Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of midface /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mandible growth / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early gestation through adulthood. It begins with the formation of pharyngeal arches in the embryo and the development of Meckel's cartilage as the primary cartilage. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification then form the mandibular bone, guided by secondary cartilages like the condylar and coronoid cartilages. Postnatally, the mandible grows through remodeling and positional changes driven by functional needs. Several theories of mandibular growth are also summarized.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
This document provides an overview of maxilla anatomy and development. It discusses:
- The development of the maxilla from the first branchial arch during weeks 4-8 of gestation, including how the maxillary process, palatal shelves, and tongue form.
- Features of the adult maxilla, including its four surfaces and processes. It houses the maxillary sinus and articulates with several cranial bones.
- Age-related changes like a more vertical diameter in adults and absorption in older individuals.
- Considerations for periodontal and implant procedures related to anatomical structures like nerves, vessels and muscle attachments in the maxilla.
Growth and development of the mandibleswathi hegde
The document provides information on the growth and development of the mandible. It discusses:
- The prenatal development of the mandible, including how Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular ossification.
- The postnatal development, with endochondral ossification occurring in the condylar process, coronoid process, and mental region between 10-14 weeks in utero.
- Theories of mandibular growth including genetic, sutural, cartilaginous, functional matrix, and servo system theories.
- The timing of growth, with width growing first and being complete by age 12, length continuing through puberty, and height growing throughout.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of midface /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mandible growth / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early gestation through adulthood. It begins with the formation of pharyngeal arches in the embryo and the development of Meckel's cartilage as the primary cartilage. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification then form the mandibular bone, guided by secondary cartilages like the condylar and coronoid cartilages. Postnatally, the mandible grows through remodeling and positional changes driven by functional needs. Several theories of mandibular growth are also summarized.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
This document provides an overview of maxilla anatomy and development. It discusses:
- The development of the maxilla from the first branchial arch during weeks 4-8 of gestation, including how the maxillary process, palatal shelves, and tongue form.
- Features of the adult maxilla, including its four surfaces and processes. It houses the maxillary sinus and articulates with several cranial bones.
- Age-related changes like a more vertical diameter in adults and absorption in older individuals.
- Considerations for periodontal and implant procedures related to anatomical structures like nerves, vessels and muscle attachments in the maxilla.
Growth and development of the mandibleswathi hegde
The document provides information on the growth and development of the mandible. It discusses:
- The prenatal development of the mandible, including how Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular ossification.
- The postnatal development, with endochondral ossification occurring in the condylar process, coronoid process, and mental region between 10-14 weeks in utero.
- Theories of mandibular growth including genetic, sutural, cartilaginous, functional matrix, and servo system theories.
- The timing of growth, with width growing first and being complete by age 12, length continuing through puberty, and height growing throughout.
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early embryonic stages through adulthood. It begins with the formation of Meckel's cartilage from the first pharyngeal arch during the 4th week of development. Intramembranous ossification begins around the 7th week to form the body of the mandible. Secondary cartilages, including the condylar, coronoid, and symphyseal cartilages, contribute to further growth and shaping of the mandible. The alveolar process develops in response to erupting teeth. Throughout life, the mandible undergoes changes in shape due to growth and remodeling. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from the prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the mandible forms through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Problems in mandibular growth like hypognathism, prognathism, and condylar hypertrophies are discussed along with their orthodontic significance. Understanding mandibular growth is important for timely diagnosis and treatment of developing malocclusions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal stages. Prenatally, the maxilla develops through intramembranous ossification beginning around the 8th week. The palate forms from the fusion of two palatal shelves. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through translation (displacement) and transposition (remodeling of surfaces), with various theories proposed to explain its downward and forward growth. The midpalatal suture mediates widening of the palate between 1-2 years of age through growth.
The document discusses the functional anatomy of the mandible. It covers the embryology and development of the mandible from Meckel's cartilage, including ossification centers and growth of the condylar and ramus regions. The anatomical structures of the mandible are described, including the body, ramus, condylar and coronoid processes. The related muscles, trajectories of force, biomechanics of movement, and applied anatomy are summarized. Abnormalities including fractures, infections, tumors and developmental variations are also covered.
The maxilla grows in two ways: 1) growth at sutures which shifts the maxilla forward and downward until age 10, and 2) bone remodeling including downward displacement of the palate, expansion of the maxillary sinus, and alveolar process development which adds to the height and length of the maxilla. The maxilla is attached to other cranial bones at four main sutures that allow adjustments through apposition and modeling as the sutures turn into fibrous unions in the skull.
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. During prenatal development, the first pharyngeal arch forms the precursor of the mandible. Meckel's cartilage appears around week 5 and later ossifies to form parts of the mandible. Secondary cartilages form the condylar process and coronoid process between weeks 10-14. Postnatally, the condyle and rami continue growing vertically and posteriorly, increasing the length and width of the mandible. The alveolar process also grows to accommodate tooth eruption. Anomalies can occur if development is disrupted, resulting in conditions like micrognathia.
The document provides information on the growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the maxilla, including formation from the first pharyngeal arch and development of related structures like the palate. The document outlines the anatomy of the maxilla including its surfaces, processes, sinuses and articulations. It notes age-related changes and clinical and prosthodontic considerations for treating developmental anomalies and edentulous patients.
