview of Hero MotoCorp and Royal Enfield motorcycle companies in India. It discusses the history and founders of each company, current models, manufacturing facilities, and financial information. The key points are that Hero MotoCorp is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, founded in 1984 in India, while Royal Enfield was originally founded in England in 1890 and established manufacturing in India in 1955, focusing on high-capacity bikes for the Indian government.
Here are the key tax rates for Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Ltd before GST:
- Corporate tax rate: 30%
- Dividend distribution tax: 15% on dividends paid to shareholders
- Service tax: 15% on services provided
- VAT rates varied between states (typically around 12-14%)
IIFL Securities Ltd
Prior to GST, IIFL Securities Ltd was subject to the following key taxes:
- Corporate tax rate: 30%
- Securities transaction tax (STT): Payable on taxable securities transactions. Rates ranged from 0.001-0.2% depending on the type of transaction.
- Service tax: 15%
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India through a report on two companies, Britannia Industries and Argo Tech Foods. It discusses what GST is and how it works, the history of GST in India, tax laws before GST, types of GST, registration and returns, calculation of GST, advantages of GST, and the GST Council and GSTN. The report appears to be analyzing the impact of GST implementation on the two food companies.
Goods and Services Tax: Benefits and its Impact on Indian EconomyDr. Amarjeet Singh
The Goods and Services Tax, or GST, took effect on July 1, 2017. The new tax system was designed to replace all current indirect taxes with a single, comprehensive tax. The Products and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax imposed on goods and services depending on their final destination (Bhushan Satya). Simply said, GST is a single tax that applies to the delivery of goods and services from the producer to the end user. In a nutshell, it's a tax imposed solely on value addition, with input tax credits transferred to successive stages of value addition, implying that the ultimate tax burden would fall on the end user of products or services.
The anticipated advantages of implementing the GST are that it would decrease the cascading impact of taxes, i.e. it will eliminate tax on tax. It was also anticipated to stimulate demand for products and the elimination of a number of indirect taxes such as VAT, CST, Service tax, CAD, SAD, and Excise, among others, which would help to improve the Indian economy in the long term.
This paper tries to highlight the cost and benefits bear by the economy due to implementation of the GST. The paper also tries to find out the expected rate of growth of economy after the GST. Finally, the study tries to conclude that how it would be disrupted and benefits the economy in the long run.
The passage discusses the history and implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It outlines the long journey towards introducing GST, beginning in 2000 when the Vajpayee government proposed it. Key milestones are mentioned, such as the formation of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers in 2003 and the introduction of the Constitution Amendment Bill in 2014. GST was finally launched on July 1, 2017 after years of debate and discussion between the central and state governments. The passage provides background on GST and explains some of its objectives like eliminating cascading taxes and increasing tax compliance.
This document is a study on the impact of value-added tax (VAT) on consumable goods, with a special focus on restaurants. It includes an introduction to India's tax system and history of VAT. Various states implemented VAT at different times between 2003-2008. The study aims to analyze how VAT affects consumer consumption patterns and whether it benefits or burdens the common person. It seeks to understand the factors influencing eating decisions and perceptions of VAT charges. The research methodology involves collecting primary data through questionnaires and analyzing it to provide suggestions.
The document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) that is proposed to be implemented in India. It discusses that GST aims to create a single, unified indirect tax by subsuming multiple taxes into one. It will be levied as Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST) on intra-state supplies, and as Integrated GST (IGST) on inter-state supplies. The document outlines the proposed GST rate structure and registration process, and explains how input tax credit will work under GST.
This document is a project report submitted by Pankaj Sharma to fulfill requirements for a Master of Business Administration degree. The report examines customers' perceptions of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implemented in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction on GST concepts and background in India. The report consists of chapters on literature review, research methodology used which involved surveys, data analysis and interpretation of results. It finds that GST is generally seen as beneficial in the long run but increased complexity and costs initially for businesses and customers. The report provides recommendations and conclusions on customers' views of GST in the region.
GST and Indian Manufacturing Sector
The document discusses the impact of GST on the Indian manufacturing sector. It provides background on the manufacturing sector and issues with the previous indirect taxation system, such as cascading taxes. It then describes the history of GST in India and implementation in 2017. Key impacts of GST on manufacturing include simplification, reduced costs through elimination of entry taxes, improved cash flows due to input tax credits, and restructuring of supply chains for efficiency. Overall, GST is expected to boost the manufacturing sector by lowering costs and prices through removal of cascading taxes.
Presentation on GST - Goods and Serices Tax
Appreciated by all the faculties during my VIVA so thought of recycling it by sharing it with you.
Hope you find it useful!
The document provides a historical background of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It details how GST was proposed in 2000 with a committee headed by Asim Dasgupta tasked to design a model for India. The government began implementing Value Added Tax (VAT) in the 2000s and the Kelkar task force in 2003 recommended a comprehensive GST based on VAT. After several discussions and drafts of the constitutional amendment bill, the bill was finally passed by the Rajya Sabha in August 2016 and ratified by the required number of states within 23 days, leading to the President signing it into law on September 8, 2016.
The GST Constitution Amendment Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha with some amendments, including removing the additional 1% tax on inter-state goods. It was unanimously approved by those present, though some parties abstained. Key parties discussed concerns around fiscal autonomy, appropriate tax rates and dispute resolution mechanisms. The Finance Minister responded that the bill balances state and central sovereignty, tax rates will be guided by experts but not specified, and dispute resolution will involve the GST Council. The bill now returns to the Lok Sabha for consideration of the amendments before being finalized.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India, including:
1) GST is an indirect tax reform that replaced existing indirect taxes and aims to create a single, unified Indian market. It is a dual GST model where tax is imposed concurrently by the Central and State governments.
2) The 101st Constitutional Amendment paved the way for GST by giving concurrent powers to Parliament and State Legislatures to make laws governing goods and services.
