The document discusses different types of jet engines used for supersonic and hypersonic flight, including their operation principles. It provides details on early turbojet engines like the XLR11-RM-5 and Olympus 593 that powered supersonic aircraft. It also explains ramjet and scramjet engines, which have no moving parts and rely on high speed air compression for subsonic and supersonic combustion respectively. Key aspects covered include engine components like diffusers, combustion chambers and convergent-divergent nozzles. The document concludes by comparing speed ranges for supersonic vs hypersonic aircraft.
Aerial VTOL motorcycle - the common sense approachLiviu Giurca
A lot of teams or producers begin the VTOL development with the goal to build directly multi-passenger aircraft (with at least four passengers). For such far objective they must to spend around one billion dollars as already demonstrated some current programs. This is very risky because the dominant technologies of the future are not yet established and the investment can be lost. So is more rational to develop a small VTOL vehicle of the type of aerial “motorcycle”, for one or two passengers and for which the costs are maybe ten times lower. In this case we came with our own solutions.
Aerial VTOL motorcycle - the common sense approachLiviu Giurca
A lot of teams or producers begin the VTOL development with the goal to build directly multi-passenger aircraft (with at least four passengers). For such far objective they must to spend around one billion dollars as already demonstrated some current programs. This is very risky because the dominant technologies of the future are not yet established and the investment can be lost. So is more rational to develop a small VTOL vehicle of the type of aerial “motorcycle”, for one or two passengers and for which the costs are maybe ten times lower. In this case we came with our own solutions.
its a training presentation on ratlam diesel shed which describes taraining schedule and various modules about Diesel electric locomotive of indian railway.
its a training presentation on ratlam diesel shed which describes taraining schedule and various modules about Diesel electric locomotive of indian railway.
PNEUMATICALLY DRIVEN VEHICLE WITH RECHARGEABLE BATTERY DURING DRIVE- AN EXPLO...IAEME Publication
Energy can be stored in compressed air form at very high pressures running to a few dozens of atmospheres. The compressed air properly controlled, timed, released through pressure regulators etc., can be used to run Pistons that in turn can drive an engine. This compressed air can be furnished through already available accumulator as well as through an on board compressor. A battery which gets duly charged as per needs on line in a running vehicle through solar energy depending on availability or offline when the vehicle is stationary can support to run a d.c motor too which in turn can drive the vehicle. This works as a redundant system to attend the drive power needs or in managing to reach destinations
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Numerical simulation of inlet for turbine assisted ramjeteSAT Journals
Abstract
The ramjet engine performs faster than a Turbojet Engine at higher Mach numbers, but the engine can’t start with the own power
itself. The starting thrust must be attained by additional thrust producing devices like solid rocket boosters. The more reasonable
solution to overcome the starting problem is the integration of ramjet engine with turbojet engine, which leads to the Turboramjet.
This work describes some challenges in the design of an inlet for turbo-ramjet. Since it is a critical component, its design
has important effects on the overall performance of the engine. Here this work deals with a design of a turbo ramjet inlet and an
analysis for its optimization. Our aim is to reduce total pressure loss and entropy rise. A design of turbo-ramjet intake is made
with CATIA as well as a complete engine for better understanding. Gambit is used to mesh the geometry while ANSYS 14 is used
to perform the analysis for design optimization.
Key Words: Ramjet, Inlet, Turbine assisted, Subsonic and Supersonic Diffuser.
An introductory approach to define the principles of aerodynamics, which guide the technology of cars. It also explains the journey of cars from its initial phases to modern supercars and how aerodynamics is an integral part of it.
This is my first crack at writing a technical report for an assignment in a mechanical engineering course at the University of Alberta. How was the clarity? Any feedback on how I can improve?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This presentation contains the history & first car era and evolution of automobiles based on the following i) vehicle superstructure ii) Fuel supply system iii) Steering systems iv) Suspension systems v) Braking systems vi) Drive units vii) Safety features viii) Autonomous vehicle
Similar to Group 7 assignment 2 full presentation (20)
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Introduction
Mohannad Musallam 30039097
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Engines
Turbojet/fan (Subsonic): Where air is compressed
by a number of compressors.
Ramjet (Supersonic): There are no rotary parts in
the ramjet engines, and air is simply compressed
by the high forward motion of the aircraft
SCRAMJET (Hypersonic): They are known as the
fastest among jet engines, and as the ramjet,
they do not utilize compressors to compress the
air, but the high forward motion.