The mandible develops through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Ossification begins around the 6th week in utero near Meckel's cartilage. The body and ramus form through intramembranous ossification spreading from centers of ossification. Secondary cartilages form the condylar process, coronoid process, and mental region which undergo endochondral ossification. Postnatally, the condyle and ramus undergo significant growth through apposition on the lingual surface and resorption on the buccal surface. This drives the mandible downward and forward through childhood and adolescence.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PRENATAL GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
Occurs between the 4th and 7th week of intrauterine life.
4th week of intrauterine life
Formation of the head fold
Following which the developing brain and the pericardium form 2 prominent bulges on the ventral aspect of the embryo.
The 2 bulges are separated from each other by a shallow depression called stomatoedum (corresponding to the primitive mouth).
Floor of the stomatodeum is formed by the Buccopharyngeal membrane, which separates the stomatodeum from the foregut.Soon, mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates, and forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of the stomatodeum – this downward projection is called frontonasal process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document summarizes the development and growth of the mandible. It begins with the development of the body, rami, and alveolar process from mesenchyme and Meckel's cartilage. Growth occurs through secondary cartilage in the condyle and subperiosteal bone formation. The mandible changes with age from a shell-like bone at birth to a reduced size in old age due to absorption of the alveolar process after tooth loss.
Growth of maxilla and cranium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document provides an overview of the mandible, including its anatomy, development, growth, age-related changes, and anatomical considerations. It describes the mandible's body, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, attachments, foramina, blood supply, and related structures. It discusses the mandible's prenatal development from Meckel's cartilage and endochondral bone formation. It also addresses the postnatal development and growth of the mandible's various parts, as well as theories of mandibular growth. Common anatomical variations and conditions involving the mandible are described.
Growth and Development of maxilla and nasomaxillary complexRaahat Vikram singh
The document discusses the prenatal growth and development of the maxilla and nasomaxillary complex. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then describes how the maxilla develops from the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arch in the 4th week of development. The maxillary processes bud off and fuse with other structures to form parts of the nose, lip, and palate by the 7th week. Ossification of the maxilla begins in the 7th week via intramembranous ossification. Secondary centers appear in the 8th week for other bones. The palate develops from the primary palate formed by 7 weeks and secondary palate that completes the roof of the mouth.
Growth and development of mandible in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
a brief idea about the development of mandible for indian students looking for a quick review from dentistry department
all the best to students
Presented by : Harsh SHah
Dept. of Orthodontics
SDDCH PBN
This document provides an overview of prenatal development of the mandible. It discusses how the mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch between 5-7 weeks of gestation. Important structures like the condylar cartilage, coronoid cartilage, and symphyseal cartilage aid further growth of the mandible in the fetal period. The temporomandibular joint also develops between 7-12 weeks of gestation. Common anomalies of prenatal mandibular development like micrognathia and hemifacial microsomia are also overviewed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document summarizes the growth and development of the mandible from prenatal to postnatal stages. During prenatal development, the mandibular arch forms and fuses in the midline to form the mandible. Ossification begins from centers on each side and spreads. The condyle and coronoid process show endochondral bone formation. Postnatally, remodeling occurs throughout the mandible through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate tooth eruption, muscle growth, and maintain articulation with the cranial base as the face grows. Growth centers like the condyle, ramus, and coronoid process contribute to mandibular lengthening and shaping through adolescence.
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the prenatal development, including how the mandibular arch forms from the pharyngeal arches and contains Meckel's cartilage. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for the mandible to develop around it through intramembranous ossification beginning in the 7th week of prenatal development. The mandible continues developing and forming after birth through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early embryonic stages through adulthood. It begins with the formation of Meckel's cartilage from the first pharyngeal arch during the 4th week of development. Intramembranous ossification begins around the 7th week to form the body of the mandible. Secondary cartilages, including the condylar, coronoid, and symphyseal cartilages, contribute to further growth and shaping of the mandible. The alveolar process develops in response to erupting teeth. Throughout life, the mandible undergoes changes in shape due to growth and remodeling. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from the prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the mandible forms through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Problems in mandibular growth like hypognathism, prognathism, and condylar hypertrophies are discussed along with their orthodontic significance. Understanding mandibular growth is important for timely diagnosis and treatment of developing malocclusions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal stages. Prenatally, the maxilla develops through intramembranous ossification beginning around the 8th week. The palate forms from the fusion of two palatal shelves. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through translation (displacement) and transposition (remodeling of surfaces), with various theories proposed to explain its downward and forward growth. The midpalatal suture mediates widening of the palate between 1-2 years of age through growth.
The document discusses the functional anatomy of the mandible. It covers the embryology and development of the mandible from Meckel's cartilage, including ossification centers and growth of the condylar and ramus regions. The anatomical structures of the mandible are described, including the body, ramus, condylar and coronoid processes. The related muscles, trajectories of force, biomechanics of movement, and applied anatomy are summarized. Abnormalities including fractures, infections, tumors and developmental variations are also covered.