3) GST is composed of Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union Territory GST (UTGST), and Integrated GST (IGST) which is
GST is a comprehensive indirect tax regime introduced in India on July 1, 2017 that replaced multiple indirect taxes. It is levied as CGST, SGST, and IGST depending on whether a supply of goods or services is intra-state or inter-state. GST is a destination-based tax collected on value addition at every stage of supply. It aims to reduce the overall tax burden through input tax credit and eliminate cascading of taxes.
Indirect taxes are taxes collected by intermediaries in the supply chain but ultimately paid by consumers through higher prices. They contrast with direct taxes which are paid directly to the government by the person being taxed. Common indirect taxes include import duties, sales taxes, and carbon taxes. While they are a major source of government revenue, indirect taxes are often considered regressive since they place a higher relative burden on low-income individuals. They also lack transparency and can distort markets. However, they are generally convenient to administer and difficult to evade.
The headline for this month’s publication is the issuance of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang/Perppu) Number 1 Year 2017 on Financial Information Access for Tax Audit.
In reference to the issuance, this edition comes with complete explanation regarding the policy by Minister of Finance of Indonesia, Sri Mulyani Indrawati.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to direct taxes, specifically income tax, in India. It discusses the differences between direct and indirect taxes, the meaning of income tax, the evolution of income tax law in India, the key laws related to income tax, and defines important terms like assessee, deemed assessee, total income, and agricultural income. The document also outlines the tax rates for the assessment year 2012-2013 in India.
2013 suplement - tax laws and practice (1)Purnangshu Roy
Service tax is administered by the Central Board of Excise and Customs under the Ministry of Finance. Service tax is levied on services provided or agreed to be provided in India except those under the negative list. With effect from July 2012, a new charging section was inserted replacing the positive list approach with a negative list approach, meaning all services except those in the negative list are taxable. The key laws governing service tax include sections of the Finance Act 1994, Service Tax Rules 1994, CENVAT Credit Rules 2004, and Place of Provision of Services Rules 2012. Service is now defined as any activity carried out by one person for another for consideration.
The document discusses the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, which aims to create a single, unified indirect tax system to replace existing taxes levied on goods and services. It faces challenges in implementation due to lack of consensus between states and the central government on fiscal autonomy issues. A key objective is amending the constitution to clarify taxation powers of states and the center. The GST is expected to address issues like cascading taxes and fragmentation of markets, and could boost GDP growth by simplifying the tax system. However, full implementation remains difficult due to ongoing discussions around revenue loss, inclusion of state taxes, and taxation of certain sectors.
Embark on an insightful journey into the world of Goods and Services Tax (GST) with a special focus on the tech giant, Google. This presentation aims to demystify the complexities of GST, shedding light on its principles, implications, and the transformative impact it has on businesses worldwide.
The journey begins with an overview of GST, unraveling its fundamental concepts and its role in streamlining the taxation system. We explore how GST simplifies the tax structure, promotes transparency, and eliminates cascading effects, providing a comprehensive understanding of its benefits for businesses and consumers alike.
Zooming in on Google, we analyze how this global tech powerhouse navigates the intricacies of GST. From compliance to strategic financial planning, we delve into Google's approach to GST, offering real-world insights into how one of the most influential companies in the digital landscape manages its tax responsibilities.
Visual aids and infographics will illustrate the key components of GST, making the information accessible and engaging. Case studies and examples related to Google's experiences with GST will provide a practical dimension to the theoretical framework, offering a unique perspective on the challenges and opportunities presented by GST in the digital realm.
Traditionally India’s tax regime relied heavily on indirect taxes. Revenue from indirect taxes was the major source of tax revenue till tax reforms were undertaken during nineties. The major argument put forth for heavy reliance on indirect taxes was that the India’s majority of population was poor and thus widening base of direct taxes had inherent limitations. But the Indian system of indirect taxation is characterized by cascading, distorting tax on production of goods and services which leads to hampering productivity and slower economic growth. There are endless taxes in present system few levied by Centre and rest levied by state, to remove this multiplicity of taxes and reducing the burden of the tax payer a simple tax is required and that is Goods and Service Tax (GST). This paper throws an insight into the Goods and Service Tax concept, advantages, disadvantages and international scenario
The Good and services tax (GST) is the biggest and substantial indirect tax reform since 1947. The main idea of GST is to replace existing taxes like value-added tax, excise duty, service tax and sales tax. GST as it is known is all set to be a game changer for the Indian economy. India as world’s one of the biggest democratic country follow the federal tax system for levy and collection of various taxes.GST tax system plays a vital role in growth of India.GST cover 12 taxes (Like Vat, Sale tax, CST, KKC etc). GST is one of the most crucial tax reforms in India which has been long pending. It will be levied on manufacture sale and consumption of goods and services. GST is expected to address the cascading effect of the existing tax structure and result in uniting the country economically.
This document provides an overview of Goods and Service Tax (GST) in India. It discusses the history of GST in India from 2000 to 2017 when it was implemented. It describes key features of GST such as applying a dual GST model concurrently by the central and state governments, categorizing goods and services into five tax slabs, and exempting certain items like petroleum from GST. The goals of GST are to replace existing indirect taxes and harmonize tax rates and structures across the country.
The document provides an analysis of the proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It discusses the current status of the GST bill, which has been passed by the Lok Sabha but is pending in the Rajya Sabha. There are some issues still being debated, such as the GST rate. The document also analyzes how GST will work in India as a dual GST model with both central and state governments levying tax. It outlines the scope of goods and services to be taxed under GST and how the levy will be implemented. Overall the analysis finds that GST could boost economic growth and make India's tax regime more efficient and transparent.
