The document discusses a paradigm shift in computing technology over recent decades, highlighting the transition from mainframes to mobile computing and cloud services. It emphasizes the environmental impacts of ICT, both positive and negative, and the necessity for energy-efficient technologies to address power consumption challenges. The text advocates for a holistic approach to green computing, urging the integration of sustainable practices in technology development and utilization.

1. Paradigm Shift in Computing
Technology, ICT & its Applications -
Socio-economic and Environmental
Perspective
at
Gajadhar Bhagat College (Bhagalpur University) on
12th September, 2014
Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey
MCA, Ph.D.
Department of Information Technology
Institute of Technology & Science (ITS)
Ghaziabad
(Affiliated to U.P. Technical University, Lucknow)

2. 2
Shift in Paradigms
 Past few decades, in the context of Information
Technology (IT), word have witnessed a paradigm shift
from:
• Mainframes to Tablets
• Our interactions with the devices have been changing from
Batch computing (mainframes), time-sharing (minis), personal
computing (PCs), to mobile computing (laptops, tablets, smart
phones) and now to clouds.
• In each generation, the infrastructure, the way we interact with
these computers, and how we use these, have been changing
unprecedented.
• The arrival of web have changed the model of building
applications by enabling everyone to become a content producer.

3. How the Technology is Impacting!
 It is evident from the fact that:
 in 1930, it used to take about 70 years to double the worldwide
information
 in 1970 it was reduced to 30 yrs, and
 it is projected that by 2015, this will take place at every 11 Hrs.
 In this scenario, amount of data is being posed is enormous and our
conventional methods of storage, manipulation and analysis are being
challenged very frequently
 This is posing the new challenges of:
 developing newer algorithms
 processing tools
 storage and access methods
 To cope up with this increased volume of data without compromising with the
quality and performance of the applications.
3

4. Technology Ahead
Over the next few years, we can expect different
trends which will include:
Location awareness
Context awareness
Augmented Reality etc.
Sensors and little devices start talking to each
other and to mobile devices and to the cloud.
To leverage these emerging trends, we need to keep
close watch on these developments and understand
the challenges these developments are posing on us.
4

5. ICT & Environment
 ICTs, fundamentally affect the way people live and work and how goods and services are
produced and delivered.
 Green ICTs are those that have positive impacts on environmental performance and
ecosystems, either :
 directly by reducing physical and energy inputs in their production use, disposal
and recycling or
 indirectly through their wider application and use in other equipment and systems.
 ICTs and their applications can have both positive and negative impacts on the
environment. For example:
 reductions in greenhouse gas emissions associated with ICT applications to improve energy
efficiency in buildings
 transport systems or electricity distribution must be balanced against increased emissions
resulting from their development
 production and operation and potential environmental degradation associated with their
uncontrolled disposal
 They offer opportunities to significantly improve environmental performance, but at the same
time the proliferation of electronic equipment and applications increases energy
consumption, exhausts scarce resources, and increases disposal and recycling challenges.
5

6. Levels of ICT Impacts on the
Environment
1. Direct Impacts:
 Direct impacts of ICTs on the environment (“first-order effects”)
refer to positive and negative impacts due directly to ICT goods
and services and related processes.
 Direct environmental impacts of ICT products come from ICT
manufacturing and services producing firms and related
intermediate goods producers, and from final consumers and users
of ICTs.
 ICT producers affect the natural environment during ICT goods and
services production and through related operations (e.g., operating
infrastructures, building functions, vehicle fleets and logistics).
 All of these production operations can have more or less environmental
impacts.
6

7. Contd….
 Consumers can choose energy-efficient and certified
“green” ICT equipment over other products.
 At the end of a product’s initial useful life, they can
choose to return equipment for re-use and recycling,
adopting “cradle-to-cradle” approaches to their
purchase and disposal of ICT goods and services.
 This lowers the burden on the natural environment
compared to disposal in a landfill, incineration or
uncontrolled dumping in developing countries.
7

8. 8
IC’s – The Maddening Dictator
 The first transistor was built in
1947.
 The first integrated circuit was
invented in 1959.
 Market driven by military,
computer, communications, and
consumer needs.
 Equipment once used by the
military are now available on a
number of consumer products.

9. 9
Integrated Circuits are
Everywhere
Engine Control
Climate Control
Dashboard Display
Chassis Electronics
Lighting
Door Modules
Fuel Injection Entertainment
Safety Control

10. 10
An issue of concern –
The Power Consumption
 Desktop consumption has
reached 100 watts
 Total Personal Computer (400
million) energy usage in 2000
= 26 nuclear power plants
 2.4 Billion Computers in 2013
= How much energy usage ???
 Power is the bottleneck of
improving the system
performance
 Power consumption is causing
serious problems because of
excessive heat.
Water Cooled Computer
(www.water-cooling.com)

11. 11
Power Consumption of
Processor
1
10
100
1000
1980 1990 2000 2010
PowerDensity(W/cm2
)
Hot
Plate
Nuclear
Reactor
386 486
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
Pentium 4

12. 12
The Current Situation
 Energy provisioning is arguably the most important
business, geo-political, and societal issue of our time
 Global Warming is influencing policies and laws which
require energy usage and greenhouse emissions to be
measured and controlled

 The cost of energy and increases in IT power
requirements present significant expense, supply, and
handling challenges for data centers
•“Intelligent Energy” Dr. Bernard S. Meyerson, IBM Fellow, VP Strategic Alliances and CTO, IBM
Systems & Technology Group, on ASE – Great Energy Efficiency Day, February 14, 2007 - Washington,
DC