The maxilla grows in two ways: 1) growth at sutures which shifts the maxilla forward and downward until age 10, and 2) bone remodeling including downward displacement of the palate, expansion of the maxillary sinus, and alveolar process development which adds to the height and length of the maxilla. The maxilla is attached to other cranial bones at four main sutures that allow adjustments through apposition and modeling as the sutures turn into fibrous unions in the skull.
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. During prenatal development, the first pharyngeal arch forms the precursor of the mandible. Meckel's cartilage appears around week 5 and later ossifies to form parts of the mandible. Secondary cartilages form the condylar process and coronoid process between weeks 10-14. Postnatally, the condyle and rami continue growing vertically and posteriorly, increasing the length and width of the mandible. The alveolar process also grows to accommodate tooth eruption. Anomalies can occur if development is disrupted, resulting in conditions like micrognathia.
The document provides information on the growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the maxilla, including formation from the first pharyngeal arch and development of related structures like the palate. The document outlines the anatomy of the maxilla including its surfaces, processes, sinuses and articulations. It notes age-related changes and clinical and prosthodontic considerations for treating developmental anomalies and edentulous patients.
The mandible develops through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Ossification begins around the 6th week in utero near Meckel's cartilage. The body and ramus form through intramembranous ossification spreading from centers of ossification. Secondary cartilages form the condylar process, coronoid process, and mental region which undergo endochondral ossification. Postnatally, the condyle and ramus undergo significant growth through apposition on the lingual surface and resorption on the buccal surface. This drives the mandible downward and forward through childhood and adolescence.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
PRENATAL GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
Occurs between the 4th and 7th week of intrauterine life.
4th week of intrauterine life
Formation of the head fold
Following which the developing brain and the pericardium form 2 prominent bulges on the ventral aspect of the embryo.
The 2 bulges are separated from each other by a shallow depression called stomatoedum (corresponding to the primitive mouth).
Floor of the stomatodeum is formed by the Buccopharyngeal membrane, which separates the stomatodeum from the foregut.Soon, mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates, and forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of the stomatodeum – this downward projection is called frontonasal process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document summarizes the development and growth of the mandible. It begins with the development of the body, rami, and alveolar process from mesenchyme and Meckel's cartilage. Growth occurs through secondary cartilage in the condyle and subperiosteal bone formation. The mandible changes with age from a shell-like bone at birth to a reduced size in old age due to absorption of the alveolar process after tooth loss.
Growth of maxilla and cranium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document provides an overview of the mandible, including its anatomy, development, growth, age-related changes, and anatomical considerations. It describes the mandible's body, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, attachments, foramina, blood supply, and related structures. It discusses the mandible's prenatal development from Meckel's cartilage and endochondral bone formation. It also addresses the postnatal development and growth of the mandible's various parts, as well as theories of mandibular growth. Common anatomical variations and conditions involving the mandible are described.
Growth and Development of maxilla and nasomaxillary complexRaahat Vikram singh
The document discusses the prenatal growth and development of the maxilla and nasomaxillary complex. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then describes how the maxilla develops from the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arch in the 4th week of development. The maxillary processes bud off and fuse with other structures to form parts of the nose, lip, and palate by the 7th week. Ossification of the maxilla begins in the 7th week via intramembranous ossification. Secondary centers appear in the 8th week for other bones. The palate develops from the primary palate formed by 7 weeks and secondary palate that completes the roof of the mouth.
Growth and development of mandible in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
a brief idea about the development of mandible for indian students looking for a quick review from dentistry department
all the best to students
Presented by : Harsh SHah
Dept. of Orthodontics
SDDCH PBN
This document provides an overview of prenatal development of the mandible. It discusses how the mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch between 5-7 weeks of gestation. Important structures like the condylar cartilage, coronoid cartilage, and symphyseal cartilage aid further growth of the mandible in the fetal period. The temporomandibular joint also develops between 7-12 weeks of gestation. Common anomalies of prenatal mandibular development like micrognathia and hemifacial microsomia are also overviewed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document summarizes the growth and development of the mandible from prenatal to postnatal stages. During prenatal development, the mandibular arch forms and fuses in the midline to form the mandible. Ossification begins from centers on each side and spreads. The condyle and coronoid process show endochondral bone formation. Postnatally, remodeling occurs throughout the mandible through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate tooth eruption, muscle growth, and maintain articulation with the cranial base as the face grows. Growth centers like the condyle, ramus, and coronoid process contribute to mandibular lengthening and shaping through adolescence.
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the prenatal development, including how the mandibular arch forms from the pharyngeal arches and contains Meckel's cartilage. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for the mandible to develop around it through intramembranous ossification beginning in the 7th week of prenatal development. The mandible continues developing and forming after birth through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Development of mandible - Dr. Shweta Yadav - Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryDr. Shweta Yadav
The document summarizes the development of the mandible bone. It discusses:
- The mandible's prenatal growth, beginning as ossification centers in the sixth week that cover the bone by the eighth to twelfth week. Secondary cartilage appears between the tenth to fourteenth week to form parts like the condyle.
- Postnatal growth is especially active in the first year at areas like the alveolar border, ramus, and condyle. After the first year, remodeling occurs through deposition and resorption to position the lower arch and adapt to craniofacial changes.