Impact of Goods and Services Tax on Indian Economyijtsrd
The Goods and Services Tax, also known as GST Goods and Service Tax , came into force in India on 01 July 2017. Now there is a free flow of goods in the country and the concern of tax rates of businessmen have ended. The Goods and Services Tax rate in India is the highest at 28 percent, which frustrates businessmen. GST replaced very complex and many indirect taxes such as production duty, sales tax, entry tax, VAT etc. The objective of the Government of India to implement this was to encourage development by adopting the system of “one nation, one tax, one market†by exempting the country from the different tax rates of different states. Goods and services have become expensive with GST. But it will have to wait for its positive and negative results, and see which side is to turn. Finally, how does the Goods and Services Tax affect consumers Dr. Sumit Trivedi "Impact of Goods and Services Tax on Indian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41316.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/accounting-and-finance/41316/impact-of-goods-and-services-tax-on-indian-economy/dr-sumit-trivedi
GST UNIT 1 learning and practice of goods and serviceshpotter46103
The document discusses Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It provides an overview of GST, including that it replaced multiple indirect taxes and brought uniformity to the tax structure across states. GST is a consumption-based tax that is levied as Central GST, State GST, and Integrated GST on inter-state supplies. The document outlines several key features of GST like the input tax credit mechanism, threshold exemptions for small businesses, and an online compliance system. It also discusses the benefits of GST for government, businesses, and consumers in India.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) proposed to be implemented in India. It discusses how GST aims to address the cascading effect of taxes under the current system by introducing a single indirect tax on the supply of goods and services. It highlights some benefits of GST like reducing economic distortions, boosting tax revenues, and making exports more competitive. However, it also notes challenges in GST implementation like the deferred application to some petroleum products potentially leading to continued tax cascading, and the need for cooperation between central and state governments.
GST came to India as a medicine that would treat taxable diseases at one go. It was described by economists as the biggest economic reform after independence. Till the year 2017 indirect tax structure in India was a complex mixture of central taxes and state taxes, here different types of taxes were levied at different stages, which made the tax structure difficult and most of the taxes were not adjusted for this system tax. Increases effect such as taxes on taxes that increase the value of products and services. This economic reform is extremely essential for an emerging economic power like India. Impact of The last deputy speaker from the government, the government and the economy will present its influence in both positive and negative forms. This research of mine will throw light on the study of these two sides. Dr. Sumit Trivedi "Impact of GST on Different Classes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42333.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/accounting-and-finance/42333/impact-of-gst-on-different-classes/dr-sumit-trivedi
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GST VAT IN THREE CONSECUTIVE TERMS WITH SPECIAL REF...Sheila Sinclair
The document provides a comparative study of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system and the previous Value Added Tax (VAT) system in India over three consecutive terms, with a focus on the pre- and post-implementation of GST. It analyzes the impact of GST on businesses and the economy through surveys of industries. Some key findings are that over half of respondents reported decreased revenue after GST adoption, and the system was seen as less transparent than the previous VAT system. The implementation of GST in 2017 aimed to simplify taxation and boost economic growth by widening the tax base.
This document discusses goods and services tax (GST) in India, outlining both its benefits and challenges. Some key points:
1. GST unified several indirect taxes and aimed to create a single, nationwide market. It launched on July 1, 2017.
2. Benefits include eliminating cascading taxes, increased tax revenues, and simplified tax structure. Challenges include tax cascading, complexity, and tax evasion opportunities.
3. Five years since implementation, GST revenues have grown steadily each month. While initial adoption challenges existed, compliance has increased over time as the system matures.
Goods and Services Tax(GST) vs Simple Tax SystemSachin Chauhan
This presentation provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It discusses the history of taxation in India, the current indirect tax system, and the key aspects of GST such as unified tax rate, subsuming of various indirect taxes, and dual GST model with CGST and SGST. It also compares GST with the current VAT and service tax system, and outlines some advantages like removing cascading effect of taxes as well as challenges of implementation like robust IT infrastructure and trained staff. Overall, GST is expected to boost India's GDP and have widespread economic impacts.
This document provides an overview of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India, including:
1) GST is a comprehensive indirect tax that will replace existing indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments. It is proposed to be implemented in India from April 2016.
2) GST is based on a value-added tax system and is levied on the supply of goods and services. It aims to create a unified national market by reducing the cascading effect of tax on the cost of goods and services.
3) The introduction of GST has been in discussion in India since 2000. A bill was introduced in parliament in 2014 and passed in 2016. GST will be implemented concurrently by
VARIOUS FORMS OF INCOME TAX ,BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF GST PPT WHICH REQUIRED FOR A STUDENT TO UNDERSTAND DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXATION. STUDENTS STUDYING B.COM AND M.COM WILL BE BENEFITED . FOR PRACTITIONERS ALSO WILL BENEFIT.
This document provides an overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. It discusses the genesis and need for GST, the key benefits, and the constitutional amendment process. It also covers the core concepts of GST including the dual GST model and relevant definitions such as goods, services, consideration, reverse charge, and taxable person. The overview contains several tables and charts to illustrate the topics in a clear and visual manner.
EXPLAINING ABT GST CLAUSE, RULES REGULATION
Executive Summary…………………………………………….1
i
Background of GST within and outside India
ii
Preparation for GST
iii
Need for GST
2
Objective of Study……………………………………………....9
i
Benefits and simplification of GST model in India
3
Scope of GST…………………………………………………...16
4
Literature Review……………………………………………...17
5
Research model………………………………………………...18
6
Data Collection………………………………………………...18
i
Dual GST model to be introduced in India
ii
GST Portal
iii
GST Registration, GSTIN
iv
Composition Dealer, Applicability
v
Migration to GST
vi
Penalties of not registering under GST
vii
Multiple Registration under GST
viii
Input tax credit
ix
x
GST software
GST rate comparison existing tax system v/s new tax system
7
xi
GST return procedure
Data Analysis…………………………………………..............37
i
GST calculation
ii
GST benefit to common man
iii
Impact of GST (Overall, On India, Indian Economy)
8
Negative List…………………………………………………...46
9
List of Tax not considered under GST……………………….48
10
Limitation (Why no to GST)………………………………….49
11
Conclusion……………………………………………………...51
12
Recommendation…………………………………………........53
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31326 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1001
S.
NO
Words Article Definition
1. Goods 366(12)4
Goods includes all
material, commodities
and articles
2 Service 366(26A)5
Anything other than
goods (introduced vide
101st constitutional
Amendment Act, 2016)
3. State 366(26B)6
With reference to article
246A, 268, 269, 269A
and Article 279A
includes a union
territory with
legislature. (introduced
vide 101st constitutional
Amendment Act, 2016)
4
GST
Council
279A7
It is a constitutional body
for making
recommendations to the
Union and State
Government on the
issues related to GST.