13. 13
Power Consumption
 As circuit speed increases, power consumption
grows
 Designing low power circuits has been the most
important issue
 Mobile applications demand long battery life
 Low power consumption is listed as the second
greatest challenge for the industry

14. What we can do?
 Do not use Computers? ????
 Can we afford to do this?
 Energy-efficient Computers
 What we can do as a Application
Developer –
 Develop energy efficient Algorithms
 Develop energy-efficient Programs
14

15. Green Computers - Energy efficient
Machines are now need of the Hour
 CPU Intel i3 Third Generation
consumes 35W
 CPU Intel i3 Fourth Generation
consumes 15W
 CPU Intel i5 Fifth Generation consumes
15W
 CPU AMD 6402 consumes 15W
15

16. 16
Power Consumption & Data
Centers
 On an average the world’s
Data Centers use 30
billions watts of electricity –
equiv. To 30 Nuclear
Power Plant
 One single room in
Datacenter contains 100
Racks
 1 Rack = 5 to 20 kW
 One of the contributors to
the 2000/2001 California
Energy Crisis This caused an
800% increase in wholesale
prices from April 2000 to
December 2000
The estimated cost of crisis
was $40 to 45 Billion.
Internet
Racks
Client
 Where are the web
pages you browse?
Data Center

17. 17
Green Computing
 In order to achieve sustainable computing, we need
to rethink from a “Green Computing” perspective.
 Green Computing:
 Maximize energy efficiency
 Reduce of the use of hazardous materials such as lead
 Maximize recyclability of both a defunct product and of any
factory waste.
 “Green Computing” in view of energy efficiency at
the nanometer scale - design low power
consumption integrated circuits at 180nm and
below.

18. 18
A Perfect “Green Computing”
Example
 A super low-power “processor”:
 800x faster
 1000x more memory
 3000x less power
 The average reaction time for
humans is 0.25 seconds to a
visual stimulus, 0.17 for an audio
stimulus, and 0.15 seconds for a
touch stimulus.

19. 19
A super low power
“Processor”
Modern Processor made
by hundreds of PH.D.
researchers (The MOS
transistor was built from
Silicon, the pre-dominant
atom in rock and sand, after
processed in a high
temperature.)
Human Brain
( containing 100 billion
neurons, each linked to
as many as 10,000
other neurons.)
Speed 2.0 GHz Equivalent to 1,700
GHz processor
Memory
(Source: Oracle Corporation:
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0015
01/the_saga/compare.htm,
computer vs. brain)
100 GB 100,000 GB
Power
(Source: UC Berkeley, EE241
class)
45 mW/cm3 15 mW/cm3

20. 20
Energy Usage of Data Centers
 2006: $15 Billion for energy
usage
 Impact of 10% Reduction of Power
Consumption of Data Centers
• $15b x 10% = $1.5 billion in savings
• 200 x 10% = 20 million tons of CO2
• 4 million cars
(Number of cars that would have to be taken off the
road to reduce the same amount of CO2 emissions.)
http://www.westportnow.com

21. 21
 200 M tons of CO2= CO2 produced by 40 million cars

22. 22
What can we do about
power?
 Understand all levels of the computer
 Understand where power is dissipated
 Think about ways to reduce power
usage at all levels

23. 23
The 6 Levels of a Computer
Integrated Circuit
Digital Logic
Instruction Set Architecture
Operating System
Assembly Language
High Level Programming5
4
3
2
1
0
Hardware
Software

24. 24
Where does power go?
Power Breakdown of an Itanium 2 Processor

25. Apr. 01, 2008 25
The Need for Both Sides
“The performance of software systems is dramatically
affected by how well software designers understand the
basic hardware technologies at work in a system. Similarly,
hardware designers must understand the far-reaching effects
their design decisions have on software applications.”
- John Hennessy, President of Stanford University
& David Patterson, UC Berkeley, President of ACM
“[Students] should know the device, layout, circuit, architecture,
algorithm, and system-6 levels.”
- Dr. Mehdi Hatamian, V.P, Broadcom, Nov.2006

26. 26
Processor Clock
 Power consumption is proportional to clock frequency.
 Clock frequency: how often the clock changes every second; of course,
every change of the clock consumes power.
 Analogous to how many times the motor spins per second in your car.
 Traditionally only one edge of the clock is used to process information, and
the other edge is ignored.
- Figure shows the Clock signal
- Rising edge is used while falling clock edge(dot line) is not used for data
information processing

27. 27
Using Double Edge Clocking
 Using double edge clocking, the clock frequency can be reduced to half.
 “Low Power clock branch sharing Double-Edge Flip-Flop,” P.
Zhao, Jason McNeely, Pradeep Golconda, agdy A. Bayoumi, Kuang W.D,
and Robert Barcenas,
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,Vol.15,
No.3, pp. 338-345, March 2007.
 Proposed clock branch sharing technique: used least number of clocked
transistors to implement double edge clocking efficiently.
Falling clock edge(dot line) is not used for data
information processing
Both rising and falling clock edges are used for data
information processing, the clock frequency is reduced to half(clock period is doulbed)
Conventional
Single edge Design:
Proposed
Design:

28. 28
Potential Savings
Clock Power Usage Power SavingsSavings from
Double Edge
Usage by
using half of
the frequency
33% 0.5 15%x =
Annual Energy
Cost of Data
Centers
Annual SavingsSavings
$15b 15% $2.25bx =

29. 29
Thank You!
Prof. Sunil Kr Pandey
Professor & Director (IT)
Institute of Technology & Science
Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, India
E-Mail:
sunilpandey@its.edu.in
sunil_pandey_97@yahoo.com