- Theories of mandibular growth include genetic determination, cartilage as the primary determinant responded to by bone, En
The mandible or lower jaw, is the largest & strongest bone of the face. The word “Mandible” is derived from Greek word
“mandere” – to masticate or chew. The Latin word “ mandibula” – lower jaw. It is horse-shoe shaped & the only movable bone of skull. Growth and development of an individual is divided into two periods Prenatal period and Post natal period. The first structure to develop in the primodium of the lower jaw is the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve that precedes the mesenchymal condensation forming the first [mandibular] arch. Endrocondral bone formation is seen in The condylar process, The coronoid process and The mental process. OUTER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. External oblique line - origin to buccinator, depressor inferioris, depressor anguli oris.
2. Incisive fossa - origin of mentalis, mental slips of orbicularis oris.
3. Lateral surface of ramus - insertion for masseter.
4. Lower border - deep cervical fascia and platysma.
5. Postero-superior lateral surface of ramus - parotid gland.
6. Lateral surface of neck - attachment to lateral ligament of temperomandibular joint , parotid gland.
INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. Mylohyoid line - origin to mylohyoid muscle , attachment to superior constrictor of pharynx, pterygomandibular raphae.
2. Medial surface of ramus - medial pterygoid muscle attachment.
Superior genial tubercles – genioglossus.
3. Inferior genial tubercles – origin to geniohyoid.
4. Lingula - sphenomandibular ligament.
5. Apex of coronoid process - temporalis attachment.
6. Pterygoid fovea - lateral pterygoid muscle.
7. Diagastric fossa - anterior belly of diagastric.
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE:
It is mainly divided into 2 categories :
1. Endosteal/ Central blood supply
2. Periosteal/ Peripheral blood supply
Central blood supply is via Inferior Alveolar Artery except the coronoid process which is supplied by Temporalis muscle vessels.
Inferior alveolar artery arises from maxillary artery which in turn is a branch of External carotid artery.
Inferior alveolar artery branches :
Lingual branch
Mylohyoid branch
Incisive branch
Mental branch
Peripheral blood supply is mainly via Periosteum via the nutrient vessels those penetrate the cortical bone and anastamose with the branches of Inferior alveolar artery.
VENOUS SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE
Drains into Internal Jugular vein and External Jugular vein through Maxillary vein, Facial vein and pterygoid plexus.
The document provides an overview of the mandible, including its anatomy, development, age-related changes, growth, muscle attachments, nerve and blood supply, and developmental anomalies. Key points include:
- The mandible develops from intramembranous ossification and has important growth sites at the condylar cartilage, borders of the rami, and alveolar ridge.
- Growth and remodeling of the condyle, rami, coronoid process, and angle allow the mandible to increase in length, height and flare with age.
- Muscle attachments including the masseter, temporalis, and lateral and medial pterygoids allow movements like elevation, protraction and grinding of the mand
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from prenatal through postnatal stages. Prenatally, the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensation in the first branchial arch. Postnatally, the mandible grows primarily through apposition during the first year. After the first year, mandibular growth occurs through remodeling, particularly of the ramus, to position the lower dental arch and accommodate occlusion with the maxilla. Key sites of remodeling include the lingual tuberosity, antegonial notch, and mandibular foramen.
Mandible growth pre natal & post natal / /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document provides an overview of prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the mandible. It discusses:
- Prenatal development of the mandibular arch from the pharyngeal arches.
- Postnatal growth occurs through endochondral growth at the condyle and periosteal bone deposition/resorption along the ramus, coronoid process, body and chin that results in downward and forward displacement of the mandible.
- Mandibular growth involves complex rotations including internal rotation of the bone masked by external rotation on the surface, and matrix and intra-matrix rotations centered around the condyle and within the body.
This document discusses the development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes the prenatal development which includes embryonic development, palate development, and development of the maxillary sinus for the maxilla. For the mandible, it discusses Meckel's cartilage and endochondral ossification. The postnatal development processes for growth of both bones are also outlined, including sutural growth, alveolar process development, and enlargement of the maxillary sinus. Applied anatomy considerations for various craniofacial deformities are also mentioned.
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early embryogenesis through postnatal growth. It begins with the formation of Meckel's cartilage from the first pharyngeal arch which later contributes to mandibular formation. Ossification begins around the mental nerve and spreads to form the body and ramus. Secondary cartilage appears including the condylar, coronoid, and symphyseal cartilage. The mandible continues developing after birth through remodeling processes like at the condyle which causes downward and forward growth of the mandible.
Bone formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into fibrous membrane or cartilage, leading to two types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification forms the maxilla and mandible from connective tissue membranes, while endochondral ossification replaces cartilage models with bone to form long bones and some cranial bones. Bone and cartilage have similarities as specialized connective tissues made of cells, fibers, and matrices, but bone is calcified while cartilage is not, and bone grows by apposition while cartilage expands interstitially. The major sites of growth in the mandible and maxilla are the condyle, ramus, and tuberosity,
The maxilla develops through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification prenatally. Around 4 weeks, the maxillary processes develop from the first branchial arches and grow medially to form the lateral walls of the primitive mouth. The palate develops from the maxillary processes, which give rise to the palatal shelves beginning around 6 weeks. The palatal shelves initially grow vertically but then reorient horizontally between 7-8 weeks to fuse in the midline and form the secondary palate by 8.5 weeks.