(Table 1)
2. The Need of Integrated indirect tax structure In
India:
Before the introduction of GST indirect tax subjects are
divided between State and the Centre. They levied and
collected taxes on the goods and services separately. The
collection and levy is guided by the Seventh Schedule of the
constitution of India. Centre had the power to levytaxonthe
manufacturing of the goods except alcohol for human
consumption and narcotics. At the same time the state has
the power to levy tax on the sale of the goods. As far as the
Services are concern only centre has the power to levy and
collect taxes.8
The main component of indirect taxes for Central
Government, before GST comprised of - Central excise,
custom and service tax. While the main sources of indirect
taxes for State Government are Value Added Tax (VAT),
Central Sales Tax (CST), Octroi (Entry Tax) etc.9
There was multiplicity of taxes before the introduction of
GST. Also these taxes are levied by different authorities on
the same subject, taxes paid on imports can not be set off
against the output tax payable on the services or vice versa.
All these has resulted in the cascading effect of taxes which
ultimately increase of the goods.10
a. Central Excise and GST : CentralExcisewas anIndirecttax
levied by Central. It was applicable on the manufacturing
state of the goods which means tax is levied at the origin
stage. Whereas GST is a consumptionbased taxandleviedon
4 ibid
5 ibid
6 ibid
7 ibid
8 Jaideep Mishra, Why we need GST, Economic Times, May1,
2015, last visited on 29th May 2020
9 Indirect tax Law and Practices, V.S Datte, Taxman, 2020
10 Tanu Kaushik, Goods and Service Tax: What is GST in
India?, Quick Book Resource Centre.
the sale of goods. Input tax credit is granted under GST
which ensures self regulation and less evasion of tax.
b. VAT and GST
VAT was introduced in almost all the state in 2006 and GST
is the logical extension of VAT. It is now converted into
“State Goods and Service Tax.
c. GST and Service Tax
Before introduction of GST, Servicesfallsunderthe exclusive
domain of Centre but after the 101st constitutional
amendment now under the GST regime taxes onservices are
also shared by Centre and State.
2.1. Why One integrated tax for the entire nation
Single tax regime for one entire Nation was needed because
the flaws in the earlier tax structure. The compliance has
become easy after GST. There are four GST slabs which has
been set at 5%, 12%, 18% and 28% for different goods and
services.11 The integration of tax laws inGSThas reducedthe
tax burden on tax payer compared to the earlier system.The
problems of the older tax regime are as follows:
a. Multiplicity and complexity Central and State indirect
taxes. Indirect taxes under the old regime was more than
seventeen. There were different authorities looking into all
these taxes. Different registration numbers were required
which makes the earlier tax regime very complex for a
normal tax payer.
b. There was no comprehensiveinputtaxsystem.It was very
difficult to claim input tax credit in the older regime.
c. Due to levy of multiple indirect taxes on one another like
levy of VAT on excise duty and Service tax there exist a
cascading effect of tax which will led totheincreaseofcostof
goods and services.
d. Before GST there was no integration between goods and
service tax.
e. The tax base in the earlier regime was very narrower as
compared to the GST regime.
f. Different points of Taxation - Central excise is levied on
manufacturing, Service tax was levied on the provision of
service, VAT is levied on sale of goods.
g. There was lack of uniformity of taxes between the States
for example VAT on sugar in Gujarat is 4% whereas VAT on
sugar in Maharashta is nil.12
3. Journey to make India an Single tax Economy
In the year 2000, the concept of Comprehensive Goods and
Service Tax was introduced by our then Prime Minister Mr.
Atal Bihari Bajpayee. He also set up a committee to design a
GST model for the country. In 2003, the Central Government
formed a task-force on Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
11 "All your queries on GST answered", The Hindu, 30
June 2017.
12 Trends and Issues in Tax Policy and Reform in India, M.
Govinda Rao and R. Kavita Rao,
(https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6366286.pdf) last
visisted on 29th May, 2020.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31326 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1002
Management. This special committee has recommended a
new tax regime “GST” to replace the existing tax regime.
The movement towards GST was articulated by the Mr. P
Chidambaram in his Budget speech for 2006-07. Initially, it
was proposed to introduced the new regime from 1st April
2010.
But the biggest dream of the decade was materialized when
Mr. Arun Jaitley then FM, introduced the GST Bill in the
Parliament which was passed by both the house. In August
2016, the Amendment Bill was passed and the
President Pranab Mukherjee gave his assent to it.
3.1. Journey Of GST in India:
1974 Report of LK Jha committee which suggested introduction of VAT system.
1986 Introduction of restricted VAT - “MODVAT”
1991 Chelliah committee report recommended: VAT /GST implementation
1994 Introduction of service tax
1999 Empowered Committee formation on State VAT
2000 Introduction of Uniform floor state tax rates and abolition tax related incentive granted by state government
2003 Haryana to become first state yo implement VAT
2005-06 Implementation of VAT by most of State of India
2007 Finance Minister talked about GST for the first time in his Budget speech
2008 Empowered Committee rolls out GST structure of taxation system
2009 April 2010 has been proposed as the date of implementation of GST
2010 Probable GST rates were discussed by the Finance Minister and Department of Revenue Committee
2011
Kelkar committee was created to lay down a Road Map for GST and 115th Constitutional Amendment Bill was
introduced in the Parliament
2012 Negative list regime for service tax was implemented
2013 Parliamentary standing committee submitted its report om the bill
2014 115th Constitutional Amendment Bill Lapsed and reintroduced as 122nd Constitutional Amendment Bill
2016
122nd constitutional amendment bill was passed by the Parliament and got the assent of president to become
101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016
2017 1st July 2017 GST was introduced in India and old regime was scrapped.
