This presentation talks on various information about HIV & AIDS from the basic stuff to detailed information as well as a video to show how the regular medicines given to patients help reduce the time of them dying faster hence summarizing the entire presentation.

2. INTRODUCTION TO HIV/AIDS
HIV
H - Human
I - Immuno Deficiency
V - Virus
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. The virus
Attacks the immune system and weakens
Your ability to fight infections and diseases.

3. AIDS
A -Acquired
I - Immuno
D - Deficiency
S - Syndrome
AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.

4. THE AIDS PANDEMIC
HIV has spread at an alarming rate in
Every continent and AIDS now affects
Every country in the world for which
information is available.

5. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS
 Unprotected sex with an infected person.
 Transmission to an infant from an infected
parent.
 Transfusion of infected blood or contact
with infected body fluids.
 Sharing piercing or injecting equipment
with an infected person.

6. WHEN A PERSON IS INFECTED
 When a person is infected, there are often
no signs to indicate this. But even if the
signs are absent, the infection continues
over a period of several years to damage the
immune system.
 Eventually, the body is unable to fight off
certain illnesses and conditions that it
would easily have dealt with were it not
infected with HIV.

8.  These are opportunistic illnesses –
conditions that use the opportunity of HIV
infection to thrive in a way that would not
have been possible in a non infected body.
 These illnesses are likely to lead to
premature death.
 Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV
activity and restores bodily health.

9. MANIFESTATION OF THE IMPACTS OF
HIV/AIDS
 Sicknesses, Premature deaths, funerals
 Increase in single parent, female –headed &
child headed households.
 Large number of orphans and vulnerable
children.
 Increased burden of child care on grand
parents and the elderly.
 Reduced life expectancy and increased
dependency ration.

10. UNDERLYING CAUSES
 Ignorance
 Sexual abuse, violence and rape.
 Substance abuse (alcohol, drugs)
 Peer or social pressure.
 Cultural practices (widow inheritance, early
marriages)
 Absence of recreational outlets.
 Poor opportunities for education.
 Failure to adopt preventive measures.

11. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND AIDS
 Social justice is the core value that seeks to
bring about practical and effective attention
to the dignify needs and rights of others.
 It’s concerned with ensuring the proper
ordering of things and persons so that
individuals, families and groups experience
fair treatment.

12. The Epidemic (Widespread disease)
 Globally, HIV continues to spread at an
alarming rate
 In 2008, an estimated 2.7 million new HIV
infections occurred.
 In 2009, there was a very huge number of
new infections in Zambia – 59% of the
adults being women and 41% men.
 Also 9,000 children became infected in
Zambia alone.

13. The Epidemic- cntd
 In every region of the world, the annual
number of adults and children who become
newly infected exceeds the number of those
who die of AIDS.
 At the beginning of the 21st century, AIDS
was the leading cause of death in Africa and
the number four cause globally.

14. The Epidemic- cntd
Despite the high mortality rate, the
global pool of infected people is
steadily expanding.
This is because of new infections and
infected people living longer due to the
increased availability of antiretroviral
drugs (ARV)

15. PREVENTION AND BEHAVIOUR
CHANGE
 Dominant response models consider HIV
and AIDS as a medical and/ or behavioral
issues.
 Sexual intercourse and injecting drug use
are manifestation of human behavior.
Behavioral approach to prevention deals
essentially with the modification of such
behavior

16. Actions that UNAIDS deems essential for
prevention
 Prevent sexual transmission,
 Prevent mother to child transmission.
 Ensure the safety of blood supply,
 Prevent transmission in healthcare settings.
 Focus on prevention among young people.
 Provide HIV related information and education to
enable individuals to protect themselves from
infection.

17. Causes of HIV
HIV is an infectious disease. It can only be transmitted
through;
 Infected body fluids ( semen, vaginal fluids, blood or
blood products, breast milk)

18. Sexuality, AIDS and Justice
 AIDS is primarily a justice and not a sex issue.
 Since the commonest route of HIV transmission is
through sexual activity, global policy has tended to
focus very strongly on sexual behavior.
 Sexual behavior is an integral part of life and so
significant in a world with AIDS.