This document discusses concepts of growth and development. It defines growth as an increase in size, while development involves increased complexity and organization. It notes that growth is anatomical, while development is physiological and behavioral. The document then discusses different types of skeletal growth, including interstitial vs appositional growth, endochondral vs intramembranous growth, and modeling vs remodeling. It also examines growth in specific areas like the cranial vault, cranial base, maxilla, and mandible. Theories of craniofacial growth control like the suture theory, cartilage theory, and functional matrix theory are also summarized.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Growth of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. Prenatally, the mandible develops through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches. Specific regions like the condyle, coronoid process and mental region form through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible continues growing through apposition at the condyle, ramus borders and alveolar process to accommodate the permanent teeth and maintain jaw dimensions and shape under muscular influences. Growth patterns differ between males and females, with more prominent chin development in males near maturity.
The document provides an overview of postnatal growth of the maxilla. It discusses how the maxilla grows through three main mechanisms: 1) displacement from forces exerted by surrounding structures, 2) growth at sutures where it connects to other bones, and 3) surface remodeling through bone deposition and resorption. Some key points about maxillary growth include that it increases in width through the median palatine suture, in length through the maxillary tuberosity, and in height through alveolar and sutural growth. Anomalies that can affect maxillary growth as well as clinical implications are also summarized.
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This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
Similar to Growth and development of mandible / dental crown & bridge courses (20)
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Under the able guidance of:
• DR. D.N.KAPOOR(M.D.S)DEAN AND
PRINCIPAL
• DR. Y. G.REDDY(M.D.S) PROFESSOR
• Dr D. L. NAIDU (M.D.S) PROFESSOR
• DR.SHRIDHAR KANNAN (M.D.S)
READER
• DR.A.K.CHAUHAN (M.D.S)LECTURER
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ANATOMY
• STUDY OF GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
• ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY IN
MANDIBULAR GROWTH
• PRENATAL GROWTH
• POST NATAL GROWTH
• MANDIBULAR GROWTH PATTERN
• MANDIBULAR ROTATION DURING
GROWTH
• GROWTH PATTERN IN SUBJECTS WITH
LONG AND SHORT FACES
• CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. INTRODUCTION
• Previously mandible is described as long
bone bent in the shape of a U with cartilage
growth plates at each end that caused growth
and offered articulation.
• If this analogue were correct, the cartilage at
the distal end of the bone should behave like
true growth cartilage, according to modern
concept analogy looks attractive but it is not
correct. www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. • Mandible is the largest bone of facial
skeleton
• It is the only bone in the body which has
both intramembranous and endochondral
ossification
• Formation of mandible starts from 6th
week
and continue till puberty.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. STUDY OF GROWTH OF
MANDIBLE• The currently accepted concept of upward and
downward growth of mandible was first described by
JOHN HUNTER in 1771.Prior to it was thought that
the mandible grew primarily by deposition of bone at
the chin.
• HUNTER in 1837, demonstrated that bone was
formed on posterior border of ramus, accompanied
by resorption on the anterior border.
• HUMPHREY in 1863, inserted metal rings, into the
anterior and posterior borders of the rami of the pigs
and observed that the rings located on posterior
borders of the rami were more deeply embedded
with continued growth and rings on the anterior
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. • BRODIE(1946) popularized the idea of pattern as it
relates to facial growth.
• In 1964, ENLOW AND HARRISH mapped the
histologic characteristics of mandible and showed
the areas,where the bone was remodeling out or
growing in.
• MOSS in 1970, advanced the idea that Mandibular
growth does not follow a linear pattern and proposed
that growth follows a ‘logarithmic spiral’.
• RICKETTS(1972) proposed a similar ‘non-liner’
pattern. He thought that mandibular growth follow an
arc.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL MATRIX
THEORY IN MANDIBULAR GROWTH
• Based on the functional cranial component,
concept of VAN DER KLAAUW, Moss
supports the concept of role of function matrix.
• Mandible is not a unitary biological object but
rather a composite of several relatively
independent functional matrix(periosteal and
capsular matrices) and skeletal unit.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. • According to this concept mandibular growth
is seen to be combination of the morphologic
effect of both capsular and periosteal
matrices.
• The capsular matrix growth causes an
expansion of the capsule as a whole. The
enclosed and embedded microskeletal
unit(the mandible), accordingly, is passively
and secondarily translated in space to
successively new position.www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. • In normal condition, the periosteal matrics
related to the constituent mandibular
microskeletal units also respond to this
volumetric expansion. Such an alteration in
their spatial position causes them to grow,
that is causes change in their functional
demands. These now cause direct alteration
in the size and shape of their microskeletal
units.
• Thus the sum of translation plus changes in
form comprises the totality of mandibular
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
• Development of the mandible begins as a condensation of
mesenchyme just lateral to Meckel’s cartilage and proceeds
entirely as an intramembranous bone formation.
• Ossification of the mandible begins to develop on lateral
aspect of Meckel’s cartilage near the future 1st deciduous
molar during the 7th week and continues until the posterior
aspect is covered with bone.
• Ossified area reaches almost to the symphysis by the 8th
week.
