GROUP 14.pptx
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Addition polymerization involves monomers joining together through double bonds to form long polymer chains, and no byproducts are produced. Condensation polymerization occurs through condensation reactions between monomers that contain multiple functional groups, and water or simple molecules are eliminated as byproducts. Common examples of polymers formed through addition polymerization include polyethylene and polypropylene, while nylon and polyesters are typically formed via condensation polymerization.
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Polymers, types, synthesis, applications
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Polymers can be classified in several ways, including by source (natural vs synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and molecular forces (elastomers, thermoplastics, thermosets, fibers). Common polymers used in pharmaceutical applications include cellulose, collagen, starches, polycaprolactone, and polymers used in controlled drug release formulations. Polymers can be synthesized via different polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, and their reverse phase counterparts.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
Engineering Chemistry - Polymer
B.Sc. (Engineering)
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Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
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Polymer for engineering students
Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
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Polymers are giant molecules formed from many repeating units or monomers. They can be either homopolymers made of one monomer type, or copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers are classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mechanism of polymerization. Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosets harden irreversibly. Important polymers include polyethylene, polyester, nylon, PVC, and Teflon. They find wide use in products like bottles, fibers, pipes, coatings and more.
polymers
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- Initiation involves the use of initiators like azo compounds or peroxides which decompose to form free radicals when heat or light is applied.
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The suffix in polymer ‘mer’ is originated from Greek word meros – which means part. The word polymer is thus coined to mean material consisting of many parts or mers. A macromolecule having high molecular mass (103-107u) and generally not a well-defined structure or molecular weight. The macromolecules formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. The repeating structural units are simple and reactive molecules linked to each other by covalent bonds. This process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerization. Most of the polymers are basically organic compounds, however they can be inorganic (e.g. silicones based on Si-O network).
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This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, methods of polymerization, important natural and synthetic polymers, and commercial applications. It discusses:
1. Classification of polymers as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source and structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked.
2. The two main polymerization methods - addition (chain growth) and condensation (step growth) - and examples of each including polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, and rubbers.
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- Polymers have a wide array of applications, from insulation coatings to automotive parts to pharmaceutical packaging and coatings. They are used to stabilize emulsions, thicken liquids, and control drug release.
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Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
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1. Classification of polymers as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source and structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked.
2. The two main polymerization methods - addition (chain growth) and condensation (step growth) - and examples of each including polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, and rubbers.
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The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
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This document provides information about polymers including their classification, important types, and examples. It begins by defining polymers as large molecules formed by the linking of repeating structural units known as monomers.
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This document discusses polymers, including their definition, classification, examples, and important types. It begins by defining polymers as giant macromolecules made from repeating monomer units. Polymers can be classified in several ways, including by origin (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and molecular forces. Examples of important polymers discussed include natural rubber, polyethene, teflon, nylon, polyester, bakelite, and biodegradable PHBV. Key properties and uses of these polymers are also provided.
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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GROUP 14.pptx
- 1. POLYMERISATION Presented by N . Sindhuja and N . Rishik Kumar
- 2. Polymers : combination of monomers is called polymers. ■ There are two types of polymers 1. Addition polymerisation 2. Condensation polymerisation
- 3. Addition polymers: ■ Formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules joining together is addition polymerisation. ■ Catalysts are used for polymerisation.
- 4. Characteristics: ■ No bi products are formed. ■ The functionality of monomers is double bond. ■ The mechanism is rapid. ■ It is highly exothermic reaction.
- 5. Examples: ■ Process initiated by free radical. The free radical attacks double bond to from new free radical.
- 6. Condensation polymerisation: Condensation polymers are polymers formed from condensation reactions between monomers. Many natural polymers are condensation polymers. examples :silk , starch and DNA
- 7. Characteristics: The monomers must has contains two or more functional groups. The reactions catalysed by catalyst. The reactions are endothermic. There is elimination of biproducts.
- 9. THANK YOU