National aeronautics and space administration (2021) Scramjet propulsion. Available at:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/scramjet.html(Accessed:26/January/2022).
3. Supersonic Turbojet Engines History
General Information:
Supersonic speed has always been the circle of attention to
engine manufacturers starting in 1947 when the first record
of 1 Mach speed was achieved by the engine XLR11-RM-5
on the Bell X-1 aircraft operated by the US Navy.
XLR11-RM-5 engine was designed by the Reaction Motors
company with four combustion chambers that could be
switched off and on separately while each one was capable
of 1500 lbf of thrust.
National Museum of the United States Air Force™(2020) Reaction Motors XLR11 Rocket.
Available at: https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-
Sheets/Display/Article/197694/reaction-motors-xlr11-rocket/. (Accessed: 26/ January/2022)
The museum of flight. (2017) How Teamwork Helped The X-1 Break The Sound Barrier. Available at:
https://blog.museumofflight.org/how-teamwork-helped-the-x-1-break-the-sound-barrier(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
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Dbpedia (2020) Reaction Motors XLR11. Available at:
https://dbpedia.org/page/Reaction_Motors_XLR11(Accessed: 27/January/2022).
4. Supersonic Engines in The Commercial Sector
Fist Supersonic Transport Aircraft:
Years moved by and the supersonic engines were for the very first
time entered to the commercial sector in 1968.
Kuznetsov NK-144 turbofan engine which was created by the Soviet
Kuznetsov Design Bureau then due to its inefficiency, it was swapped
with the Kolesov RD-36 supersonic engine and was operated on the
Tu-144 Aircraft.
Wikipedia. (2021) Kolesov RD-36. Available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolesov_RD-36(Accessed:
26/January/2022)
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Aerotime Hub (2018) The story of Tupolev Tu-144. /available at:
https://www.aerotime.aero/23029-lost-brother-of-concorde-story-
tupolev-tu-144(Accessed 27/January/2022)
5. Supersonic Engines in The Commercial Sector
Second and Last Supersonic Transport A/C:
On the very next year, in 1969, the Concorde aircraft flew
the sky with the turbojet Olympus 593 with a 7.3:1 intake
pressure ratio and a speed of 1.7 Mach operated till its last
flight on the 26th of November 2003.
The engine was designed to be a pure turbojet, which
means low bypass with a high gas exit velocity to maximize
the speed.
Wikipedia (2022) Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593. Available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593(Accessed:
26/January/2022)
The museum of flight (2017) Why The Concorde Was Discontinued and Why It Won't Be Coming
Back. Available at: https://blog.museumofflight.org/why-the-concorde-was-discontinued-and-why-
it-wont-be-coming-back(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
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National aeronautics and space administration (2014) Flying Laboratory. Available at:
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-062-
DFRC.htmlAccessed: (Accessed: 26/January/2022)
6. Olympus 593 VS XLR11-RM-5 Turbojet Engines
The overall thrust produced by the Olympus 593 was 30,610 lbs. which is almost four times of the
XLR11-RM-5 and respectively half the weight.
The Olympus 593 was the world’s first engine equipped with the FADEC system.
The Olympus 593 was powered by jet fuel which is cheaper than the Ethyl alcohol.
Comparisons Overview:
These differences in the overall performance and design show the advancement in technology during the 20
years period in turbojet engines manufacturing.
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Explore the world of Concorde with Heritage Concorde (2020) Concorde Olympus 593 MK.610 Engines.
Available at: https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-olympus-593-mk610-engines(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
7. Ramjet/Scramjet Engines
Ramjets are made of three main station:
• Diffuser at the entrance.
• Combustion at the middle.
• Nozzle at the exit.
General information:
• Ramjets are designed to only operate in supersonic conditions, which
means they need another engine to start them from zero speed.
• Ramjet & Scramjet Engines use Brayton Thermodynamic Cycle.
• Ramjet use hydrogen as fuel.
• Air to fuel ration 50:1
• Speed rage : Mack 3 – 6
• They depend on ram-pressure to function, which is the pressure that
is created when the A/C moves forward.
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National aeronautics and space administration (2021) Bryton Cycle T-S Diagram. Available
at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/braytonram.html. (Accessed: 27/January/2022).
Lesics (2021) Ramjet engines, How do they work?. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHSJiO_Fvvw (Accessed:26/January/2022).
8. Ramjet/Scramjet Engines operation principles
Diffuser:
The function of the diffuser is to increase the temperature and pressure of the air, which leads to
a very effective combustion.