• Posterior elongation from the center of ossification is slower
than anterior elongation and ossification reaches almost to
the region of the mandibular foramen in the 8th week.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. • The condylar cartilage develops initially as a
separate area of condensation at 2nd month and
fusion of this cartilage with the mandibular body
occurs at 4 months.
• Ossification of mandible stops at the point of
future lingula and Meckel’s cartilage
disintegrates and largely disappears as the bony
mandible develops.
• Remaining part of Meckel’s cartilage transform
into spehenomandibular ligament, spinous
process of sphenoid and anterior ligament ofwww.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Fate of meckel’s cartilage
• Most post extremity from malleus of the
inner ear and malleoloalar ligament
• From the sphhenoid to the division of the
nerve into its alveolar and lingual branch
the cartilage is lost completely but its
fibrous capsule persist as
sphenomandibular ligament
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. • Where the alveolar nerve divide into
incisor and mental branch from this point
to midline the cartilage might make small
contribution to the mandible by
endochondral ossification
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. prenatal changes of mandible
• Ingham (1932) :-
– the alveolar plate (ridge) lengthens more rapidly
than does the ramus.
– the ratio of alveolar plate length to total
mandibular length is reasonably constant.
– the width of the alveolar plate shows a more rapid
increase than does total width.
– the ratio of the width between the mandibular
angle to the total width is relatively constant during
fetal life.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. MANDIBLE AT BIRTH :-
• At birth two rami of mandible are quite short , condylar
development is minimal and there is practically no articular
eminence in the glenoid fossa.
• A thin line of fibrocartilage and connective tissue exists at the
midline of symphysis and this cartilage is replaced by bone
between 4th month of age and the end of 1st year.
• There is no significant growth between the two halves before
they unite.
• During 1st year of life appositional growth is especially active
at the alveolar border, at the posterior and superior surfaces
of ramus ,at condyle, along the lower border of the mandible
and on its lateral surfaces.www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. RAMUS
• Basic function of ramus of mandible is that it provides an
attachment base for masticatory muscles and it has the key
role in placing the corpus to dental arch into ever charging fit
with the growing maxilla and face in limitless structural
variation.
• As the mandible grows in length, the ramus is extensively
remodeled , resorbtion occurs at the anterior part of the
ramus while deposition occurs on the posterior region.
• Characteristically the labial cortex of the more basal parts of
the ramus is composed of periosteal bone as a result of
periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption. On the other
hand inward moving upper regions are composed of
endosteal bone.
• Remodelling of ramus is so extensive that bone at the tip of
the condylar process at an early age can be found at the
anterior surface of the ramus some years later.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. CORPUS OR THE BODY OF
MANDIBLE
• Body of the mandible grows longer as the ramus moves away
from the chin , by removal of bone from anterior surface of the
ramus and deposition on the posterior surface.
• Thus the posterior surface at one time becomes the center
and eventually may become the anterior surface as
remodeling proceeds.
• Continued growth of alveolar bone with the developing
dentition increases the height of mandibular body.
• The alveolar process of the mandible grows upward and
outwards on an expanding arc. This permits the dental arch to
accommodate the larger permanent teeth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. • Width of mandibular body is increased by
appositional growth on lateral surface.
• Modeling deposition occur at the canine eminence
and along the lateral inferior border.
• Measurement between right and left mental foramina
show that little change occurs in this dimension after
six years of life.
• On lingual aspect , anterior to the premolar , lingual
growth occurs in all portions of the body and the
surface is thereafter composed of periosteal bone ,
posterior to the premolar area lingual movement is
mainly in the area of tuberosity, this growth
apparently functions to support the molar teeth in
line with the rest of the dental arch.www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. THE LINGUAL TUBEROSITY
• Lingual tuberosity is major growth remodeling site and forms
the boundary between the two basic forms of the mandible :
the ramus and the corpus.
• The tuberosity remodels (relocates) in an almost directly
posterior direction , with only a relatively slight lateral shift.
• The posterior growth of tuberosity is accomplished by
continued new deposits of bone on its posterior facing
exposure. Thus the ramus just behind the tuberosity remodels
medially and comes into line with the axis of the arch.
• The lingual tuberosity protrudes in a lingual medial
direction .This prominence is augmented by the presence of a
large resorptive field just below it.
• This resorptive field produces a depression, the lingual fossa.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. GONIAL REGION
• The gonial region is anatomically variable and therefore ,
much variation is involved in its pattern of growth.
• Depending on the presence of inwardly or outwardly directed
gonial flares the buccal side can be depository or resorptive
with the lingual side having the converse type of growth.
• A single field of surface resorption is present on the inferior
edge of the mandible at the ramus corpus juction. This forms
the Antigonial notch.
• While the whole ramus grows posteriorly and superiorly the
Mandibular foramen relocates backward and upward by
deposition on the anterior and resorption from the posterior
part of its rim.
• Thus the foramen from childhood through old age maintain a
constant position about midway between the anterior and
posterior borders of the ramus.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. CORONOID PROCESS:-
• The growth of coronoid follows the enlarging V principle and
has a Propeller like twist so that its lingual side faces 3
general direction. Posteriorly superiorly and medially.
• As the coronoid processes become higher their termini grow
farther a part at their apices :
– By addition on the lingual surface.
– Contralateral removal from the buccal side.