19. WHAT SEXUALITY MEANS
 Sexuality refers to the spiritual, emotional, physical,
psychological, social and cultural aspects to one
another as male and female persons.
 It’s a very complex reality that is integral to our being
human. We are human to our being bodily sexual
beings.
 Central elements in sexuality are the fact of being a
woman or a man, the awareness of being female or
male and the experience of sexual attraction for
another person.

20. Cntd
 Having sex on the other hand , refers to a physical,
short-lived bodily encounter with another in a union
that is often referred to as ‘making love’’. This could
also be called genitality – the physical genital
expression of sexuality.
 In the context of preventing HIV transmission, the
discourse about sex and sexuality if often reduced to
consideration about ‘safe’ or ‘safer’ sex – how to
proceed with sexual activity and intercourse in a way
that will prevent HIV transmission.

21. Cntd
 Introducing people to a more extensive, liberating
understanding of sexuality – and the mutual respect
and responsibility that it implies would very likely be
just as successful in helping them lead safe lives in a
world wit AIDs as would instruction on techniques
and technologies for avoiding HIV.

22. Sexual behaviour may be Unjust
 Any sexual activity that violates the dignity and rights of
either of the partners, including the right to say ‘no’ is in
itself an act of injustice.
 A further injustice is committed when a person who is or
could be HIV positive has intercourse without letting
his/her partner know about t his and without taking
measures to reduce the possibility of transmitting the virus.
 It is unjust when a husband requires sex without allowing
his wife any freedom in the matter or any say considering
how to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. This has
resulted in more married women who remain faithful to
their husbands becoming infected than unmarried women
who may have more than one partner.

23. Cntd
 It is unjust when accepted practises expose women or
girls to frequently unwanted and almost always unsafe
sexual activities, such as ritual cleansing, dry sex or
early marriages.
 It is unjust when sex occurs with violence, above all,
when there is rape.
 It is unjust when sex is used in situations of armed
conflict as an instrument of subjugation or terror.
 It is unjust when a woman must engage in survival sex
to maintain herself or her household, or to keep a roof
over her head.

24. cntd
 It is unjust when transactional sex implicitly or
explicitly induces a person to exchange sex for cash or
other benefits, as occurs in intergenerational sex, often
re of the ‘sugar daddy 'and sometimes of the ‘sugar
mummy’ type cases of preserving a good relationship
with the boyfriend.
 These and similar scenarios s how the exteent to
which injustice can be perpetrated through sexual
behaviour, and the extend to which women and girld
may be the victims.

25. cntd
 The act could be a violation of the rights and sense of
self worth of a partner and at the same time carry the
further injustice of exposure to the risk of HIV
transmission.
 The moral theologian Kevin T Kelly has emphasized
the deep human significance of sexual activity and the
way in which an unwelcome sexual encounter may
violate human dignity.

26. A Just Sexuality
 Roger Burggraeve, a professor of moral theology at the
Catholic University of Leuven appear to have been the first
to refer to a Just Sexuality. According to him, justice must
be respected in every type of sexual encounter. This implies
the observance of two principles:
a) The no harm principle that induces people who move
into intimate sexual contact with their occasional,
varying, or semi detached partners to take the necessary
efficient measures so that pregnancy, HIV and other
sexually transmitted diseases are prevented.

27. Cntd
 The equality principle that attaches as much value to
the other as to oneself. This principle requires that, at
the very least, a person should never be forced directly
or indirectly, t make sexual contact, to have sex, or to
violate an exclusive committed relationship with
another.
 With their attention to respect of human life and the
dignity of each of the sexual partners, both principles
are strongly embedded in a justice and human rights
framework.

28. Cntd
 They also embody practical recognition of the
responsibility that should exist between the partners
and towards society.
 Practicing Just sexuality is seen as a neutral piece of
advice. It requires correct information, assertiveness
and other life skills.
 Sex education programs should set out to promote –
and the motivation to use them.