The inner body: The entrance area is designed to increase/decrease gradually the more the A/C
accelerates/deaccelerates & leads to the amount of pressure and the flow to increase/decrease,
thus the air moves subsonic through the ramjet engine, and supersonic in scramjet.
The majority of the pressure rises is due to what is called, oblique shock wave. This happens
when the air meets the nose of the inner body and deflects with some angle thus creating an
oblique shock wave, and this shock wave hits the outer tube, deflects multiple times and then
lastly finished by a normal shock wave, and thus the air spill out does not happen and higher
Mack number is achieved.
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Aerospace Notes (2022) # RAMJET ENGINE. Available at:
https://aerospacenotes.com/propulsion-2/ramjet-
engine/(Accessed : 27/January/2022).
Lesics (2021) Ramjet engines, How do they work?. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHSJiO_Fvvw(Accessed:26/January/2022).
9. Ramjet/Scramjet Engines operation principles
Combustion:
An Air Flam Holder is utilized to ensure a
continuous combustion and rich mixture
of fuel and oxygen and covering the flam
in case of blowing out.
Due to the supersonic flow in the
Combustion Chamber, the location of
the injectors is very important to ensure
a good mix of fuel and rich oxygen.
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Lesics (2021) Ramjet engines, How do they work?. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHSJiO_Fvvw(Accessed: 26/January/2022).
Researchgat (2013) Layout and Design Verification of a Small Scale Scramjet Combustion
Chamber. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-
Steelant/publication/322530311_Layout_and_Design_Verification_of_a_Small_Scale_Scr
amjet_Combustion_Chamber/links/5a5e81e7458515c03ee0b643/Layout-and-Design-
Verification-of-a-Small-Scale-Scramjet-Combustion-Chamber.pdf(Accessed:
28/January/2022).
10. Ramjet/Scramjet Engines operation principles
Nozzle:
A converging diverging nozzle is utilized to maximize
the speed from a subsonic flow coming from the
combustion into supersonic flow.
After experiments on research airplanes of how large
should the nozzle area be, it was concluded that the
area that would produce the smallest negative
moment and overrides the engine net forces and
produces the highest thrust over different Mach speed
would be (19.8’).
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NASA Technical Note (1976) SCRAMJET NOZZLE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS AS APPLIED
TO A HIGHLY INTEGRATED HYPERSONIC RESEARCH AIRPLANE. Available at:
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770005051/downloads/19770005051.pdf(Ac
cessed: 28/January/2022).
12. Reference list
National aeronautics and space administration (2021) Scramjet propulsion. Available at:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/scramjet.html(Accessed:26/January/2022).
National Museum of the United States Air Force™(2020) Reaction Motors XLR11 Rocket. Available at:
https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197694/reaction-motors-
xlr11-rocket/. (Accessed: 26/ January/2022)
The museum of flight. (2017) How Teamwork Helped The X-1 Break The Sound Barrier. Available at:
https://blog.museumofflight.org/how-teamwork-helped-the-x-1-break-the-sound-barrier(Accessed:
26/January/2022)
Wikipedia (2022) Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-
Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
The museum of flight (2017) Why The Concorde Was Discontinued and Why It Won't Be Coming Back. Available at:
https://blog.museumofflight.org/why-the-concorde-was-discontinued-and-why-it-wont-be-coming-
back(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
Explore the world of Concorde with Heritage Concorde (2020) Concorde Olympus 593 MK.610 Engines. Available
at: https://www.heritageconcorde.com/concorde-olympus-593-mk610-engines(Accessed: 26/January/2022)
Mohannad Musallam 30039097
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13. Reference list
Lesics (2021) Ramjet engines, How do they work?. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHSJiO_Fvvw (Accessed:26/January/2022).
National aeronautics and space administration (2021) Bryton Cycle T-S Diagram. Available at:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/braytonram.html. (Accessed: 27/January/2022).
Quora (2017) What is a flame holding device in ramjet engines?. Available at: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-flame-holding-device-in-
ramjet-engines(Accessed: 27/January/2022)
Aerospace Notes (2022) # RAMJET ENGINE. Available at: https://aerospacenotes.com/propulsion-2/ramjet-engine/(Accessed :
27/January/2022).
Dbpedia (2020) Reaction Motors XLR11. Available at: https://dbpedia.org/page/Reaction_Motors_XLR11(Accessed: 27/January/2022).