• The anterior edge of the coronoid processes which faces
away form the direction of growth becomes resorbed by
periosteal resorption and corresponding endosteal deposition
so that only endosteal bone is left in the cortex.
• Finally the base of the coronoid which is oriented medially is
shifted in that direction by the continued lingual bone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. CONDYLE AND CONDYLAR NECK
• The hallmark of earlier viewpoint is that the main
growth center of mandibular growth is the hyaline
cartilage in its condyle and growth of the condyle
causes a downwards and forward shift of entire
mandible (Weimmann and Sicher, 1955).
• According to current thinking rather than acting as a
Master growth center it actually performs much
more functional role :
– It provides a pressure tolerant articular contact.
– It makes possible a multidirectional growth capacity in
response to everchanging development conditions and
variations.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. CONDYLAR NECK
• Since the circumference of the condyle is
greater than line circumference of neck,
the lingual and buccal sides of the neck
have resorbtive surfaces and the neck is
progressively relocated into areas
previously held by the much wider
condyles.
• In the mandible of an adult both the
outer and inner surfaces of the cortices of
the condylar neck are composed ofwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. FEATURES OF CONDYLAR
CARTILAGE
• Zones of condyle
– Zone 1: A layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
layer that coves the hyaline cartilage.
– Zone 2 : Relatively thin transitional zone immature
hyaline cartilage. This layer is composed of densely
packed chondroblast.
– Zone 3 : Layer of prechcndroblast cells this is the
predominant for cellular proliferation.
– Zone 4 : Zone of resorption and deposition of bone
formed by the calcification of deepest part.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. CHIN AND SYMPHYSIS
REGION
• Chin is unique to human and man is the only
primate with chin.
• Enlow and Harris (1964) feels that the chin is
associated with a generalized process of cortical
recession in the flattened region positioned
between the canine teeth and the process
involves a mechanism of endosteal cortical
growth.
• Apposition of bone at the symphysis seems to
be about the last change in shape during the
growing period.www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. MANDIBULAR GROWTH PATTERN
• Growth of the mandible continues at a relatively steady rate
before puberty.
• On the average ramus height increases 1-2 mm per year
and body length increases 2-3 mm per years.
• Mandibular growth is not directly linear in direction but
usually curves and slightly forward or occasionally even
backward. The pattern of mandibular growth is thus generally
characherised by an upward and forward curving at the
condyles and at the same time resorption on the lower aspect
of gonial angle and some appositions below the symphysis.
• One feature of mandibular growth is an accentuation of
the prominence of chin. The increase in chin prominence with
maturity results from a combination of forward translation of
the chin as a part of the overall growth pattern of mandible
and resorption above the chin that alters the bony contours.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Timing of Growth in Width Length
and Height
• For the three planes of spaces there is a definite
sequence in which growth is completed.
• Growth in width is completed 1st then growth
in length and finally growth in height (W>L>H).
• Mandibular intercanine width is more likely to
decrease than increase after age 12.
• Intercanine width is essentially completed by
the end of ninth year in girls and the tenth year
in boys.
• Both molar and bicondylar widths show small
increases until the end of growth in length .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. MANDIBULAR ROTATION
DURING GROWTH
Condition Bjork Shudy
Anterior growth greater
than posterior, Posterior
growth greater than
anterior
Forward rotation
Backward rotation
Clockwise rotation
Counterclockwise
Rotation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Bjork Solow
Houston
Profit
Rotation of mandibular
core relative to cranial
base
Total rotation True rotation Internal
Rotation
Rotation of mandibular
plane relative to cranial
base (Rotation around
the condyle
Matrix
Rotation
Apparent
Rotation
Total rotation
Rotation of mandibular
plane relative to core of
mandible (Rotation
centered within the
body of the mandible )
Intramatrix
Rotation
Angular
Remodeling of
lower border
External
Rotation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. • For and individual with normal facial
proportion there is about 15 degree
internal forward rotation from age 4 to
adult life (of this about 25% results from
matrix rotation and 75% results from
intramatrix rotation) and 11-12 of external
backward rotation producing 3 to 4 degree
decrease in mandibular plane angle.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Forward Rotation
• Type I : In this there is forward rotation about centers in the
joints which give rise to deep bite . Lower dental arch is
pressed into the upper resulting in underdevelopment of the
anterior face height.
• Type II : Rotation occurs about a center at the incisal edges
of the lower anterior teeth. This type occurs due to the
combination of marked development of posterior face height
and normal increases in the anterior height.
• Type III : Rotation occurs about the center at the level of
premolars.
• The anterior face height becomes underdeveloped and
the posterior face height increases.
• In the growth rotation of types II and III, the mandibular
symphysis swings forwards to a marked degree and the chin
becomes prominent. This is one of the reasons for the chin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Backward Rotation
• Backwards rotation is less frequent than forward rotation. Two
types of backward rotations have been recognized.
• Type I
Centre of backward rotation lies in temporomandibular joint.
In this type underdevelopment of posterior face height leads to a
backward rotation of the mandible with overdevelopment of
the anterior face height and possibly open bite as
consequence.
Type II
Rotation occurs about a centre situated at the most distal
occluding molars. This occurs in connection with growth in the
sagital direction at the mandibular condyle.