(Table. 2)
3.2. Advent of GST in India
Goods and Service tax was first time adopted by France in
1954. At present morethan150 countries haveimplemented
GST as a value added tax in the ways that best suits their
country. Like Brazil and Canada have dual GST one by State
and another by the Centre, Sweden, Norway and Finland has
GST as high as 25%, we have countries like Singapore which
has single GST rate and then we have India which has
implemented GST at four different rates according to the
uses of the goods by the society. Most of the luxury goods
have been kept at the highest slab of 28%, daily unbranded
food items are exempted from GST, brand food products are
charged at 5%. Similarly clothes ranging below Rs.1000 are
taxed at 5% where as Clothes costing Rs. 1000 or more are
Charged @ of 12%. this implies that GST Council while
introducing tax slabs has kept in mind the tax structure that
existed before and the low and middle income group.
Exports will be zero-rated and imports will be levied the
same taxes as domestic goods and services adhering to the
destination principle.
115th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2011 (“Bill”) was put
before the Parliament by the Finance Minister on 22 March
2011 as the Constitution of India does not provide
concurrent powers of taxation to the Union and the States.
The Bill proposes to amend the Constitution toempowerthe
Union and States to frame laws for levying goods and service
tax (“GST”) the supply of goods and services. The Bill is one
of the very crucial step to ensure introduction of the GST
regime by 2012 in India. This was considered to be a major
improvement over the pre-existing tax system and the new
tax would be a significant breakthrough and the next logical
step towards a comprehensive indirect tax reform in the
country. But the bill lapsed and could not get passed in the
Parliament.
3.3. Objectives Of GST System:
GST is a ambitious dream that that took almost two decade
to become reality. After Independence India’s tax structure
has went through various reforms.Lastwas theintroduction
of VAT. In 21st century maximum revenue generation of
India comes from service sector so in 1994 government has
come up with the idea of taxing services as well.Andthe next
big step was to integrate all the indirect tax law to bring the
whole nation under one roof by introducing GST.
Following are the objective of implementing GST:
a. Reduce the cascading effect of taxes: The old tax
structure suffers from the cascading effect. GST helped in
removing that effect by making indirect tax simple and
convenient as there only one tax that is applicable. Whereas
in the old regime there were excise duty on manufacturing,
sales tax on inter state sale, VAT on intrastate sale and no
input tax credit was available which led totheincreasein the
price of the goods. As far as services are concern the
component of taxes were veryhighinearlierregimeandalso
where service and goods are serves together VAT was
charged over and above service tax.
b. Ensuring simplicity and removing the multiple
registration by single registration:GST’s majorobjective was
to remove the complexities in the administration of taxes. A
dealer has to do a lot of different registration to comply with
different taxes which make the whole process very tying and
cumbersome. Because of whichmanypeopledon’tpay taxes.
GST aim at removing all the registration with single GST
registration. GSTIN is connected with PAN.
c. Ensuring input tax credit: GSTensurestheflowinputtax
credit. If any chain is broken the ITC cannot be claimed so it
ensure self checking and thus ensuring that tax is paid at
each stage.(from acquiring raw material to selling finished
goods to final consumer)
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d. Reduce compliance cost: GST has reduced the
compliance cost by merging all the taxes. There were
different point of taxation, period of filing return etc which
has created at lot of compliance cost. So GST takes care of
these and reduces the compliance to one tax.
e. Transparent and corruption free infrastructure: GST
aims at making a transparent and corruption free
infrastructure by making return filing online and less
physical interaction of taxpayer and departmentofficerthus
making it corruption free and transparent.
f. Uniformity in the tax regime: GST has made the tax
structure uniform throughout India. Earlier the VAT rates
differ from sate to state and making some thing cheaper in
one state and costlier in another. For example VAT on
apparels in UP is 3% and in Delhi is 5% then same apparel is
cheaper in Noida and costlier in Delhi thus one would prefer
to travel and buy the cloth rather than paying extra in Delhi.
g. Bring down inflation: GST has reduced the cascading
effect which will have an impact on the price of the goods.
The price of the goods reduces due to reduction in taxes and
Anti Profiteering measure under the GST act made it
compulsory for the manufacturer to transfer the benefits of
reduced taxes to final consumers.
h. Broaden the tax base: Due to the introductionofGSTthe
tax horizon has increased. GST ensure ITC which has led
more number of people registering under the Act. The
provision of registration and composite scheme have been
discussed in upcoming part of this chapter.
i. Reduces the over all burden in long term.13
3.4. GST Law in India:
GST Law is divided into three Act according to which the
procedure and taxes under the new regime are guided.
Other important enactment that guides the implementation
of GST in India is the Goods and Services Tax
(COMPENSATION TO STATES) ACT, 2017.
3.5. Structure and type of taxes:
India has implemented dual GST. In this regime, all the
transactions of goods and services made for a consideration
attracts two levies i.e. CGST (Central GST) and SGST (State
GST).
13 GST – Objectives, Advantages, Benefits,
(http://taxveda.com/simplified/T1RVeFFERXlNM1lo/GST--
Objectives-Advantages-Benefits), last visited on 30th May
2020
A. Central Goods and Service Tax (CGST) :
The Central GST (CGST) has replaced the central excise duty
and service tax. CGST also cover sale transactions. The 101st
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 inserted provisions to
enable Centre to tax sales. The Central Government
administered CGST. The CENVAT credit balance available
under CENVAT Credit Rules with the manufactureorservice
provider, as on the date of transition into GST, could be
carried forward. In respect of tax paid goods in stock as on
the date of transition credit not availed in the past or not
eligible at that point of time, available under GST could also
be availed and used towards disbursing CGST (Central GST)
liability.
Under new tax Law, there are time bound transition
provisions for carry forward of credit availed prior to
introduction of GST. The declaration of closing stock as on
the date of transition to claim credits, whichwerenot earlier
captured, was also time bound.
B. State Goods and Service Tax (SGST):
State GST has subsume State VAT, Entry tax, Octroi, Luxury
tax, etc. Now SGST is levied on services as well, the
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 contains suitable
provisions for that. State Governments administered SGST.