National aeronautics and space administration (2014) Flying Laboratory. Available at:
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-062-DFRC.htmlAccessed: (Accessed: 26/January/2022)
Researchgat (2013) Layout and Design Verification of a Small Scale Scramjet Combustion Chamber. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-
Steelant/publication/322530311_Layout_and_Design_Verification_of_a_Small_Scale_Scramjet_Combustion_Chamber/links/5a5e81e7458515c
03ee0b643/Layout-and-Design-Verification-of-a-Small-Scale-Scramjet-Combustion-Chamber.pdf(Accessed: 28/January/2022).
NASA Technical Note (1976) SCRAMJET NOZZLE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO A HIGHLY INTEGRATED HYPERSONIC RESEARCH AIRPLANE.
Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770005051/downloads/19770005051.pdf(Accessed: 28/January/2022).
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14. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUPERSONIC & HYPERSONIC
AIRCRAFT
Supersonic aircraft Hypersonic aircraft
This flight fly faster than the speed of sound
M>1
this flight fly faster than speed of sound
M>5
Used for military activities Used for military and space activities.
Ramjet Scramjet
Paraffinic fuel Single hydrogen-fueled propulstion system
sacheen 30051174
15. COMBUSTION AT SUPERSONIC
SPEED
•Super sonic speed occurs when
the fuel is burning with air the air
is traveling faster than the speed
of sound. There are a few
technical things that get to
supersonic speed, the fuel must
be injected into the combustion,
mixed, ignited, and burn all the
system running within
milliseconds.
sacheen 30051174
16. RAMJET
• • the 1960s were essentially made up of 3
parts. The central core contained the
control instruments. the function pointed
tip was provoked shocks recompression the
rear held the injection and combustion
systems. the external shell of the
distributor attached by arms to the central
core. the ramjet motor can only really
function at speed over 500 kilometers an
hour. so air rushes into the air inlet at very
high pressure. There it meets with the fuel
kerosene. that is being sprayed in by in
the injectors the combustion produced
create large quantity of hot gas. which is
then expelled from the rear of the motor.
sacheen 30051174
17. COMBUSTION AT HYPERSONIC
SPEED
•Scram jet is the most recent example to talk about
the propulsion of Hypersonic aircraft.
•Scram jet is using very simple geometric and it can
give high velocity and there are no moving parts
•Compression chamber compressed the air and send it
to the combustion chamber, mixed with hot air with
fuel and start. Ignite result of this process heated
exhausted gas propose to move forward the vehicle
with hypersonic speed.
sacheen 30051174
18. Scram Jet
•Scramjet stands for supersonic combustion
ramjet. Scram jet utilized the high-speed forward
motion to compress the air-fuel is then injected in
the combustion chamber where it mixes with hot
compressed air and ignites the resulting jet of
heated exhaust gas propels the vehicle forward.
However, since the scramjet engine can not
function until the vehicle has gained an amount of
speed it needs a different engine such as a rocket
engine to get into the required speed. Thus a
scramjet can't function independently.
Note- scram jet genrate above M >5 speed of
sound.
sacheen 30051174
20. Pros and Cons
Pros
+ Improved space access
+ High speed
+ No need to carry oxygen
+ Faster Travelling Speed
+ Weight saving
+ No rotating parts
+ More accessible destination
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
Cons
- High vehicle wall Temperature
- Requires additional propulsion
- High maintenance Cost
- Consume more fuel
- Cosmic Radiation
- High Noise
21. Supersonic Aircraft
Concorde
First Supersonic passenger aircraft
Manufactured by: France and Great
Britain
Top Speed: 2,179Km/h
Range: 7,250Km
Engine Type: Rolls-Royce Olympus 593
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
22. Hypersonic Aircraft
Boeing X-51 Waverider
First Flight: 26 May 2010
Top Speed: 6,200km/h
Range: 740km
Engine Type: SJY61-2
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
23. Supersonic/Hypersonic vehicle
• Commercial flights
• Reaction engines
• Circumnavigation in 04 hours
High Speed Travel
• Global reach vehicle
• Reduced emission
NASA Goals
• Shockwaves
• High heat
• Combustion instability
• Flight direction control
Challenges
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
24. Engine & Parameters
Jet Engine – Low orbit, Maximum Mach 3
Ramjet Engines – High altitudes, Supersonic
flight, Subsonic combustion
Scramjets Engine – High altitude, Hypersonic
flight, Supersonic combustion
For the supersonic aircraft, the scramjet engine is
suitable for high altitudes with supersonic combustion
& hypersonic flights
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
25. Supersonic/Hypersonic Engine
• Variant of ramjet airbreathing jet engine
• Operates efficiently at extreme high speeds
• Combustion takes place in supersonic airflow
• Do not use rotating, fan-like components for
compressing air
• Relies on high vehicle speed for compressing
the inlet air forcefully before combustion
• Includes no shock cone and slows the airflow
using shockwave's ignition source
• Its operation is limited to near hypersonic
velocities
• Uses Hydrogen as fuel
Joo Byung Hyun 30048683
26. References
Britannica (2019). Concorde | Summary, History, & Facts | Britannica. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. [online]
Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/Concorde.