29. Sex Education
 It is important that young people learn about
techniques and technologies for avoiding HIV risk.
 Young people have a right to know about sex, sexual
practices, HIV related sexual risks, reducing risk
taking behavior and how to protect themselves against
infection.
 They have a right to appropriate sex education and the
measures that will offers increased protection.
 It is a violation of their rights and therefore unjust,
to deny them the necessary knowledge and access to
the services they require.

30. Cntd
 Many adults among them educators, community
leaders and religious personnel feel uneasy and
uncomfortable at the thought of sex being discussed
openly with the young. Others fear that teaching
about sex may lead to more promiscuous behavior.
 Careful investigations in Africa and elsewhere have
found that properly conducted sex education
contributes to delay in the onset of sexual activity,
increases recourse to abstinence, reduction in the
number of sexual partners and a lessening of the
incidence of STIs and unwanted pregnancies

31. Cntd
 Since the whole notion of sexuality is intimately
bound up with that of relationships,, sex education
should be firmly rooted in the sphere with efforts to
deepen understandings of both sexuality and
relationships.
 Better integration into school curricula of human
rights and life skills education can make a significant
and positive impact.

32. Cntd
 It is unethical to present information in a sexually
provocating way or to promote condoms
indiscriminately without education on their
responsible us and on possible alternatives.

33. Abstinence and Fidelity
 Christian teaching on sexual activity has at all times
proposed abstinence outside of marriage and fidelity
to a single partner within marriage as the norms for
practicing Christians.
 In the climate of HIV and AIDS, the Christian ethic
has continued to promote the same principles of
abstinence and fidelity as the surest way of bringing
the sexual transmission of HIV under control

34. Abstinence contd
 It is important to draw attention to abstinence and
fidelity.
 The ideals of abstinence and marital fidelity inspire
and motivate appropriate action. They must continue
to be presented, particularly to the young. They are
best way of ensuring progress towards lifelong
happiness and true fulfilment.

35. When practice match ideals.
 Maintaining high ideals and principles should not lead
to moralizing approach which condemns behaviors
that does not conform to these ideals.
 A prevention model proposed by the Catholic Agency
for Overseas Development (CAFOD) recognizes an
extensive continuum of risk-reducing measures.

36. Lower or no risk measures
 Abstinence, mutual fidelity between uninfected
individuals
 Reduced number of sexual partners
 Delayed age of sexual debut.
 Condom use.
 Non penetrative sex
 Preventing mother to child transmission
 Voluntary counselling and testing.
 STIs treated
 Circumcision( for men)

37. Higher risk measures
 Needle sharing ( for medical or drug use)
 Equipment sharing for scarification.
 No treatment in pregnancy when giving birth or after
birth.
 SSTIs not treated.
 Unknown HIV status of partner.
 Casual, commercial and transactional sex.
 Unprotected sex with partner of unknown HIV status.

38. Personal vulnerabilities
These are circumstances' that constrain one’s ability to
make fully human and autonomous choices.
They include;-
a) Sexual violence
b) Substance abuse
c) Peer pressure
d) Ignorance
e) poverty

39. Social vulnerabilities
 Are factors at community, nationals and international
levels that ultimately place limits on the ability of
individual to make free and rational choices. They
include;-
a) Gender norms
b) Religious fundamentalism
c) Legal frameworks
d) Social morals
e) North-south trade and war

40. Ctnd
 A comprehensive HIV prevention strategy must
address the full range of vulnerability factors and
establish the conditions for a closer match between
ideals and practice.

41. The supremacy of conscience
 The conscience is an inners authority that must prevail
above all else.
 A human being must always obey the certain
judgement of conscience.
 Acting against it would be to do wrong.
 Deep within the conscience man discovers a law
which he has not laid upon himself, but which he
must obey.

42. Cntd.
 This teaching on supremacy of conscience must always
serve as a guiding principle in the sphere of sexuality
and sexual practices.
 Individuals should try to ensure that their consciences
are formed as they grow in moral maturity and hear
the word of God speaking to them through scripture,
the church, the moral perceptions of the human
community, other people and the totality of the
circumstances of their life choices.

43. Cntd
 Sexual practice need to be responsible practice and in
the final analysis, it is the individual who must decide
what is responsible.