In this type symphysis is swung backwards and the chin is
drawn back below the face and a charactheristic double chin
appearance form.
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51. GROWTH PATTERN IN
SUBJECTS WITH LONG AND
SHORT FACES:-• Long face types persons have excessive lower anterior
face height and the palatal plan rotates down posteriorly
and mandible shows backwards rotation, with an
increase in the mandibular plane angle.
• This type of rotation is associated with an anterior
open bite malocclusion and mandibular deficiency.
• Short face types persons have short anterior lower
facial height and show excessive forward rotation of
mandible and shows excessive forward rotation of
mandible and shows a nearly horizontal palatal plane
and mandibular morphology of “square jaw” type with a
low mandibular plane and a square gonial angle .
• A deep bite malocclusion and crowded incisors
usually accompany this type of rotation.
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52. FACIAL HEIGHT
• Average male face height is approximately 120mm
(nasion to menton) and in the female it is 110 mm
(Meredith 1966)
• In the posterior regionof the face ramus height
(distance between condylar head and gonion is
approximately 42 mm at age 7 (krogman 1943) and 56
mm in early childhood (Goldstein 1956)
• When the ramus height is expressed as percentage
of total face height the posterior height in 42% of the
anterior dimensions at age 7 and increase to
approximately 46% in early childhood (Meredith , 1966)
• This suggests that posterior part of face elongates
more than anterior part.
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53. FACIAL WIDTH
• The lower face width has been determined as the
Bigonial diameter and represents the maximum
width of the body of mandible.
• The average intergumented bigonial diameter is
approximately 57mm at birth (Balinsky 1960) and
increase to 105 mm in early adulthood (Steggarda
1932) and 85% of this bigonal diameter is completed
by the time 1st permanent molar erupt.
• Studies have shown that there is no clinically
significant correlation between lower face width and
mandibular arch width (Merdith 1951) it indicates
that narrow faces do not necessarily have narrower
dental arches.
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54. FACIAL DEPTH
• Facial depth is particularly important in
orthodontics because many malocclusions
have skeletal components in antero
posterior direction.
• From the age 5 to 14 years the depth
of face increased by 22% (Meredith ,1966)
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55. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• In case of pronounced forwards rotation
of mandible there is a major risk of deep
bite developing. This can be prevented
by means of a stabilizing appliance such
as bite plane introduced.
• In case of backwards rotation opening of
the bite is difficult to prevent therefore it
is the policy to postpone treatment until
the pubertal growth spurt is nearly over.
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56. • Majority of childen with class II malocclusion have
mandibular deficiency. Efforts to accelerate mandibular
growth lead to the development of a family of functional
appliance (eg Monobloc Activator). These appliances
forces the patient to close the mouth in function with lower
jaw correct class II malocclusion .
• In cases of class III malocclusion due to mandibular
prognathism extra oral force via a chin cup therapy orients
the line of force application below the mandibular condyle
so that chin is deliberately rotated downwards and
backward. This results in extension of teeth and the force
aimed at the top of condyle might restrain growth there.
• Functional appliance for mandibular prognathism work in
the same manner as the chin cup therapy they create
downwards and backward rotation of the mandible and
create additional vertical space into which eruption of teeth
is guided. www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. • Growth changes can be an important factor in
retention relapse because active phase of
treatment of many patients is completed while
facial growth is still in progress. If a patient is in
the facial growth some changes in skeletodental
relationship may occur and a principle cause in
continued mandibular growth.
• Downlwards and forward movement particularly if it
is in excess of comparable maxillary movement
can result in lower incisor crowding and a tendency
towards class III occlusal relationship. This may
occur because no overjet is present after treatment
. The mandibular incisor teeth cannot move
downward and forward to a greater extent than the
maxillary teeth because this movement is impeded
by the maxillary dentition.
• In the same manner mandibular growth particularly
in downwards and backwards direction may
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58. • DISTRACTION OSTEOGENSIS :- The Russian
surgeon Elizarov discovered in 1950 that is if cuts
were made through the cortex of a long bone of the
limbs then they could be lengthened by tension to
separate the bony segements.
• The bone of the mandible is quite similar in its internal
structure to the bone of the limbs (Roberts 1994) (even
though its development course is rather different )
Lenghthening the mandible via distraction
osteogenesis is possible . Current research shows that
best results are obtained if segments are separated at
a rate of 0.5-1.5 mm per day.
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59. References
1. Bjork A : Prediction of mandibular growth rotation Am. J Orthod,
1969: 55;589-599,
2. Enlow DH and Hans Age related differences in mandibular ramus
growth : A histologic study Angle Orthod. 1995: 65:335-340.
3. Enlow DH: Handbook of facial growth, ed. 2nd
, Philadelphia W.B.
Saunders Company: 1982.
4. Graber T.M Orthodontics: Principles Practice ed. 3rd
Philadelphia
W.B. Saunders Company: 1988.
5. Moss ML and Rankow R.M. the role of the functional matrix in
mandibular growth Angle Orthod 1968: 38:95-103,.
6. Nanda SK Growth pattern in subjects with long and short faces Am
J. Orothod 98:1990: 247-258.
7. Profit WR. Fields H.W. Contemporary Orthodontics ed 3rd
St. Louis
CV Mosby, 2000.
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