Conocimiento, V. al (2019). Hypersonic: The Future of Aviation. [online] OpenMind. Available at: https://ww
w.bbvaopenmind.com/en/technology/future/hypersonic-the-future-of-aviation/
Javier, U., (2018). Supersonic Combustion in Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems for Hypersonic Flight. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics, 50(1), 593-627.
Maiden, D., Wilson, J., Jones, I. and Goldhagen, P. (n.d.). Chapter 1: Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation and the
High Speed Civil Transport. [online] Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030063006/downloa
ds/20030063006.pdf
Segal, C., (2009). The Scramjet Engine: Processes and Characteristics. Cambridge Aerospace Series, New
York City: Cambridge University Press.
TechEBlog. (2015). 5 Cool Facts About Boeing’s Hypersonic X-51 WaveRider Scramjet. [online] Available at: ht
tps://www.techeblog.com/5-cool-facts-about-boeings-hypersonic-x-51-waverider-scramjet/
29. HIGH FUEL CONSUMPTION
• According to the International Council on Clean Transportation, in
comparison with subsonic jets, supersonic jets are estimated to burn
five to seven times more fuel per passenger.
• A total of 96 million metric tons (MMT) of CO2 would be emitted.
• High fuel consumption is an important contribution to increasing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which eventually leads to global
warming.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
30. How Will Supersonic Travel Be Sustainable?
• Boom Supersonic will use Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) and carbon
offsetting for its XB-1 test flight.
• Prometheus Fuels removes carbon dioxide from the air by using advanced
technology and uses clean electricity to convert it to jet fuel.
• This greatly reduces carbon emissions produced by supersonic jets.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
31. NOISE POLLUTION AND SONIC BOOMS
• Sonic booms produced by supersonic aircraft, SST-2 are among the most
serious environmental impact.
• Sonic boom propagation beneath the sea surface will cause serious
impact on aquatic ecosystem.
• Engine jets are the main source of the noise produced.
• Long term exposure to loud noise will cause sleep disturbance,
cardiovascular disease and mental health issues.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
32. How To Ensure A Quieter Ride?
• Noise-reducing technologies have been integrated into jet design.
• Examples include nozzles for minimizing jet noise and maximizing
thrust, and advanced acoustic liners for reducing fan noise.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
Composite Acoustic Liners in Engine
33. Ozone Depletion from High Altitude Emissions
• Nitrogen Oxide emissions are capable of depleting significant
quantities of ozone in the stratosphere.
• Aircraft's cruise altitude greatly affects the magnitude of the
perturbation.
• Supersonic aircrafts fly on a higher altitude in the stratosphere
than a typical jet and harm the ozone layer more effectively.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
34. Control of Aircraft Emissions
• Over time, ICAO has gradually tightened its regulation of engine NOX
emissions.
• It is usually referred to by the corresponding Committee on Aviation
Environmental Protection (CAEP) meeting number.
• The issue of air pollution and climate change can be reduced by
implementing NOX and CO2 standards.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
35. Conclusion
• Technologies are reshaping air travel and enable aircrafts to travel faster
than the speed of sound more efficiently.
• However, supersonic and hypersonic jets will harm the environment and
human health as they are unable to comply existing fuel efficiency,
pollution and noise standards.
• Thus, different authorities should make effort and introduce measures to
minimize aviation’s climate impact.
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
36. References
FREDA LUK GIEK XIN 30039789
NASA, 2021. Global Environmental Impact of Supersonic Cruise Aircraft in the Stratosphere. [Online]
Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20205009400/downloads/CR-20205009400.pdf
[Accessed 27 January 2022].
ICCT, 2019. THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF A NEW GENERATION OF SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COULD BE IMMENSE. [Online]
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