The SGST payable could be set off from the SGST credit or
the IGST credit. Subject to certain conditions, the closing
input VAT balance available under VATActis availableto the
dealer, as on the date of transition into GST, and could be set
off towards SGST liability. Further, it is expected that the
duty and tax paid on closing stock is available as credit,
which might not have been claimed as set off in the old VAT
regime.
C. Inter-State Goods and Service Tax (IGST)
IGST is levied on supplies of goods and services inthecourse
of inter-state transaction. IGST would be applicable to
import of goods or services also. It is collected by centre and
appropriated between bothcentreand stateofdestination.14
Goods that remain out of the ambit of GST
Fig. 1
Concepts under GST Law:
1. If Supplier is not registered under GST: If the supplier is
not registered under GST and is supplyingtaxablegoods
or services to a recipient who is registered, the GST on
the such taxable supplies shall be borne by the recipient
on reverse charge basis.
14 Bare Law on GST Act(s) And Rule(s), ICAI, The Publication
Department on behalf of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India 2018
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2. Gifts by Employer to Employee: Supply of goods or
services or both between related persons whenmadein
the course of business, provided that gifts notexceeding
Rs 50,000 in value in a financial year by an employer to
an employee shall not be treated as supply of goods or
services or both.
3. Compliance Rating Score: New provision in the law has
been inserted which suggests that if there is non
compliance it will not just lead to penalties but may also
lead to black listing, which may effect the future
credibility and reputation of the person whichcanharm
the business growth. The government is supposetogive
an online rating on timeliness and efficiency of
compliance in terms of stars (5 star rating). . This Online
rating will be available on the web portal. One cancheck
and decide business associations on the basis of these
rating/report card of one’s Business. ( this concept has
not been implemented so far.)
4. Anti-ProfiteeringMeasureundernewlaw:Pricecharged
to the consumer shall need to be reduced to an extent of
benefit accruing due to (i) admissibility of Input Tax
Credit in the hands of supplier and (ii) price reduction
on account of reduction in tax rates on procurement.
5. Composite levy : Statutory threshold of turnover for a
taxpayer to be eligible for composite scheme has been
increased from 1 crore to 1.5 crore. This allows the
composition tax payer to supply services(other than
restaurant services), for upto the value not exceeding
10% of the turnover in the preceding financial year or 5
lakh rupees which ever is higher.
6. Time of supply of goods : The date of issue of invoice by
the supplier or the last date on which he is required to
issue the invoice with respect to the supply(under sec
31).
7. Eligibility and condition for taking input taxcredit:Only
a person registered under GST will be eligible to claim
Input Tax Credit(ITC) on the fulfillment of following
conditions -
A. If he is in possession of a tax invoice or debit note or
document in evidencing payment.
B. If he has receipt of goods and/or services.
C. When goods are delivered by the supplier to other
person on the direction of a registered person against a
document of transfer of title goods.
D. By furnishing a return.
E. When goods are received inlots orinstallmentInputTax
Credit(ITC) is allowed to be availed when the last lot or
installment is received.
F. If the supplier fails to supply goods and/or services
within 180 days from the date of invoice then Input Tax
Credit(ITC) already claim by the recipient will be added
to output tax liability and interest should be paid on
such tax involved.
G. Input Tax Credit(ITC)willnotbeallowedifdepreciation
has been claimed on tax component of the capital
goods15.
8. Personal Liable For Registration under the Act :
Supplier of goods or services or both are liable to be
registered under this act in the State or The Union
15 Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017, s16
Territory, other than special category State, if his
aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds Rs 20
Lakh. The threshold turnover for the registrationinthe
special category state are 10 Lakh.16
(These turnovers has been increased to Rs 40 Lakh for
State other special category State and 20 Lakh for
special category state in 35th GST council meeting held
on June 2019).
9. Compulsory registration in certain cases : following
category of persons are required to be compulsorily
registered under GST –
Person making any inter state taxable supply, casual
taxable persons making taxable supply, persons who
are required to pay on reverse charges, persons who
are required to pay under sec 9(5),nonresidenttaxable
person making taxable supply. persons who are
required to deduct tax under section51, whetherornot
separately registered underthis Act;persons whomake
taxable supply of goods or services or both on behalf of
other taxable persons whether as an agent or
otherwise; Input Service Distributor, whether or not
separately registered under this Act, (ix) persons who
supply goods or services or both, other than supplies
specified under sub-section (5) of section 9, through
such electronic commerce operator who is required to
collect tax at source under section 52; every electronic
commerce operator who is required to collect tax at
source under section 52; every personsupplyingonline
information and database access or retrieval services
from a place outside India to a person in India, other
than a registered person; and such other person or
class of persons as may be notified by the Government
on the recommendations of the Council.17
Other important law that forms the part of GST law is
Integrated GST Act, 2017. Let’s have some quick glance on
the law:
Integrated Good and Services Tax(IGST) means tax levied
under the IGST Act on the supply of goods andservices inthe
course of inter state transaction. A supply of goods and/or
services in course of inter state transaction means any
supply where the location of supplier andtheplaceofsupply
falls under different state jurisdiction.18
Levy and Collection of IGST: IGST shall be levied and
collected by centre on inter state supplies. The inter-state
seller will pay IGST on value addition after adjusting
available credit of IGST, CGST, andSGSTonhis purchase. The
exporting state will transfer to the centre the credit of SGST
used in payment of IGST. The importing dealer will claim
IGST credit while paying his output tax liability. The centre
will then transfer to the importing state the credit of IGST
used in payment of SGST.
Imports and Export under IGST:
For the purpose levy of GST all imports/exports shall be
deemed as inter state supplies. The incidence of tax will
follow the destination principle and the tax revenue in case
16 Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017, s22
17 Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017, s24
18 Integrated Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017, s 3(1) and s
3(2)
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of SGST will accrue to the state where the imported goods
and services are consumed. Full and complete set of will be
available as ITC of the IGST paid on Import of goods and
service.19
Rate of tax under GST:
Rate of GST The rates could be as under:
A. Revenue Neutral Rate (RNR) – 18%
B. Products/ service which are basic necessities – 12%
C. Essential Goods - 5%
D. Demerit/ luxury goods - 28% + some Cesses (Upto 160
%)
Kelkar Committee recommendation on Indirect Taxes
1. The Union Excise Duties (UED) and Service Tax (ST) to
be reformed for the smooth integration of these levies
into the Goods and Services Tax. The present standard
rate of 12 percent shall be progressively reduced to
align with the GST rate of 8 percent proposed for the
Central GST. This will give a positive signals regarding
Government’s commitment to introduce GST.
2. The commodities subject to excise duty at a lower rate
of 6 percent shall be comprehensively reviewed to
restrict it to merit goods. The rate of tax in the case of all
other goods should be increased to the standard rate.
Also commodities liable to tax at rates lower than 6
percent shall also be reviewed to restrict it to merit
goods.
3. The negative list of services should be reviewed for
further pruning. For example, there is no case for
exempting non profit organizationsfromtheServiceTax
levy. Similarly, exempting infrastructure projects from
the levy implies that the tax on inputs is embedded into
the cost of the infrastructure resulting in higher project
cost. Further, even where exemptionfromUEDandSTis
justified, as a general rule, the supplier of goods and
services should have the option to opt into the system.
4. The railways for transportationofgoods andpassengers
(of higher class) has been granted exemption which is
valid upto 30.09.2012. According to the
recommendationthis exemptionshouldnot beextended
beyond this date.
5. The committee has suggested CBEC to put in place a
robust information system to increase the deterrence
level and the cost of evasion. The information system
shall provide for a mechanism for cross- verification of
all claims for input-tax credit. No such a mechanism
exist as of now. Because of which theability oftheExcise
Department to detect fraudulent claims is severely
undermined. In Kerala the dealer must electronically
provide invoice-wise details of all sales to, and
purchases from, registered dealers under VAT system,
which enables the Department to cross-verify claim for
input tax credit and determine mismatches for further
investigation. Therefore, CBEC shall develop a similar
model for comprehensive cross- verification of claims
for input tax credit. This will help the tax administration
to significantly improve the economics of non-
compliance in their favour.
6. Effort should be made in the right direction to expedite
the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax as
suggested by the Thirteenth FinanceCommission(TFC).
GST will enhance the output, exports and tax revenues.
19 Integrated Goods and Service Tax Act, 2017, s 2(c)
Even though the roll-out of GST from 1st April, 2013
does not seems feasible, the passage of the pending
Constitutional Amendment relating to introduction of
GST in the Winter Session of the Parliament would give
very strong signal to trade and industry about
Government’s will power to move forward on this
issue.20
4. Implementation Of The Goods and Service Tax
After so much of discussion and deliberation finally the
Government of India President of India put forward GST at
midnight on 1 July 2017 The launch was preceded by a
historic midnight (30 June – 1 July) session of both the
Houses of Parliament at the centre Hall of Parliament. The
session was attended by guests from the business and the
entertainment industry like Ratan Tata.
After its introduction, the GST rates have been changed
multiple times, the latest revision been done on the 35th
meeting of the GST council on June, 2019.
Members of the Congress, members of the Trinamool
Congress, Communist Parties of India and
the DMK boycotted launch of the GST altogether. They
argued that the GST would led to increase in the existing
rates on common daily goods while reducing rates onluxury
items, and affect many Indians adversely, especially the
middle, lower middle and poorer income groups.21
4.1. GST Model Implemented in India:
India has adopted dual GST model, meaningtherebythe new
taxation is administered by both the Union and State
Governments. Transactions made within a state are now
levied with Central GST (CGST) by the Central Government
and State GST (SGST) by the State governments.
20 Report of the committee on Road map for fiscal
consolidation, September 2012
21 "Congress To Boycott GST Launch, Arun Jaitley Suggests
Broader Shoulders", NDTV, 29 June 2017
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Inter-state transactions and imported goods orservicesfalls
under an Integrated GST (IGST) regime which is levied by
the Central Government. GST is a consumption-based
tax/destination-based tax, which means taxes are
appropriated with the state where the goods or services are
consumed not the state in which they were manufactured or
produce. IGST complicates tax collection a little for
Provincial Governments as they are disabled fromcollecting
the tax owed to them directly from the Union Government.
As far as the old system is concerned, a state would only
have to deal with a one government in order to collect tax
revenue.22
HSN code and SAC code
There is a 8-digit code know as HSN code for finding the
applicable rate of GST on various products as perCGSTrules.
Where a company has turnover of 1.5 Crore in the
preceding financial year then they need notmentiontheHSN
code while supplying goods on invoices but if turnover
exceeds 1.5 Crore but up to 5 Cr then they have to display
the first two digits of HSN code at the time of supplying
goods on invoices and if the turnover in a financial year
exceeds 5 Cr then one has to mention the first 4 digits of
HSN code on invoices.23
Rates
The GST is imposed at different rates on different items. The
rates are decided by the GST council depending on theusage
of goods by different strata of society. This is done so that
burden of tax from middle class and lower class population
can be reduced. For example rate of GST is 18% for soaps
and 28% on washing detergents. GST on movie tickets is
based on slabs, with 18% GST for tickets that cost less than
Rs. 100 and 28% GST on tickets costing more than Rs.100
and 5% on ready-made clothes which is less than Rs. 1000
and 12% for the one which is more than Rs. 1000. The rate
on under-construction property booking is 12%.24 The
government has exempted some industries and products
were these industries or sector remained un-taxed under
GST regime, these sector/industries includes dairyproducts,
products of milling industries,freshvegetables &fruits,meat
products, and other groceries and necessities.25
For ensuring free and fast movement of goods check-posts
across the country were abolished . TheCentral Government
had proposed to alter the revenues of the States from the
impact of GST, with the expectation that in due course, GST
can be imposed on petroleum and petroleum products. The
Central Government has also assured states that it will pay
compensation for the revenue loss that has beenincurred by
them from the date of GST for a period of five years26.
GST council adopted concept paper discouraging tinkering
with rates.
22 "GST: The illustrative guide to how transactions will take
place after tax reform". Money Control.
23 "Understanding HSN Codes Under GST". Masters India
24 "What is the GST impact on real estate?", The Indian
Express, 5 July 2017
25 "GST rollout: List of items exempted from taxation". The
Indian Express. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017
26 Compensation to State Act, 2017
Reverse Charge Mechanism
Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) is a system in GST where
the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered, smaller
material and service suppliers. The receiver of the goods is
eligible for Input Tax Credit, while the unregistereddealeris
not.
In the notification dated on 29 January 2019, the Indian
government has finally implemented the RCM (reverse
charge mechanism) which started from 1 February 2019 as
per the GST acts and amendments. Also to notethattheupto
INR 5000 exemptions will be removed effectively.27
GST Council
GST Council is the governing body of GST having 33
members.28 It is the Union Finance Minister as its chairman.
GST Council is an apex member committee toalter,reconcile
or to procure any law or regulation based on the context of
goods and services tax in India. The council at present is
headed by the Nirmala Sitharaman, the union finance
minister assisted with the financeminister ofall thestates of
India. The GST council is responsible for any revision or
enactment of rule or any rate changes of the goods and
services in India.
Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)
Infosys Technologies and the Information Technology
network develops the GSTN software that provides the
computing resources whichismaintainedbythe NIC."Goods
and Services Tax" Network (GSTN) is a non profit
organization formed for creating a sophisticated network,
accessible to stakeholders, government and taxpayers to
access information from a single source (portal). The portal
make it accessible to the Tax authorities for tracking down
every transaction, while taxpayers can connect to the portal
for their tax returns.
The GSTN's authorised capital is 10 crore in which initially
the Central Government held 24.5 percent of shares while
the state government held 24.5 percent. The remaining 51
percent were held by non-Government financial
institutions, HDFC and HDFC Bank hold 20%, ICICI
Bank holds 10%, NSE Strategic Investment holds 10% and
LIC Housing Finance holds 11% .29 But later it was made a
wholly owned government company where both the state
and central government has equal shares.
GST has helped in widening the tax horizon as around 38
lakh new taxpayers have registered under GST and the total
count has already crossed one crore as we have 64 lakh in
the earlier ones. Total number of taxpayers were above1.14
crore in October 2018.
5. GST Council and changes in the law
GST Council- GSTCouncil isconstitutional body30 constituted
by the President on 16th September, 2016. The GST Council
Secretariat was located at at New Delhi. It is comprised of -
Union Finance Minister - Chairperson
MoS (Revenue)- Member
The State Finance/Taxation Ministers - Members
27 "Easy Guide to RCM Under GST".
28 Constitution Of India, s. 279A(1)
29 About Us – GSTN". gstn.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
30 Constitution of India, P.M.Bakshi, 2017, art.279A
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At present it has 33 members. Members of GST Council may
choose one of the Members as theVice-Chairperson.Thehalf
of total members constitutes quorum. Decisions in the
council is taken by majority of 75% of weighted votes of
members present & voting.
Weightage of votes: 1. Centre – One-third 2. States – Two-
third GST Council.
The GST Council shall establish a mechanism to adjudicate
any dispute arising out of its recommendations or
implementation thereof — between the Government of
India and one or more States; or between the Government
of India and any State or States on one side and one or more
other States on the other side; or between two or more
States31.
The Council make recommendations to the Union and the
States on important issues related to GST, like the goodsand
services which may be subjected or exempted from GST,
model GST Laws, principles that govern Place of Supply,
threshold limits, GST rates including the floor rates with
bands, special rates for raising additional resources during
natural calamities/disasters, special provisions for certain
States, etc32.
The Goods and Services Tax Council shall make
recommendations to the Union and the States on—
1. the taxes, cesses and surcharges levied bytheUnion,the
States and the local bodies which may be subsumed in
the goods and services tax;
2. the goods and services that may be subjected to, or
exempted from the goods and services tax;
3. model Goods and Services Tax Laws, principles of levy,
apportionment of Goods and Services Tax levied on
supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce
under article 269A and the principles that govern the
place of supply;
4. the threshold limit of turnover below which goods and
services may be exempted from goods and services tax;
5. the rates including floor rates with bands of goods and
services tax;
6. any special rate or rates for a specified period, to raise
additional resources during any natural calamity or
disaster;
7. special provision with respect to the States ofArunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura,
Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand; and
8. any other matter relating to the goods and services tax,
as the Council may decide.
The Goods and Services Tax Council shall recommend the
date on which the goods and services tax be levied on
petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit(commonly
known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel.
While discharging the functions conferred bythis article, the
Goods and Services Tax Council shall be guided by the need
for a harmonized structure of goods and services tax and for
the development of a harmonized national market forgoods
and services.
31 Constitution of India, P.M.Bakshi, 2017,art.279A (11)
32 Constitution of India, P.M.Bakshi, 2017 art. 279A (4),
The Goods and Services Tax Council shall establish a
mechanism to adjudicate any dispute —
A. between the Government of India and one or more
States; or
B. between the Government of India and any State or
States on one side and one or more other States
on the other side; or
C. between two or more States, arising out of the
recommendations of the Councilorimplementation
thereof.
GST Council, as of June 2019 has conducted 35 meetings.
6. Conclusion:
The GST has been a long awaited dream of our society. This
law not only simplify the tax structure but also a step
forward towards cooperative federalism. Introduction of
GST also marked the growth of our federal system.
Independence had unified India politically butafter70years
of Independence GST has unified India economically. The
three decade long journey of GST was though tiresome but
the fruits of GST in last two years justifies all the debate and
deliberation towards the new tax regime. Advent of GST not
only change the tax laws but also has great impact of centre
state relations and the seventh schedule. Though the
implementation of GST was a chaotic and confusing at the
beginning but now after completing the journey of almost 3
years GST is able to achieve its objective.
Reference:
Books:
[1] Dattey V.S., Indirect Taxes Law and Practice, 44TH
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